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DŠџџџџџџџџџџчА=ТџџџџџџџџџџчДD’џџџџџџџџџџъ`DšџџџџџџџџџџъxDЂџџџџџџџџџџъиDЊџџџџџџџџџџыЌ?џџџџџџџџџџь=Тџџџџџџ7ьџџџџџџџџџџьЌC’џџџџџџџџџџьАCŠџџџџџџџџџџьДC’џџџџџџџџџџьИCŠџџџџџџџџџџьРDВџџџџџџџџџџэ=2џџџџџџџџџџэ?ТџџџџџџџџџџђМDКџџџџџџџџџџєшAвџџџџџџџџџџє№DbџџџџџџџџџџєєDТџџџџџџџџџџєјDЪџџџџџџџџџџєќDТџџџџџџџџџџѕDвџџџџџџџџџџѕDкџџџџџџџџџџѕDтџџџџџџџџџџѕ DъџџџџџџџџџџѕDђџџџџџџџџџџѕDњџџџџџџџџџџѕ$Eџџџџџџџџџџѕ,Dbџџџџџџџџџџѕ4E џџџџџџџџџџѕ<DъџџџџџџџџџџѕDEџџџџџџџџџџѕLEџџџџџџџџџџѕTE"џџџџџџџџџџѕ\E*џџџџџџџџџџѕdE2џџџџџџџџџџѕlE:џџџџџџџџџџѕtEBџџџџџџџџџџѕ|EJџџџџџџџџџџѕ„ERџџџџџџџџџџѕŒEZџџџџџџџџџџѕ”Ebџџџџџџџџџџѕœ@jџџџџџџџџџџѕЄEjџџџџџџџџџџѕЌErџџџџџџџџџџѕДEzџџџџџџџџџџѕМE‚џџџџџџџџџџѕФEŠџџџџџџџџџџѕЬE’џџџџџџџџџџѕдDЪџџџџџџџџџџѕмDТџџџџџџџџџџѕфEšџџџџџџџџџџѕьEЂџџџџџџџџџџѕєEЊџџџџџџџџџџѕќEВџџџџџџџџџџіEКџџџџџџџџџџі EТџџџџџџџџџџіEЪџџџџџџџџџџіEвџџџџџџџџџџі$Eкџџџџџџџџџџі,Eтџџџџџџџџџџі4Dтџџџџџџџџџџі<EъџџџџџџџџџџіDEђџџџџџџџџџџіLEњџџџџџџџџџџіTFџџџџџџџџџџі\F 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šhz ? “c€4=а45 H<Ј П р7‚h"Ј П ˜K6Ж?џ€4KТ>йш@РOУ?Jњ?щ WшM6у?сkп?+Яџ“0Ј4: kз?“ Ј4:€ш_­@Kз?шKп?kз?+Яџ4:рш_mkп?Kп?шэKз?kз?+Яџ4: kи?ш_%kп?!Kп?!Kи?шХKз?kз?+Яџ4:@kи?ш_еkп?!Kп?!Kи?ш…Kз?kз?+Яџ4:`kи?ш_…kп?!Kп?!Kи?шEKз?kп?+Яџш_E4:€ш-Kп?kп?+Яџш_4: ш=Kп?ш@0@KТ?б@Ё р@ 30р (kТ?йoУkФ? kХ?+aH<А477jсА7?ƒ !H7C€`!X4xC?свГјŽo!XC?уG?ё#C7Y*Ћ‹™!ŠK?щƒ Bz4Њ‹Y!КBt‹4""Bu‹5"ŠBa‹!"ђ—Нџ}@7њ6з@жй‚к }@дQ‹BƒJєИ6–jіИŸ˜€7фш_m7њ‹€#P7…Ш ƒ4Мш_4zШ ‚ј4Мш_7њШМ‚и4Мkи?!+Яџ4:Рkн?)6хш_еkп?1Kп?1Kн?)ЪхžUKи?!kи?!+Яџ4:kн?)6хш_}kп?1Kп?1Kн?)ЪхžKи?!kз?!+Яџ4:Pkи?)6ekй?1kн?9ш_kп?AKп?AKн?9Kй?1Kи?)ЪeЭKз?!kз?!+Яџ4:pkи?)6ekй?1kн?9ш_kп?AKп?AKн?9Kй?1Kи?)ЪeeKз?!kз?!+Яџ4:kи?)6ekй?1kн?9ш_%kп?AKп?AKн?9Kй?1Kи?)Ъeœ§Kз?!kи?!+Яџ4:Аkй?)6хkн?1ш_Еkп?9Kп?9Kн?1Kй?)ЪхœЅKи?!ƒ р3з9 р у з9‰4e ™3 ™4МKТ>йKХ?KФ? ш@РOУ?4z4Йш^U4˜ш_Н4zш4Мш@ @KТ?б@Ё р@kТ?йoУ7п?1њљ‰'с'щ8…G'ёFёšш_=kк?)ƒ€ 7ƒKи?)4ш_н4zKТ>й4|ш@РOУ??Й™™™™™Ђ crt0: errno: ERROR couldn't open ERROR reading ERROR bad magic number/system id for ERROR bad hpux aux header for (text) (bss) (data)?Й™™™™™Ђ crt0: errno: tsdPOSIXLY_CORRECTPOSIX_PEDANTICoption `-c' requires an argumentTERMemacsEMACSoption `%s' requires an argument%s: unrecognized option%c%c: unrecognized optionBASH_ENVENVrbashrun_wordexp0 0 %u %u %s run_one_command%s: is a directory%s: cannot execute binary file/bin/shI have no name!/GNU bash, version %s-(%s) Usage: %s [GNU long option] [option] ... %s [GNU long option] [option] script-file ... GNU long options: --%s Shell options: -irsD or -c command (invocation only) set -%s or -o option Type `%s -c "help set"' for more information about shell options. Type `%s -c help' for more information about shell builtin commands. Use the `bashbug' command to report bugs. reader_looptimed out waiting for input: auto-logout PWD/%s PROMPT_COMMAND -- ) %{  -) - УЌ (ЄІЭ( " " 2&<>;;(&&Ќ&@бЩЪ;&(e) ;; ;| | ;<;> б;|f()`a} )({ {)a  }{  {<">{  Ž}Њ (}" }{ &|}){} }<> } } ;в< >АБ${ЅЊ т{џџМџџџџџџ&Бџџ)џџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџ&џџџџ)џџџџџџџџџџ;{џџџџџџ {џџџџџџџџџџ;џџџџџџџџ|}џџџџ{   џџ џџџџ   ! #$%&'|}џџ'' |}џџ   џџџџџџ џџ !"#$%&џџџџџџџџ    {џџџџ(џџџџџџџџџџ !#$%&    џџџџ  џџџџ ! #$%&џџџџџџџџџџџџ" ! #џџ%&џџџџџџ џџ{џџ  џџџџџџџџ&  )џџџџџџџџџџ"џџ&џџџџ) џџ;џџ"џџџџџџџџџџџџџџ џџ;џџ)џџ   џџџџџџ&џџџџ)џџџџџџџџџџџџџџ&џџџџ)џџ џџџџџџ;џџџџџџџџџџџџџџ џџџџџџ;ЖЗИЙК|}џџџџџџџџ&џџџџ)џџџџџџ|}џџџџЬ&џџџџ)џџ џџџџџџ;џџџџџџџџџџџџ} џџџџ;џџ   џџџџ}џџ&џџџџ)џџџџџџџџ}џџџџџџ&џџџџ)џџџџ џџ;џџџџџџџџџџџџ џџџџ;џџ)џџџџџџџџџџ} џџџџџџ&џџџџ)џџџџџџ}џџџџџџџџ&џџџџ)џџџџџџџџџџ;џџџџ&џџџџ)џџџџџџџџџџ;џџџџ}џџџџџџ;  џџ}џџџџџџџџ  џџџџџџџџџџ"}џџ)  "џџ}џџџџџџџџ  }"џџџџџџ  џџџџ}џџџџџџ"џџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџ"џџџџџџ(џџ  џџџџџџџџџџ  џџџџ<џџ>џџ"џџ}џџџџџџџџџџџџџџ"џџ)џџ  џџџџџџџџџџџџ  џџџџџџ"џџџџџџ  "{џџџџџџ(џџ  џџ"џџџџџџ  <>џџ"џџ  џџџџџџџџџџ(џџџџ"}џџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџ"hџџџџџџ<џџ>џџpџџџџџџtџџџџџџxyџџџџџџ(џџ  џџџџџџџџ{џџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџ<џџ>џџ"џџџџџџŸџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџ{џџџџџџ(џџџџВГџџџџџџџџџџ   ПР<џџ>ЧШџџџџџџџџ !{#$%&<џџ>џџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџ  <џџ>џџџџџџџџєџџџџџџџџџџџџџџќџџџџџџџџ"{џџџџџџџџџџџџ џџџџџџ џџџџџџџџџџ   џџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџ !#$%&џџ   џџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџ !џџ#$%&џџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџ   џџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџ !џџ#$%&џџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџ   џџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџ !џџ#$%&џџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџ !џџ#$%&78џџ:џџ=џџџџџџ !џџ#$%&џџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџ\џџ^_џџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџnџџџџџџџџџџџџuvџџџџџџџџџџџџџџ~џџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџ–—˜™š›џџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџЄџџІџџџџЉџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџМџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџЩЪџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџшџџџџџџџџџџџџџџ№џџџџџџџџѕіїџџџџџџџџќџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџ џџџџџџџџџџPSirriќ?d!Њ3]iƒ i†_7zi8#шг9{šЫ:Ю>№т^_i]=i"–—_igzAqqB{˜ГЊ`}ђВГДLьэz"т“"Mi{™TUia\VWXY]hћx""n"yЊvћ”z~|€!!Œi‡iˆ‰tŠ‹Љ’ТжХЯЦР)аШмпЪsц­щdюёѓєј§сў!!)"") ЎЏ*uvw)Z[W“K+J!!cŸЭв@њн*’*++*Іs+NQOR))s‚„…р p › ПчсЧЩ**ss""""љ" ++""–—^_с"""i"""""""""""sž  ЄЅ ))))) ))ss)))CDEFNGHI*****O**+++++N++N***OO++}N+~sOfssssss}}s~~}~зийклNNOOя€f‚} €€~‚‚l€йклm‚hnllmmlnnmNNNN€NnNNOOOO‚OOONNNffffhfOOiffO}}}}l}}}~~~~m~f~~}}n}~~~i€€€€€;<g€€‚‚‚‚‚‚‚€€Z[€hhhhh‚‚hh‚lllllllmmmmmhmmnnnnnlnnmgn• ЁЇЈiiiii„ii„„iСФдефх fъы „ggggggg g  „„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„ b mow{ŽœЂЃЌЖЗИЙКОЬЬбоЬЬџ ЬЬџў џ{TџџnџАџф˜џпЖЌџVx!ТЄvЂ~~иЮЅІЎяДћ “)=–§џЋ KWcџЌџЏџџ џіўўџџ џџNџ{џ-џ5џдџеџ9џ:џ>џ?џ@џAџзNМЯбџWG#џњ'џOџT=џXџзЅ>џPџSџтџхџZџ]џ^џ`џaџяE--ЯЅџзџљBcO1џзhGGџ џ џзџ=џdџo џdџpџtЯ1џз--џvGGGGGџbџџќџ|џћџ‚Gџћ1Яџџ‘џџџџr џ€џоџˆџŽ$џ•&џчџ%џ7GGGGGџœ-џž0 j4kl5"‘$%&'()*+,-Ћ.Е/0e1УуЛМН26usss#Ussƒ|-1.4567,23$'es…  sss"(%stodssqprsssssVs ! TP&sssssssssssMxyssQsss@Assss/0KSjk`JHb8s9BsCLRssssaIs:;>?DEsc\sssssY^X<=FG  џџ   """!!  $FreeBSD: src/usr.bin/yacc/skeleton.c,v 1.28 2000/01/17 02:04:06 bde Exp $w8vHw8v4v`w8w8w8w8w8w8w8w8w8w8w8rxrxrxrxrxrxrxrxw8w8w8w8w8w8w8w8rрw8w8w8w8w8w8w8uшw8w8w8w8w8w8w8w8w8w8w8rрw8thp”w8w8w8vмwvмw8w8w8ww8w8rрww8w8uшw8vДw8pTw8tw8w8w8sшt8rрuДthp”?Й™™™™™Ђ ?•UUUUU\ь‚а‚єЬƒƒƒ(ƒ<ƒXƒtƒƒЌƒШƒф„„L„h„„„ „М„и„є……,…`…”…А…Ь…ш†† †<†X†t†† †А†Р†Ь‡‡‡0‡@‡L‡ ‡Ќ‡И‡Ф‡и‡ь‡јˆˆˆˆ(ˆ4ˆ@ˆhˆˆИˆр‰‰H‰`‰x‰‰Ј‰а‰ќŠ$ŠLŠpŠ”ŠЈŠМŠаŠь‹‹$‹0‹„‹ ‹И‹а‹ш‹јŒŒŒ,ŒDьŒ\ŒxŒŒŒ ŒДьŒШŒфŒј ь,ь8ьh€˜ШрјьььььŽŽ$ŽpŽŽЈŽРŽ№ @dŒДЬиф%s _esactimeunexpected EOF while looking for `]]'syntax error in conditional expressionunexpected EOF while looking for matching `%c'expected `)'unexpected argument to conditional unary operatorconditional binary operator expectedunexpected argument to conditional binary operatorunexpected token `%c' in conditional commandunexpected token %d in conditional command#: %s:%d msgid %s%s msgstr "" "%s" PS1PS2%s!%s.%dPWD ;|&syntax error near unexpected token `%s'`%s'Use "%s" to leave the shell. ?Й™™™™™Ђ 0%s%s%s`%s': not a valid identifier/dev/ttyHOMEPWDOLDPWDsyntax error: arithmetic expression requiredsyntax error: `;' unexpectedsyntax error: `((%s))'make_here_document: bad instruction type %dmake_redirection: redirection instruction `%d' out of rangeclean_simple_commandБјВdӻВФВєВ„ГДXВДДhВдВфВtДxУTСPСxС СДСрТ€ҘСмТрТєУ У4ТАТШ%sprint_command''%s%s%s [[ ! %s %s ]] (( )) cprintf: bad `%%' argument (%c)ЬМЪ№ЫˆЫдЫјЬ$Ъ№ЬHܘЫдЫPЬlЬˆЫЫldispose_commandйДзЌи$иLиœдРзќй0й иtиФйLйtзд?‘<?Й™™™™™Ђ ?№?„zсGЎd?№?№pid %d open files: %d (%s) /dev/nullcannot redirect standard input from /dev/null: %sexecute_commandbad format character in time format: %c%s TIMEFORMATpipe errorexecute_connection%*d%s%sLINESCOLUMNS%sREPLYPS3execute_cond_nodeauto_resumeexactsubstring%s: restricted: cannot specify `/' in command names%s: command not found%s: is a directory%s: bad interpreter%s: cannot execute binary file%s: readonly functioncannot duplicate fd %d to fd 0cannot duplicate fd %d to fd 1cannot duplicate fd 1 to fd 2?Й™™™™™Ђ ?„zсGЎdAЦNm() {error importing function definition for `%s'PWDSHLVLshell level (%d) too high, resetting to 1%s %s%s=%s=%s %s: readonly variable%s: bad array subscript%s: cannot assign to non-numeric index%s[%s: bad array subscript[%s]: bad array subscriptinvalid character %d in exportstr for %sno `=' in exportstr for %s%s%s PS4TERMHISTFILEignoreOPTINDOPTERR{DzHz˜zЈzИzшzhzј{8zЈzxzШzиzXzˆ%s: %s last command: %s Stopping myself...%s: %s: warning: : %s %s: %s: line %d: %s: line %d: %s: %s: %d?№?№*/%+-&^|%s%s%s: %s (error token is "%s")PWDdeleting stopped job %d with process group %d[%d] %d describe_pid: %d: no such pidStopped(%s)DoneDone(%d)Exit %d%5d %s%*s(core dumped) | & (wd: %s) %d [%d]%c forkchild setpgid (%d to %d)[%d: %d] tcsetattrwait: pid %d is not a child of this shellwait_for: No record of process %dwait_for_job: job %d is stopped%s: job has terminated%s: bg background job?%s%s (wd: %s)%s: line %d: (core dumped)(wd now: %s) notify_of_job_statusinitialize_job_control: getpgrp failedinitialize_job_control: line disciplineinitialize_job_control: setpgidno job control in this shellWYDWXєXрWWWZtWYЌWWY WWVрVрVрVрVрVрVрVрVрVрWWWWWY Z,WWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWW[dWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWW”bad substitution: no `%s' in %sbad substitution: no ending `}' in %sIFS %s: bad array subscript%s%s=(%s) %s%s=%s %s: cannot assign list to array membercannot make pipe for process substitutioncannot make child for process substitutioncannot open named pipe %s for %scannout reset nodelay mode for fd %dcannot duplicate named pipe %s as fd %dcannot make pipes for command substitutioncannot make child for command substitutioncommand_substitute: cannot duplicate pipe as fd 1%s: unbound variable%s: %s%s: parameter null or not set%s: substring expression < 0%:=+/%s: bad substitution$%s: cannot assign in this way$%c: unbound variableMAILCHECK/var/mailMAILPATHMAIL_The mail in %s has been read SIGrun_pending_traps: bad value in trap_list[%d]: 0x%xrun_pending_traps: signal handler is SIG_DFL, resending %d (%s) to myselftrap_handler: bad signal %dcannot allocate new file descriptor for bash input from fd %dcheck_bash_input: buffer already exists for new fd %d ПиН ПиПиПиПиОрПиН<МмПиПиПиОПиПиПиПиПиПиПиПиПиПиПиПиПиМ|ОpО<НЈМ|НlПHОрПиПиПlПиПиП ПШОЈПиМ”НрМhП$ПиМЌМФПиПДС0С8С0С0С0С0С8С0С8С8С0С0С0С8С0С0С0С0С0С0С0С0С0С0С0С0С0С8С8С8С8С8С8С8С8С0С0С8С0С0С8С8С8С0С8С8С8С8С0С8С8С0С8%s: /dev/fd//dev/stdinouterr%s.%d(%d)-%s%s.%d(%d)GNU bash, version %s (%s) Copyright 2000 Free Software Foundation, Inc. ;|&( ;|&(){,HISTSIZEHISTFILE%s: cannot create: %s%s%s %s%s%scomment-begin#$@$TERMBashshell-expand-linehistory-expand-linemagic-spacealias-expand-linehistory-and-alias-expand-lineinsert-last-argumentoperate-and-get-nextdisplay-shell-versioncomplete-into-bracescomplete-filenamepossible-filename-completionscomplete-usernamepossible-username-completionscomplete-hostnamepossible-hostname-completionscomplete-variablepossible-variable-completionscomplete-commandpossible-command-completionsglob-expand-wordglob-list-expansionsdynamic-complete-history'" \"'@<>=;|&()#$`?*[!:{HOSTFILEhostname_completion_filer$include fc -e ${VISUAL:-${EDITOR:-vi}}%s %dPATH.%s/%s} "'bash_execute_unix_command: cannot find keymap for command%s: first non-whitespace character is not `"'%s: no closing `%c'%s: missing colon separatorUnknown Signal #%dLC_CTYPELC_COLLATELC_MESSAGESLC_NUMERICTEXTDOMAINTEXTDOMAINDIR.PATH]М]И]Є]Є]И]Є]Ќ]И]Є]Ќ]И]Є]И]Ќ]И%s: ambiguous redirect%s: cannot overwrite existing file%s: restricted: cannot redirect outputcannot create temp file for here document: %s%s: %swredirection error: cannot duplicate fdDEBUG: completion: function `%s' not foundprogrammable_completions (%s, %s, %d, %d)programmable_completions: %s -> 0x%xgen_action_completions (0x%x, %s) -->gen_globpat_matches (0x%x, %s) -->gen_wordlist_matches (0x%x, %s) -->command_line_to_word_list (%s, %d, %d, 0x%x, 0x%x)ERROR: command_line_to_word_list returns NULLcommand_line_to_word_list --> gen_shell_function_matches (0x%x, %s, 0x%x, %d, %d) -->gen_command_matches (0x%x, %s, 0x%x, %d, %d) -->filter_stringlist (0x%x, %s, %s) -->add_progcomp: %s: NULL COMPSPECxmalloc: cannot allocate %lu bytes (%lu bytes allocated)xrealloc: cannot reallocate %lu bytes (%lu bytes allocated)loop count must be > 0only meaningful in a `for', `while', or `until' loop%s: not foundrestricted: cannot use -pPATH/bin:/usr/bin:/usr/ucb:/sbin:/usr/sbin:/etc:/usr/etc%s: %s: usage: %s too many argumentsunknown option: %sbad non-numeric arg `%s'%s: could not get current directory: %s: %s ambigious job spec: %sSIGJUNKUnknown%s%s%2d) %s bad signal number: %s%s: not a signal specification%ld parse_and_executerestricted%s: not found%s: cannot execute: %snot login shell: use `exit'There are stopped jobs. ЏиЏœЏиЏЌЏиЏЄЏиЏШЏаЏиЏиЏиЏиЏ@Other options not allowed with `-x'no such job %s%s: no such jobno other directory%2d %s%s %2d %s%s%sdirectory stack empty%s: bad directory stack indexbad directory stack indexPWDЪмЪpЪмЪмЪРЪdЪмЪмЪмЪмЪмЪмЪмЪмФdЪмЪDЪмЪ8ЪXУќ%s: invalid timeout specification%s: invalid number specification%s`%s': not a valid identifiercan only `return' from a function or sourced script%-15s %s set %co %s editing-mode%s: unknown option namecannot simultaneously unset a function and a variable`%s': not a valid identifier%s: cannot unset%s: cannot unset: readonly %s%s: not an array variablefilename argument required%s: restricted%s: file not found`%s' is not a pid or valid job spec%s: no such jobjob control not enabled?Й™™™™™Ђ `%s': not a valid identifiercannot set and unset shell options simultaneously%s: unknown shell option nameshopt %s %s %-15s %s %s: unknown option nameset %co %s %s: illegal option -- %c %s: option requires an argument -- %c `%s' not found`%s': not an aliasalias %s=%s ћфћРћфћфћаћфћфћИћфћфћфћфћфћфћфћфћфћфћфћфћфћфћфћ|ћфћфћфћфћфћћˆћфћфћtћ”ћЌћШћфћ ћ ћфћи`%s': invalid keymap namecannot read %s: %scannot unbind %sunknown function name `%s'%s is not bound to any keys. %s can be invoked via "%s"%s... %s: not a shell builtinPWDrestrictedHOMEHOME not setOLDPWDOLDPWD not setCDPATH%s %s: %swrite error: %scan only be used in a functionunknown option: `-%c'%s: not found`%s': not a valid identifiercannot use `-f' to make functions%s: readonly function%s %s: readonly variable%s: cannot assign to array variables in this way%s: cannot destroy array variables in this wayneE%s?ЅUUUUU\restricted%s: not a shell builtinenable %s enable -n %s cannot open shared object %s: %s_structcannot find %s in shared object %s: %s%s: not dynamically loadedcannot delete %s: %sno command found%s history specification out of rangecannot open temp file %s%d %c%s %s${FCEDIT:-${EDITOR:-vi}}no job control%s: no such jobjob %%%d started without job controlhashing disabled%s: hash table empty %s: restricted%s: %s%s: not foundhits command %4d %s Shell commands matching keyword%s `' %s: %s %s These shell commands are defined internally. Type `help' to see this list. Type `help name' to find out more about the function `name'. Use `info bash' to find out more about the shell in general. A star (*) next to a name means that the command is disabled. %s 2є2И2є2Р2ш2є2є2є2є2є2є2є2є2є2Ш2є2(2є2а2р2є2є2є2иcannot use more than one of -anrw%s: not a valid history position%d: not a valid history positionHISTFILE%5d%c %s %s: history expansion failed%s requires an argumentbad signal spec `%s'%s: no such pid%s: no such job(%d) - Not owner(%d) - No such pidInvalid signal %d`%s': not a pid or valid job specexpression expected%s: not a function`%s': not a valid identifierdeclare -%s %s -%s %s %s %s=%s shift count must be >= 0shift count must be <= $#cannot suspend a shell without job controlcannot suspend a login shellmissing `]'%s: not a signal specificationSIGJUNKunknowntrap -- %s %d SIGtrap -- %s %s type-typepath-pathall-all%s: not foundalias%s is aliased to `%s' alias %s=%s keyword%s is a shell keyword %s function%s is a function builtin%s is a shell builtin file%s is %s %s is hashed (%s) bad command: `%c'cannot get limit: %sunlimitedbad non-numeric arg `%s'limit out of range: %dcannot modify limit: %s%-28s`%s' is not an octal number from 000 to 777umask%s %03o u=%s,g=%s,o=%s agoubad symbolic mode operator: %crwxbad character in symbolic mode: %clxgЬlxgЬlxlxlxlxlxlxlxlxlxlxlxlxlxlxlxlxg„lxlxlxlxlxlxlxlxlxjtiLg<gЬgЬgЬlxg<lxlxlxlxlxg„lxjьlxiФlxg„lxlxg„s`qxs`s`s`s`s`s`s`s`r rЌrЌrЌrЌrЌrЌrЌs`s`s`s`s`s`s`s`s`s`s`s`s`qЌs`s`s`s`s`s`s`s`s`s`s`s`s`s`s`s`s`s`s`s`s`s`sLs`s`s`s`q”q q„s`qЌqИs`s`s`s`s`s`s`q№s`s`s`qќs`rs`rs`pм#-+ 0*0123456789%s%c€Ф€Ф€T€Ф€Ф€d€t€Ф€Ф€Ф€Ф€Ф€Ф€Ф€Ф€„€Ф€Ф€”€Ф€Ф€Ф€Є€Д€Ф€Ф€Ф€Ф€Ф€Ф€Ф€Фx€ˆ˜ €Ф€Ф€ФЈА€Ф€Ф€Ф~ј~ь€Ф~р€Ф€ФД€illegal option: -rillegal option: -p%s: invalid option name%s: invalid action name%s: no completion specificationcomplete -o %s %s -A %s %s %s %s compgen: -F option may not work as you expectcompgen: -C option may not work as you expectcompgen?Й™™™™™Ђ >фјЕˆуhї>АЦї Еэ’B@?Й™™™™™Ђ?№>АЦї Еэ’B@ Еэ’?PbMвёЊш?‘<%0dm%0ld.%03dsPWDTMPDIR%s/%s-%lu%s%s ЛXЛ4Л4ЛXЛXЛXЛXЛXЛXЛXЛXЛXЛXЛXЛXЛXЛXЛXЛXЛXЛXЛXЛXЛXЛ4Л4Л4ЛHЛ4ЛXЛ4Л4Л4Л4Л4ЛXЛXЛXЛXЛXЛXЛXЛXЛXЛXЛXЛXЛXЛXЛXЛXЛ4Л4ЛXЛ4Л4ЛXЛXЛXЛXЛXЛXЛXЛXЛXЛXЛXЛXЛXЛXЛXЛXЛXЛXЛXЛXЛXЛXЛXЛXЛXЛXЛXЛ4Л4Л4Л4ЛXЛ4ЛXЛXЛXЛXЛXЛXЛXЛXЛXЛXЛXЛXЛXЛXЛXЛXЛXЛXЛXЛXЛXЛXЛXЛXЛXЛXЛ4Л4Л4МTМpМpМTМTМTМTМTМTМTМTМTМTМTМTМTМTМTМTМTМTМTМTМTМpМpМpМPМpМTМpМpМpМpМpМTМTМTМTМTМTМTМTМTМTМTМTМTМTМTМTМpМpМTМpМpМTМTМTМTМTМTМTМTМTМTМTМTМTМTМTМTМTМTМTМTМTМTМTМTМTМTМTМpМpМpМpМTМpМTМTМTМTМTМTМTМTМTМTМTМTМTМTМTМTМTМTМTМTМTМTМTМTМTМTМpМpМpМ8НЄП\НЄНЄНЄНЄНЄНЄНЄНЄНPНPНPНPНPНPНPНPНЄНЄНЄНЄНЄНЄНЄНЄНЄНЄНЄНЄНЄОјНЄНЄНЄНЄНЄНЄНЄНЄНЄНЄНЄНЄНЄНЄНЄНЄНЄНЄНЄНЄНЄНЄПTНЄНЄНЄНЄОрО№НœНЄОјПНЄНЄНЄНЄНЄНЄНЄПНЄНЄНЄПНЄПНЄОшНЄО(\%.3o4.2%sTERMOAOBOCOD(arg: %d) abortaccept-linearrow-key-prefixbackward-charbackward-delete-charbackward-kill-linebackward-kill-wordbackward-wordbeginning-of-historybeginning-of-linecall-last-kbd-macrocapitalize-wordcharacter-searchcharacter-search-backwardclear-screencompletecopy-backward-wordcopy-forward-wordcopy-region-as-killdelete-chardelete-char-or-listdelete-horizontal-spacedigit-argumentdo-lowercase-versiondowncase-worddump-functionsdump-macrosdump-variablesemacs-editing-modeend-kbd-macroend-of-historyend-of-lineexchange-point-and-markforward-backward-delete-charforward-charforward-search-historyforward-wordhistory-search-backwardhistory-search-forwardinsert-commentinsert-completionskill-whole-linekill-linekill-regionkill-wordmenu-completenext-historynon-incremental-forward-search-historynon-incremental-reverse-search-historynon-incremental-forward-search-history-againnon-incremental-reverse-search-history-againpossible-completionsprevious-historyquoted-insertre-read-init-fileredraw-current-linereverse-search-historyrevert-lineself-insertset-markstart-kbd-macrotab-inserttilde-expandtranspose-charstranspose-wordstty-statusundouniversal-argumentunix-line-discardunix-word-ruboutupcase-wordyankyank-last-argyank-nth-argyank-popvi-append-eolvi-append-modevi-arg-digitvi-back-to-indentvi-bWordvi-bwordvi-change-casevi-change-charvi-change-tovi-char-searchvi-columnvi-completevi-deletevi-delete-tovi-eWordvi-editing-modevi-end-wordvi-eof-maybevi-ewordvi-fWordvi-fetch-historyvi-first-printvi-fwordvi-goto-markvi-insert-begvi-insertion-modevi-matchvi-movement-modevi-next-wordvi-overstrikevi-overstrike-deletevi-prev-wordvi-putvi-redovi-replacevi-searchvi-search-againvi-set-markvi-substvi-tilde-expandvi-yank-argvi-yank-to?№?№ "\'`@$><=;|&{("'Display all %d possibilities? (y or n)/ readline: bad value %d for what_to_do in rl_complete .&ф&H&H&H&H&H&H&H&H&ф&ф&ф&ф&ф&ф&ф&ф&ф&ф&ф&ф&ф&ф&ф&ф&ф&ф&ф&ф&ф&ф&ф&ф&ф&ф&ф&ф&ф&ф&ф&ф&ф&ф&ф&ф&<&ф&ф&ф&ф%А%Р&ф%а%р%ь&ф&ф&ф&ф&ф&ф&ф%ќ&ф&ф&ф& &ф&&ф&,&ф$HC-\M-INPUTRC~/.inputrcreadline: %s: line %d: %s readline: %s Control-C-CTRL-MetaM-otherterm=mode=emacsviifendifelseincludesetprefix-metablink-matching-parencompletion-ignore-caseconvert-metadisable-completionenable-keypadexpand-tildehorizontal-scroll-modeinput-metamark-directoriesmark-modified-linesmeta-flagoutput-metaprefer-visible-bellprint-completions-horizontallyshow-all-if-ambiguousvisible-statsbell-stylecomment-begincompletion-query-itemsediting-modeisearch-terminatorskeymaponnoneoffaudiblevisibleDELESCEscapeLFDNewlineRETReturnRuboutSPCSpaceTabemacs-standardemacs-metaemacs-ctlxvi-movevi-commandvi-insert%s \e\C-%c\C-? # %s (not bound) "%s": %s %s is not bound to any keys %s can be found on "%s"%s... "%s%s": "%s" %s%s outputs %s set %s %s %s is set to `%s' set bell-style %s bell-style is set to `%s' set comment-begin %s comment-begin is set to `%s' set completion-query-items %d completion-query-items is set to `%d' set editing-mode %s editing-mode is set to `%s' set keymap %s keymap is set to `%s' set isearch-terminators "%s" isearch-terminators is set to "%s" ?еUUUUU\?№?№?№\%o M-C- COLUMNSLINESDCICceclcrdceiicimkdkhkHklkrkukskelemmmopcupvbTERMdumbevent not foundbad word specifiersubstitution failedunrecognized history modifierno previous substitutionunknown expansion error:$*%^() <>;&|$"'`\`"$HOME..history ~ ~ HOME hl^$0ftFt;,%wbeWBE|_*\AaIiCcDdPpYyRrSsXx~(arg: %d) l|h^0bB l|hwW^0bB l|h^0%bBreverse-i-search)`': %s/-_=~.#$~POSIXngsmchtpoximbdwbsosenxmacnbxadzhtxsxsnshsboenimkluOFhk7kosceCk3KsilkekVFHk;k5F1rtkrcmmkFffdeasRFLFELCC8l6F4F2k1KumsusaprodmFlaitfsetdncsbmZFSkPUMkJFFSDkCFAk9k8F6l5k4k3l2r2K1k0lwnuhtbspsdrmqFpiomnpmdlmlckpiwiFhFfpevemeadkdFcpcFbFakXFTkRkPkOpNkMCLAIRGFFFEFDFCICDBFAF9l9F8k7l7F6k5l5K4l4K3r3k3F2l2i2F1l1i1F0kxpvcuktstcsvstsksfscrsrkrFpupmpFopohoFnFmimclpllldlblFkmjFiviehmhcgFfrfifFeueseleceFdmdhdccucrcicdbvbkatalaFYFWFUFTFSFRSQFPiPFOLODNFMFLkLDKFIkIFHFFkFLEk]|\\]|]|]|Yp[Ј\ј]|]|[Zа]|Zь]|[$]|]|W@Vш]|]|]|]|]|]|]|]t\<[ќ\]0]|]|]|]|]|]|]|]|]|]|]|]|]|]|]|]|Z`]|]|]|]|]|]|]|]|]|]|]|]|]|[р]|]|]|]|XœVр]`]|Z€]|Yx]|]|Y [X]|]|Y€]|]|Y4]8]|]|]|]|]|]|Z [Ф]|\pZLY YАYРYдYфYєZZZ,?„zсGЎd?Й™™™™™Ђ ?№?№?*+@!alnum:]alpha:]blank:]cntrl:]digit:]graph:]lower:]print:]punct:]space:]upper:]xdigit:]ascii:]?№malloc_debug_dummy Memory allocation statistics: %s size free in use total morecore split %12lu %4d %6d %5d %8d %5d Total bytes in use: %d, total bytes free: %d Total mallocs: %d, total frees: %d, total 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COMMANDS ;;]... esacifif COMMANDS; then COMMANDS; [ elif COMMANDS; then COMMANDS; ]... [ else COMMANDS; ] fiwhilewhile COMMANDS; do COMMANDS; doneuntiluntil COMMANDS; do COMMANDS; donefunctionfunction NAME { COMMANDS ; } or NAME () { COMMANDS ; }{ ... }{ COMMANDS ; }%%[DIGITS | WORD] [&]variablesvariables - Some variable names and meaningspushdpushd [dir | +N | -N] [-n]popdpopd [+N | -N] [-n]dirsdirs [-clpv] [+N] [-N]shoptshopt [-pqsu] [-o long-option] optname [optname...]printfprintf format [arguments]completecomplete [-abcdefjkvu] [-pr] [-o option] [-A action] [-G globpat] [-W wordlist] [-P prefix] [-S suffix] [-X filterpat] [-F function] [-C command] [name ...]compgencompgen [-abcdefjkvu] [-o option] [-A action] [-G globpat] [-W wordlist] [-P prefix] [-S suffix] [-X filterpat] [-F function] [-C command] [word]`alias' with no arguments or with the -p option prints the listof aliases in the form alias NAME=VALUE on standard output.Otherwise, an alias is defined for each NAME whose VALUE is given.A trailing space in VALUE causes the next word to be checked foralias substitution when the alias is expanded. Alias returnstrue unless a NAME is given for which no alias has been defined.Remove NAMEs from the list of defined aliases. If the -a option is given,then remove all alias definitions.Bind a key sequence to a Readline function, or to a macro. Thesyntax is equivalent to that found in ~/.inputrc, but must bepassed as a single argument: bind '"\C-x\C-r": re-read-init-file'.Arguments we accept: -m keymap Use `keymap' as the keymap for the duration of this command. Acceptable keymap names are emacs, emacs-standard, emacs-meta, emacs-ctlx, vi, vi-move, vi-command, and vi-insert. -l List names of functions. -P List function names and bindings. -p List functions and bindings in a form that can be reused as input. -r keyseq Remove the binding for KEYSEQ. -x keyseq:shell-command Cause SHELL-COMMAND to be executed when KEYSEQ is entered. -f filename Read key bindings from FILENAME. -q function-name Query about which keys invoke the named function. -u function-name Unbind all keys which are bound to the named function. -V List variable names and values -v List variable names and values in a form that can be reused as input. -S List key sequences that invoke macros and their values -s List key sequences that invoke macros and their values in a form that can be reused as input.Exit from within a FOR, WHILE or UNTIL loop. If N is specified,break N levels.Resume the next iteration of the enclosing FOR, WHILE or UNTIL loop.If N is specified, resume at the N-th enclosing loop.Run a shell builtin. This is useful when you wish to rename ashell builtin to be a function, but need the functionality of thebuiltin within the function itself.Change the current directory to DIR. The variable $HOME is thedefault DIR. The variable CDPATH defines the search path forthe directory containing DIR. Alternative directory names in CDPATHare separated by a colon (:). A null directory name is the same asthe current directory, i.e. `.'. If DIR begins with a slash (/),then CDPATH is not used. If the directory is not found, and theshell option `cdable_vars' is set, then try the word as a variablename. If that variable has a value, then cd to the value of thatvariable. The -P option says to use the physical directory structureinstead of following symbolic links; the -L option forces symbolic linksto be followed.Print the current working directory. With the -P option, pwd printsthe physical directory, without any symbolic links; the -L optionmakes pwd follow symbolic links.No effect; the command does nothing. A zero exit code is returned.Return a successful result.Return an unsuccessful result.Runs COMMAND with ARGS ignoring shell functions. If you have a shellfunction called `ls', and you wish to call the command `ls', you cansay "command ls". If the -p option is given, a default value is usedfor PATH that is guaranteed to find all of the standard utilities. Ifthe -V or -v option is given, a string is printed describing COMMAND.The -V option produces a more verbose description.Declare variables and/or give them attributes. If no NAMEs aregiven, then display the values of variables instead. The -p optionwill display the attributes and values of each NAME.The flags are: -a to make NAMEs arrays (if supported) -f to select from among function names only -F to display function names without definitions -r to make NAMEs readonly -x to make NAMEs export -i to make NAMEs have the `integer' attribute setVariables with the integer attribute have arithmetic evaluation (see`let') done when the variable is assigned to.When displaying values of variables, -f displays a function's nameand definition. The -F option restricts the display to functionname only.Using `+' instead of `-' turns off the given attribute instead. Whenused in a function, makes NAMEs local, as with the `local' command.Obsolete. See `declare'.Create a local variable called NAME, and give it VALUE. LOCALcan only be used within a function; it makes the variable NAMEhave a visible scope restricted to that function and its children.Output the ARGs. If -n is specified, the trailing newline issuppressed. If the -e option is given, interpretation of thefollowing backslash-escaped characters is turned on: \a alert (bell) \b backspace \c suppress trailing newline \E escape character \f form feed \n new line \r carriage return \t horizontal tab \v vertical tab \\ backslash \num the character whose ASCII code is NUM (octal).You can explicitly turn off the interpretation of the above characterswith the -E option.Enable and disable builtin shell commands. This allowsyou to use a disk command which has the same name as a shellbuiltin without specifying a full pathname. If -n is used, theNAMEs become disabled; otherwise NAMEs are enabled. For example,to use the `test' found in $PATH instead of the shell builtinversion, type `enable -n test'. On systems supporting dynamicloading, the -f option may be used to load new builtins from theshared object FILENAME. The -d option will delete a builtinpreviously loaded with -f. If no non-option names are given, orthe -p option is supplied, a list of builtins is printed. The-a option means to print every builtin with an indication of whetheror not it is enabled. The -s option restricts the output to the POSIX.2`special' builtins. The -n option displays a list of all disabled builtins.Read ARGs as input to the shell and execute the resulting command(s).Getopts is used by shell procedures to parse positional parameters.OPTSTRING contains the option letters to be recognized; if a letteris followed by a colon, the option is expected to have an argument,which should be separated from it by white space.Each time it is invoked, getopts will place the next option in theshell variable $name, initializing name if it does not exist, andthe index of the next argument to be processed into the shellvariable OPTIND. OPTIND is initialized to 1 each time the shell ora shell script is invoked. When an option requires an argument,getopts places that argument into the shell variable OPTARG.getopts reports errors in one of two ways. If the first characterof OPTSTRING is a colon, getopts uses silent error reporting. Inthis mode, no error messages are printed. If an illegal option isseen, getopts places the option character found into OPTARG. If arequired argument is not found, getopts places a ':' into NAME andsets OPTARG to the option character found. If getopts is not insilent mode, and an illegal option is seen, getopts places '?' intoNAME and unsets OPTARG. If a required option is not found, a '?'is placed in NAME, OPTARG is unset, and a diagnostic message isprinted.If the shell variable OPTERR has the value 0, getopts disables theprinting of error messages, even if the first character ofOPTSTRING is not a colon. OPTERR has the value 1 by default.Getopts normally parses the positional parameters ($0 - $9), but ifmore arguments are given, they are parsed instead.Exec FILE, replacing this shell with the specified program.If FILE is not specified, the redirections take effect in thisshell. If the first argument is `-l', then place a dash in thezeroth arg passed to FILE, as login does. If the `-c' optionis supplied, FILE is executed with a null environment. The `-a'option means to make set argv[0] of the executed process to NAME.If the file cannot be executed and the shell is not interactive,then the shell exits, unless the shell option `execfail' is set.Exit the shell with a status of N. If N is omitted, the exit statusis that of the last command executed.Logout of a login shell.fc is used to list or edit and re-execute commands from the history list.FIRST and LAST can be numbers specifying the range, or FIRST can be astring, which means the most recent command beginning with thatstring. -e ENAME selects which editor to use. Default is FCEDIT, then EDITOR, then vi. -l means list lines instead of editing. -n means no line numbers listed. -r means reverse the order of the lines (making it newest listed first).With the `fc -s [pat=rep ...] [command]' format, the command isre-executed after the substitution OLD=NEW is performed.A useful alias to use with this is r='fc -s', so that typing `r cc'runs the last command beginning with `cc' and typing `r' re-executesthe last command.Place JOB_SPEC in the foreground, and make it the current job. IfJOB_SPEC is not present, the shell's notion of the current job isused.Place JOB_SPEC in the background, as if it had been started with`&'. If JOB_SPEC is not present, the shell's notion of the currentjob is used.For each NAME, the full pathname of the command is determined andremembered. If the -p option is supplied, PATHNAME is used as thefull pathname of NAME, and no path search is performed. The -roption causes the shell to forget all remembered locations. If noarguments are given, information about remembered commands is displayed.Display helpful information about builtin commands. If PATTERN isspecified, gives detailed help on all commands matching PATTERN,otherwise a list of the builtins is printed. The -s optionrestricts the output for each builtin command matching PATTERN toa short usage synopsis.Display the history list with line numbers. Lines listed withwith a `*' have been modified. Argument of N says to list onlythe last N lines. The `-c' option causes the history list to becleared by deleting all of the entries. The `-d' option deletesthe history entry at offset OFFSET. The `-w' option writes out thecurrent history to the history file; `-r' means to read the file andappend the contents to the history list instead. `-a' meansto append history lines from this session to the history file.Argument `-n' means to read all history lines not already readfrom the history file and append them to the history list. IfFILENAME is given, then that is used as the history file elseif $HISTFILE has a value, that is used, else ~/.bash_history.If the -s option is supplied, the non-option ARGs are appended tothe history list as a single entry. The -p option means to performhistory expansion on each ARG and display the result, without storinganything in the history list.Lists the active jobs. The -l option lists process id's in additionto the normal information; the -p option lists process id's only.If -n is given, only processes that have changed status since the lastnotification are printed. JOBSPEC restricts output to that job. The-r and -s options restrict output to running and stopped jobs only,respectively. Without options, the status of all active jobs isprinted. If -x is given, COMMAND is run after all job specificationsthat appear in ARGS have been replaced with the process ID of that job'sprocess group leader.By default, removes each JOBSPEC argument from the table of active jobs.If the -h option is given, the job is not removed from the table, but ismarked so that SIGHUP is not sent to the job if the shell receives aSIGHUP. The -a option, when JOBSPEC is not supplied, means to remove alljobs from the job table; the -r option means to remove only running jobs.Send the processes named by PID (or JOB) the signal SIGSPEC. IfSIGSPEC is not present, then SIGTERM is assumed. An argument of `-l'lists the signal names; if arguments follow `-l' they are assumed tobe signal numbers for which names should be listed. Kill is a shellbuiltin for two reasons: it allows job IDs to be used instead ofprocess IDs, and, if you have reached the limit on processes thatyou can create, you don't have to start a process to kill another one.Each ARG is an arithmetic expression to be evaluated. Evaluationis done in long integers with no check for overflow, though divisionby 0 is trapped and flagged as an error. The following list ofoperators is grouped into levels of equal-precedence operators.The levels are listed in order of decreasing precedence. -, + unary minus, plus !, ~ logical and bitwise negation *, /, % multiplication, division, remainder +, - addition, subtraction <<, >> left and right bitwise shifts <=, >=, <, > comparison ==, != equality, inequality & bitwise AND ^ bitwise XOR | bitwise OR && logical AND || logical OR expr ? expr : expr conditional expression =, *=, /=, %=, +=, -=, <<=, >>=, &=, ^=, |= assignmentShell variables are allowed as operands. The name of the variableis replaced by its value (coerced to a long integer) withinan expression. The variable need not have its integer attributeturned on to be used in an expression.Operators are evaluated in order of precedence. Sub-expressions inparentheses are evaluated first and may override the precedencerules above.If the last ARG evaluates to 0, let returns 1; 0 is returnedotherwise.One line is read from the standard input, and the first word isassigned to the first NAME, the second word to the second NAME, and soon, with leftover words assigned to the last NAME. Only the charactersfound in $IFS are recognized as word delimiters. If no NAMEs are supplied,the line read is stored in the REPLY variable. If the -r option is given,this signifies `raw' input, and backslash escaping is disabled. The-d option causes read to continue until the first character of DELIM isread, rather than newline. If the `-p' option is supplied, the stringPROMPT is output without a trailing newline before attempting to read.If -a is supplied, the words read are assigned to sequential indices ofARRAY, starting at zero. If -e is supplied and the shell is interactive,readline is used to obtain the line. If -n is supplied with a non-zeroNCHARS argument, read returns after NCHARS characters have been read.The -s option causes input coming from a terminal to not be echoed.The -t option causes read to time out and return failure if a complete lineof input is not read within TIMEOUT seconds. The return code is zero,unless end-of-file is encountered or read times out.Causes a function to exit with the return value specified by N. If Nis omitted, the return status is that of the last command. -a Mark variables which are modified or created for export. -b Notify of job termination immediately. -e Exit immediately if a command exits with a non-zero status. -f Disable file name generation (globbing). -h Remember the location of commands as they are looked up. -i Force the shell to be an "interactive" one. Interactive shells always read `~/.bashrc' on startup. -k All assignment arguments are placed in the environment for a command, not just those that precede the command name. -m Job control is enabled. -n Read commands but do not execute them. -o option-name Set the variable corresponding to option-name: allexport same as -a braceexpand same as -B emacs use an emacs-style line editing interface errexit same as -e hashall same as -h histexpand same as -H history enable command history ignoreeof the shell will not exit upon reading EOF interactive-comments allow comments to appear in interactive commands keyword same as -k monitor same as -m noclobber same as -C noexec same as -n noglob same as -f notify same as -b nounset same as -u onecmd same as -t physical same as -P posix change the behavior of bash where the default operation differs from the 1003.2 standard to match the standard privileged same as -p verbose same as -v vi use a vi-style line editing interface xtrace same as -x -p Turned on whenever the real and effective user ids do not match. Disables processing of the $ENV file and importing of shell functions. Turning this option off causes the effective uid and gid to be set to the real uid and gid. -t Exit after reading and executing one command. -u Treat unset variables as an error when substituting. -v Print shell input lines as they are read. -x Print commands and their arguments as they are executed. -B the shell will perform brace expansion -C If set, disallow existing regular files to be overwritten by redirection of output. -H Enable ! style history substitution. This flag is on by default. -P If set, do not follow symbolic links when executing commands such as cd which change the current directory.Using + rather than - causes these flags to be turned off. Theflags can also be used upon invocation of the shell. The currentset of flags may be found in $-. The remaining n ARGs are positionalparameters and are assigned, in order, to $1, $2, .. $n. If noARGs are given, all shell variables are printed.For each NAME, remove the corresponding variable or function. Giventhe `-v', unset will only act on variables. Given the `-f' flag,unset will only act on functions. With neither flag, unset firsttries to unset a variable, and if that fails, then tries to unset afunction. Some variables cannot be unset; also see readonly.NAMEs are marked for automatic export to the environment ofsubsequently executed commands. If the -f option is given,the NAMEs refer to functions. If no NAMEs are given, or if `-p'is given, a list of all names that are exported in this shell isprinted. An argument of `-n' says to remove the export propertyfrom subsequent NAMEs. An argument of `--' disables further optionprocessing.The given NAMEs are marked readonly and the values of these NAMEs maynot be changed by subsequent assignment. If the -f option is given,then functions corresponding to the NAMEs are so marked. If noarguments are given, or if `-p' is given, a list of all readonly namesis printed. An argument of `-n' says to remove the readonly propertyfrom subsequent NAMEs. The `-a' option means to treat each NAME asan array variable. An argument of `--' disables further optionprocessing.The positional parameters from $N+1 ... are renamed to $1 ... If N isnot given, it is assumed to be 1.Read and execute commands from FILENAME and return. The pathnamesin $PATH are used to find the directory containing FILENAME.Read and execute commands from FILENAME and return. The pathnamesin $PATH are used to find the directory containing FILENAME.Suspend the execution of this shell until it receives a SIGCONTsignal. The `-f' if specified says not to complain about thisbeing a login shell if it is; just suspend anyway.Exits with a status of 0 (trueness) or 1 (falseness) depending onthe evaluation of EXPR. Expressions may be unary or binary. Unaryexpressions are often used to examine the status of a file. Thereare string operators as well, and numeric comparison operators.File operators: -b FILE True if file is block special. -c FILE True if file is character special. -d FILE True if file is a directory. -e FILE True if file exists. -f FILE True if file exists and is a regular file. -g FILE True if file is set-group-id. -h FILE True if file is a symbolic link. -L FILE True if file is a symbolic link. -k FILE True if file has its `sticky' bit set. -p FILE True if file is a named pipe. -r FILE True if file is readable by you. -s FILE True if file exists and is not empty. -S FILE True if file is a socket. -t FD True if FD is opened on a terminal. -u FILE True if the file is set-user-id. -w FILE True if the file is writable by you. -x FILE True if the file is executable by you. -O FILE True if the file is effectively owned by you. -G FILE True if the file is effectively owned by your group. -N FILE True if the file has been modified since it was last read. FILE1 -nt FILE2 True if file1 is newer than file2 (according to modification date). FILE1 -ot FILE2 True if file1 is older than file2. FILE1 -ef FILE2 True if file1 is a hard link to file2.String operators: -z STRING True if string is empty. -n STRING STRING True if string is not empty. STRING1 = STRING2 True if the strings are equal. STRING1 != STRING2 True if the strings are not equal. STRING1 < STRING2 True if STRING1 sorts before STRING2 lexicographically. STRING1 > STRING2 True if STRING1 sorts after STRING2 lexicographically.Other operators: -o OPTION True if the shell option OPTION is enabled. ! EXPR True if expr is false. EXPR1 -a EXPR2 True if both expr1 AND expr2 are true. EXPR1 -o EXPR2 True if either expr1 OR expr2 is true. arg1 OP arg2 Arithmetic tests. OP is one of -eq, -ne, -lt, -le, -gt, or -ge.Arithmetic binary operators return true if ARG1 is equal, not-equal,less-than, less-than-or-equal, greater-than, or greater-than-or-equalthan ARG2.This is a synonym for the "test" builtin, but the lastargument must be a literal `]', to match the opening `['.Print the accumulated user and system times for processes run fromthe shell.The command ARG is to be read and executed when the shell receivessignal(s) SIGNAL_SPEC. If ARG is absent all specified signals arereset to their original values. If ARG is the null string eachSIGNAL_SPEC is ignored by the shell and by the commands it invokes.If a SIGNAL_SPEC is EXIT (0) the command ARG is executed on exit fromthe shell. If a SIGNAL_SPEC is DEBUG, ARG is executed after everycommand. If ARG is `-p' then the trap commands associated witheach SIGNAL_SPEC are displayed. If no arguments are supplied or ifonly `-p' is given, trap prints the list of commands associated witheach signal number. Each SIGNAL_SPEC is either a signal name in or a signal number. `trap -l' prints a list of signal names and theircorresponding numbers. Note that a signal can be sent to the shellwith "kill -signal $$".For each NAME, indicate how it would be interpreted if used as acommand name.If the -t option is used, `type' outputs a single word which is one of`alias', `keyword', `function', `builtin', `file' or `', if NAME is analias, shell reserved word, shell function, shell builtin, disk file,or unfound, respectively.If the -p flag is used, `type' either returns the name of the diskfile that would be executed, or nothing if `type -t NAME' would notreturn `file'.If the -a flag is used, `type' displays all of the places that containan executable named `file'. This includes aliases and functions, ifand only if the -p flag is not also used.Ulimit provides control over the resources available to processesstarted by the shell, on systems that allow such control. If anoption is given, it is interpreted as follows: -S use the `soft' resource limit -H use the `hard' resource limit -a all current limits are reported -c the maximum size of core files created -d the maximum size of a process's data segment -f the maximum size of files created by the shell -l the maximum size a process may lock into memory -m the maximum resident set size -n the maximum number of open file descriptors -p the pipe buffer size -s the maximum stack size -t the maximum amount of cpu time in seconds -u the maximum number of user processes -v the size of virtual memoryIf LIMIT is given, it is the new value of the specified resource.Otherwise, the current value of the specified resource is printed.If no option is given, then -f is assumed. Values are in 1024-byteincrements, except for -t, which is in seconds, -p, which is inincrements of 512 bytes, and -u, which is an unscaled number ofprocesses.The user file-creation mask is set to MODE. If MODE is omitted, or if`-S' is supplied, the current value of the mask is printed. The `-S'option makes the output symbolic; otherwise an octal number is output.If `-p' is supplied, and MODE is omitted, the output is in a formthat may be used as input. If MODE begins with a digit, it isinterpreted as an octal number, otherwise it is a symbolic mode stringlike that accepted by chmod(1).Wait for the specified process and report its termination status. IfN is not given, all currently active child processes are waited for,and the return code is zero. N may be a process ID or a jobspecification; if a job spec is given, all processes in the job'spipeline are waited for.The `for' loop executes a sequence of commands for each member in alist of items. If `in WORDS ...;' is not present, then `in "$@"' isassumed. For each element in WORDS, NAME is set to that element, andthe COMMANDS are executed.The WORDS are expanded, generating a list of words. Theset of expanded words is printed on the standard error, eachpreceded by a number. If `in WORDS' is not present, `in "$@"'is assumed. The PS3 prompt is then displayed and a line readfrom the standard input. If the line consists of the numbercorresponding to one of the displayed words, then NAME is setto that word. If the line is empty, WORDS and the prompt areredisplayed. If EOF is read, the command completes. Any othervalue read causes NAME to be set to null. The line read is savedin the variable REPLY. COMMANDS are executed after each selectionuntil a break or return command is executed.Execute PIPELINE and print a summary of the real time, user CPU time,and system CPU time spent executing PIPELINE when it terminates.The return status is the return status of PIPELINE. The `-p' optionprints the timing summary in a slightly different format. This usesthe value of the TIMEFORMAT variable as the output format.Selectively execute COMMANDS based upon WORD matching PATTERN. The`|' is used to separate multiple patterns.The if COMMANDS are executed. If the exit status is zero, then the thenCOMMANDS are executed. Otherwise, each of the elif COMMANDS are executedin turn, and if the exit status is zero, the corresponding then COMMANDSare executed and the if command completes. Otherwise, the else COMMANDSare executed, if present. The exit status is the exit status of the lastcommand executed, or zero if no condition tested true.Expand and execute COMMANDS as long as the final command in the`while' COMMANDS has an exit status of zero.Expand and execute COMMANDS as long as the final command in the`until' COMMANDS has an exit status which is not zero.Create a simple command invoked by NAME which runs COMMANDS.Arguments on the command line along with NAME are passed to thefunction as $0 .. $n.Run a set of commands in a group. This is one way to redirect anentire set of commands.This is similar to the `fg' command. Resume a stopped or backgroundjob. If you specifiy DIGITS, then that job is used. If you specifyWORD, then the job whose name begins with WORD is used. Following thejob specification with a `&' places the job in the background.BASH_VERSION Version information for this Bash.CDPATH A colon separated list of directories to search when the argument to `cd' is not found in the current directory.GLOBIGNORE A colon-separated list of patterns describing filenames to be ignored by pathname expansion.HISTFILE The name of the file where your command history is stored.HISTFILESIZE The maximum number of lines this file can contain.HISTSIZE The maximum number of history lines that a running shell can access.HOME The complete pathname to your login directory.HOSTNAME The name of the current host.HOSTTYPE The type of CPU this version of Bash is running under.IGNOREEOF Controls the action of the shell on receipt of an EOF character as the sole input. If set, then the value of it is the number of EOF characters that can be seen in a row on an empty line before the shell will exit (default 10). When unset, EOF signifies the end of input.MACHTYPE A string describing the current system Bash is running on.MAILCHECK How often, in seconds, Bash checks for new mail.MAILPATH A colon-separated list of filenames which Bash checks for new mail.OSTYPE The version of Unix this version of Bash is running on.PATH A colon-separated list of directories to search when looking for commands.PROMPT_COMMAND A command to be executed before the printing of each primary prompt.PS1 The primary prompt string.PS2 The secondary prompt string.PWD The full pathname of the current directory.SHELLOPTS A colon-separated list of enabled shell options.TERM The name of the current terminal type.TIMEFORMAT The output format for timing statistics displayed by the `time' reserved word.auto_resume Non-null means a command word appearing on a line by itself is first looked for in the list of currently stopped jobs. If found there, that job is foregrounded. A value of `exact' means that the command word must exactly match a command in the list of stopped jobs. A value of `substring' means that the command word must match a substring of the job. Any other value means that the command must be a prefix of a stopped job.histchars Characters controlling history expansion and quick substitution. The first character is the history substitution character, usually `!'. The second is the `quick substitution' character, usually `^'. The third is the `history comment' character, usually `#'.HISTIGNORE A colon-separated list of patterns used to decide which command should be saved on the history list.Adds a directory to the top of the directory stack, or rotatesthe stack, making the new top of the stack the current workingdirectory. With no arguments, exchanges the top two directories.+N Rotates the stack so that the Nth directory (counting from the left of the list shown by `dirs', starting with zero) is at the top.-N Rotates the stack so that the Nth directory (counting from the right of the list shown by `dirs', starting with zero) is at the top.-n suppress the normal change of directory when adding directories to the stack, so only the stack is manipulated.dir adds DIR to the directory stack at the top, making it the new current working directory.You can see the directory stack with the `dirs' command.Removes entries from the directory stack. With no arguments,removes the top directory from the stack, and cd's to the newtop directory.+N removes the Nth entry counting from the left of the list shown by `dirs', starting with zero. For example: `popd +0' removes the first directory, `popd +1' the second.-N removes the Nth entry counting from the right of the list shown by `dirs', starting with zero. For example: `popd -0' removes the last directory, `popd -1' the next to last.-n suppress the normal change of directory when removing directories from the stack, so only the stack is manipulated.You can see the directory stack with the `dirs' command.Display the list of currently remembered directories. Directoriesfind their way onto the list with the `pushd' command; you can getback up through the list with the `popd' command.The -l flag specifies that `dirs' should not print shorthand versionsof directories which are relative to your home directory. This meansthat `~/bin' might be displayed as `/homes/bfox/bin'. The -v flagcauses `dirs' to print the directory stack with one entry per line,prepending the directory name with its position in the stack. The -pflag does the same thing, but the stack position is not prepended.The -c flag clears the directory stack by deleting all of the elements.+N displays the Nth entry counting from the left of the list shown by dirs when invoked without options, starting with zero.-N displays the Nth entry counting from the right of the list shown by dirs when invoked without options, starting with zero.Toggle the values of variables controlling optional behavior.The -s flag means to enable (set) each OPTNAME; the -u flagunsets each OPTNAME. The -q flag suppresses output; the exitstatus indicates whether each OPTNAME is set or unset. The -ooption restricts the OPTNAMEs to those defined for use with`set -o'. With no options, or with the -p option, a list of allsettable options is displayed, with an indication of whether ornot each is set.printf formats and prints ARGUMENTS under control of the FORMAT. FORMATis a character string which contains three types of objects: plaincharacters, which are simply copied to standard output, character escapesequences which are converted and copied to the standard output, andformat specifications, each of which causes printing of the next successiveargument. In addition to the standard printf(1) formats, %b means toexpand backslash escape sequences in the corresponding argument, and %qmeans to quote the argument in a way that can be reused as shell input.For each NAME, specify how arguments are to be completed.If the -p option is supplied, or if no options are supplied, existingcompletion specifications are printed in a way that allows them to bereused as input. The -r option removes a completion specification foreach NAME, or, if no NAMEs are supplied, all completion specifications.Display the possible completions depending on the options. Intendedto be used from within a shell function generating possible completions.If the optional WORD argument is supplied, matches against WORD aregenerated.pvVcommand_builtinPATHcommand_builtinPATHPATH@T@MњSIGJUNKUnknown SIGJUNKUnknown@Sb@T%s: is a directory%s: not a regular file%s: file is too large%s: cannot execute binary file_evalfile_evalfile@T"@T*parse_and_execute_topparse_and_execute_toppe_disposepe_disposepe_disposepe_disposeparse_and_execute_top@T2@T:@MТ@M’@Mњlogout exit ~/.bash_logout@S@S"@Nlpnxrsjobs_builtinjobs_builtinahrcurrent@Mњ%s: bad argumentpushdpushdpushddirs dirstack.erp:a:d:t:n:sIFS read_builtinread_builtinread_builtinREPLYREPLY@MТ@TB@TJ@TR@TZ@Pb@Tb@іx@Cє@Tj@і€@B @Tr@і@Bи@іЈ@A @Tz@іА@T‚@TŠ@іИ@T‚@TŠ@ѕРa@ѕаB@ѕрe@ѕшh@ѕ№H@іk@іm@іC@і n@і(f@і0b@і8u@і@t@іHP@іXp@іhv@іpxonoffallexportbraceexpanderrexithashallhistexpandkeywordmonitornoclobbernoexecnoglobnotifynounsetonecmdphysicalprivilegedverbosextracehistoryignoreeofinteractive-commentsposixemacsviignoreeofIGNOREEOF10IGNOREEOFIGNOREEOFPOSIXLY_CORRECTPOSIXLY_CORRECTyPOSIXLY_CORRECTstdinSHELLOPTSSHELLOPTSSHELLOPTSfvfunctionvariablesourcesource@MТ@T’OPTIND??OPTARGOPTARG:OPTARG?OPTARGOPTARGcdable_varscdspellcheckhashcheckwinsizecmdhistdotglobexecfailexpand_aliasesextglobhistreedithistappendhistverifyhostcompletehuponexitinteractive_commentslithistmailwarnno_empty_cmd_completionnocaseglobnullglobprogcomppromptvarsrestricted_shellshift_verbosesourcepathxpg_echoonoffpsuoq-s-u@ј@}T@ј @Ep@ј(@}<@ј8@|ь@јH@C№@јP@}@јX@}L@јh@A№@јx@CА@ј€@}@ј@}@ј @} @јА@D@Tš@јР@AР@ја@Bи@TЂ@јш@}@ј№@}@љ@}4@љ@H@љ(@|є@љ8@D@љH@Aь@љX@Bа@TЊ@љp@}X@љ€@ED@љ@ExpalvpVPsSf:q:u:m:r:x:, . cdOLDPWDOLDPWD=PWDPWD=LPLPpwdchdircd@O:e:lnrsfcbash-fc${FCEDIT:-${EDITOR:-vi}}fcfc builtinfc builtin@MТ@J*ss, no help topics match `%s'. 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d@@@ €@Јe@Аf@И@Ш@и@ш j@№@k@ј€@@@@@ u@( vtcpudp%s: host unknown%s: invalid servicesocketconnect%s: bad network path specificationsh_makepathsh_realpath/tmp/var/tmp/usr/tmp/var/tmp/shtmpshtmpw+w@Qв@Tb@TТ@TЪ@TТ@Tв@Tк@Tт@Tъ@Tђ@Tњѕ@Uѕ@Tbѕ(@U ѕ@@TъѕP@Uѕh@Uѕ€@U"ѕ˜@U*ѕЈ@U2ѕР@U:ѕи@UBѕ№@UJі@URі@UZі8@UbіH@PjіX@Ujіp@Urіˆ@Uzі @U‚іА@UŠіШ@U’ір@TЪі№@TТї@Ušї@UЂї(@UЊї8@UВїH@UКї`@UТїp@UЪї€@Uвї@UкїЈ@UтїШ@Tтїи@Uъї№@Uђј@Uњј@Vј0@V ј@@VјX@Vјh@V"јx@V*јˆ@V2ј˜@V:јЈ@TкјИ@VBјр@VJљ@VRљ8@VZљh@Vbљ€@Tвљ˜@VjљЈ@VrљР@Vzљи@V‚љ№@VŠњ@Pbњ@V’њ @Všњ0@VЂњ@@VЊњP@VВњ`@VКњp@VТњ€@VЪњˆ@Tђњ @VвњИ@Vкња@Vтњр@Vъњш@Pšњј@Vђћ@Vњћ@Wћ(@W ћ8@WћH@Wћ`@W"ћp@W*ћ€@W2ћ@W:ћ @WBћА@WJћР@WRћа@WZћр@Wbћ№@Wjќ@Wrќ@Wzќ @W‚ќ0@WŠќ@@W’ќP@Wšќ`@WЂќx@WЊќˆ@WВќ˜@WКќЈ@WТќИ@WЪќа@Wвќр@Wкќј@Wт§@Wъ§@Wђ§0@Wњ§@@X§H@X 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аи@а@@аш@а№@а@а@XЊ@XЊ@XЊ@XЊ@XЊ@XЊ@XЊ@XЊ@XЊ@XЊ@Vњ@Vъ@Pš@Pbcoli  amxnkmMT@XВ@Tв@Tк@Tт@Tъ@U:@Uв@XЊ@XЊ@XЊ@XЊИ@}ШР@}АШ@}Да@}Ии@}Єр@}Ќш@}Ф№@}Мј@}Р@]0@]@]@]( @],(@]40@]$8@] @@}рH@]<P@]8X@}Ь`@}Јh@]D = ;&()|<>@XК@XТ€ˆpx@Tђ@Wъ@Wђ@Wк@Tb@U@XЪ@Pb@V@Uњ@V@Uњ@U@Vв@Vj@Vк@V‚@Uъ@Xв@Xв@XкunknownTERMunknownTERMINFOSorry, TERMINFO pathname for device exceeds 512 characters /usr/share/lib/terminfo/a/Sorry, TERM name for device exceeds 512 characters /usr/share/lib/terminfo/./usr/share/lib/terminfo/.No such terminal: calloc corrupted term entry term entry too long callocLINESCOLUMNSnull argbad char after %3bad char after %2bad parm numbermissing closing quotemissing closing bracebad % sequenceno matching ENDIFа5чšєMІoS7) unknownPackaged for USG UNIX 6.0, 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0x5555*ap++ == 0x55*ap++ == 0x55*ap++ == 0x55*ap == 0x55nunits < 30p->minfo.mi_alloc == ((char) 0xf7)p->minfo.mi_magic2 == 0x5555*m++ == 0x55*m++ == 0x55*m++ == 0x55*m == 0x55џџџџ@@@Р@А @X@hџџџџ@&иџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџ@OJџџџџџџџџ.@3H@3@@38,@4p@4`џџџџ@‚x@x№@r`@l№@lа@lˆD@LИevalcla:@ѓА@ѕИ@ѕА@љЈ@љ џџџџ?adnpsf:currentrp:TERMfџџџџ.@(аєЈ# @Xт§ј§рd/ @XВ @Xъџ† @5р@5и^!@5ј@6Аi˜Ё @Xђ@Xњ@H, 8POSIXOOPSџџџџ@8и@‡А@8а Z|кАЌ€Ќ+tЕМџџџџірŒф lЉ”ЪPМ§Ьn|nДзИзд" n˜Œ0Ф˜(щЈЩд№В„$аѓТ'ŸHЪ,ьW §шў$˜ƒј_,ФИуX&xlь‡”рŸ,ЗФЊ4”рTЗрs˜ ˆхDџџџџCФ'рЇьP„P фsа“ќ4œЌ”0›Ќг x4n4[Д{№„ШшфnPџџџџТ8”ЫdМ5P>|•ЌќKˆvќ phŽРу<б|™mрpаџџџџTsДз€$Д™ ЊШЋќpТTgєVX+XЖЕВ œMи8ЗЈЮ„pPdЅ(шШ•—`Œ‡Ў`ф*фзœвŽЄXt<ђьЎl*4-Ш/А0\0 11LЪDЧ№УhЮќаьЭ№ЯLбdЭˆ<›|т,cЈаLdHLЪ„ˆ”d cpЎЈЈ˜Š l4lhrlРlєmXnЈmЈnмo˜pˆq qrlp84ь98И:˜9№;;x;М<$<ˆ<Ш8˜=`8xRSPW8XXŒБˆИXуР‡ЄКLˆTЫл(мŒм4ЄИ], ќrЌƒ­Ј‘ ‘H,€šш›`ŸT xˆфžxžьЁdЅ€Ш<ژашщlѓ\о<ємм@œф(ƒЬPќшЄ'ј(,'p'Є(№)$)X)Œ)Р)є+T+ˆ&Иp"$ Аќ-Р,іDћ@ша$Dши!ш ќ!Œ*ˆ !!ШЕЄ%Ь0k\i„j№lk˜iPiИigpg4fјeXf(ddcиbXМX8W˜Wаmь„Œіlј$љ„ˆt‰ўЄd4”ДдDœъШЌЌ€а''р)˜-1ЌВ7Ь;№У0лќпT=(œјTЮXЮŒ )l*pћи”ŒьЬ@|$@| @|(@|,ш-bash/bash-RUN/opt/bash/bin/bashbug010055500000000000003000000122150727450616100155460ustar000300000000000000#!/bin/sh - # # bashbug - create a bug report and mail it to the bug address # # The bug address depends on the release status of the shell. Versions # with status `alpha' or `beta' mail bug reports to chet@po.cwru.edu. # Other versions send mail to bug-bash@gnu.org. # # configuration section: # these variables are filled in by the make target in cpp-Makefile # MACHINE="hppa2.0n" OS="hpux11.00" CC="cc" CFLAGS=" -DPROGRAM='bash' -DCONF_HOSTTYPE='hppa2.0n' -DCONF_OSTYPE='hpux11.00' -DCONF_MACHTYPE='hppa2.0n-hp-hpux11.00' -DCONF_VENDOR='hp' -DSHELL -DHAVE_CONFIG_H -DHPUX -I. -I. -I./include -I./lib -I/opt/bash/include -Ae" RELEASE="2.05" PATCHLEVEL="0" RELSTATUS="release" MACHTYPE="hppa2.0n-hp-hpux11.00" PATH=/bin:/usr/bin:/usr/local/bin:$PATH export PATH # If the OS supplies a program to make temp files with semi-random names, # use it. TEMP=/tmp/bbug.$$ for d in /bin /usr/bin /usr/local/bin ; do if [ -x $d/mktemp ]; then TEMP=`$d/mktemp -t bbug ` ; break; elif [ -x $d/tempfile ]; then TEMP=` $d/tempfile --prefix bbug --mode 600 `; break fi done USAGE="Usage: $0 [--help] [--version] [bug-report-email-address]" VERSTR="GNU bashbug, version ${RELEASE}.${PATCHLEVEL}-${RELSTATUS}" do_help= do_version= while [ $# -gt 0 ]; do case "$1" in --help) shift ; do_help=y ;; --version) shift ; do_version=y ;; --) shift ; break ;; -*) echo "bashbug: ${1}: invalid option" >&2 echo "$USAGE" >& 2 exit 2 ;; *) break ;; esac done if [ -n "$do_version" ]; then echo "${VERSTR}" exit 0 fi if [ -n "$do_help" ]; then echo "${VERSTR}" echo "${USAGE}" echo cat << HERE_EOF Bashbug is used to send mail to the Bash maintainers for when Bash doesn't behave like you'd like, or expect. Bashbug will start up your editor (as defined by the shell's EDITOR environment variable) with a preformatted bug report template for you to fill in. The report will be mailed to the bash maintainers by default. See the manual for details. If you invoke bashbug by accident, just quit your editor without saving any changes to the template, and no bug report will be sent. HERE_EOF exit 0 fi # Figure out how to echo a string without a trailing newline N=`echo 'hi there\c'` case "$N" in *c) n=-n c= ;; *) n= c='\c' ;; esac BASHTESTERS="bash-testers@po.cwru.edu" case "$RELSTATUS" in alpha*|beta*|devel*) BUGBASH=chet@po.cwru.edu ;; *) BUGBASH=bug-bash@gnu.org ;; esac case "$RELSTATUS" in alpha*|beta*|devel*) echo "$0: This is a testing release. Would you like your bug report" echo "$0: to be sent to the bash-testers mailing list?" echo $n "$0: Send to bash-testers? $c" read ans case "$ans" in y*|Y*) BUGBASH="${BUGBASH},${BASHTESTERS}" ;; esac ;; esac BUGADDR="${1-$BUGBASH}" if [ -z "$DEFEDITOR" ] && [ -z "$EDITOR" ]; then if [ -x /usr/bin/editor ]; then DEFEDITOR=editor elif [ -x /usr/local/bin/ce ]; then DEFEDITOR=ce elif [ -x /usr/local/bin/emacs ]; then DEFEDITOR=emacs elif [ -x /usr/contrib/bin/emacs ]; then DEFEDITOR=emacs elif [ -x /usr/bin/emacs ]; then DEFEDITOR=emacs elif [ -x /usr/bin/xemacs ]; then DEFEDITOR=xemacs elif [ -x /usr/contrib/bin/jove ]; then DEFEDITOR=jove elif [ -x /usr/local/bin/jove ]; then DEFEDITOR=jove elif [ -x /usr/bin/vi ]; then DEFEDITOR=vi else echo "$0: No default editor found: attempting to use vi" >&2 DEFEDITOR=vi fi fi : ${EDITOR=$DEFEDITOR} : ${USER=${LOGNAME-`whoami`}} trap 'rm -f $TEMP $TEMP.x; exit 1' 1 2 3 13 15 trap 'rm -f $TEMP $TEMP.x' 0 UN= if (uname) >/dev/null 2>&1; then UN=`uname -a` fi if [ -f /usr/lib/sendmail ] ; then RMAIL="/usr/lib/sendmail" SMARGS="-i -t" elif [ -f /usr/sbin/sendmail ] ; then RMAIL="/usr/sbin/sendmail" SMARGS="-i -t" else RMAIL=rmail SMARGS="$BUGADDR" fi # this is raceable rm -f $TEMP cat > $TEMP <> $HOME/dead.bashbug echo "$0: mail failed: report saved in $HOME/dead.bashbug" >&2 } exit 0 bash/bash-RUN/opt/bash/doc/CHANGES010075500000000000003000003455730727450615000152200ustar000300000000000000This document details the changes between this version, bash-2.05-release, and the previous version, bash-2.05-beta2. 1. Changes to Bash a. Make sure we note that the first line of a multi-line command was not saved in the history if the tests for HISTCONTROL succeed, but the HISTIGNORE check fails. b. Fixed a bug in the pattern matching code that caused `[' to be treated as a special character inside a `[...]' bracket expression. c. Fixed a bug in the pattern matching code that caused `]' to terminate a bracket expression even if it was the first character after the `[' (or a leading `!' or `^'). d. Made a small change to report a more user-friendly error message if execve(2) fails because of an error with the interpreter in a script with a leading `#! interpreter'. e. If the OS does not support an exec(2) magic number of `#!', make sure we have a non-null interpreter name before attempting to execute it. f. Fixed a bug that caused the shell process to end up in a different process group than the controlling terminal if a job-control shell was run with `exec' in the startup files. g. When started in POSIX mode, either by `bash --posix', `bash -o posix', or `sh', $SHELLOPTS includes `posix' and POSIXLY_CORRECT is set. h. Fixed a problem that caused the `\W' prompt string escape sequence to expand to nothing when $PWD was `//'. i. The `bashbug' shell script no longer uses $(...) command substitution. j. When `set' is invoked without options in POSIX mode, it no longer prints the names and definitions of shell functions. 2. Changes to Readline a. rl_set_paren_blink_timeout() is now documented. b. Corrected history.3 man page: `$' is not in the default value of history_word_delimiters. c. If a hook function assigned to rl_event_hook sets rl_done to a non-zero value, rl_read_key() now immediately returns '\n' (which is assumed to be bound to accept-line). 3. New Features in Bash a. The `>&word' redirection now works in POSIX mode as it does by default, since POSIX.2 leaves it unspecified. ------------------------------------------------------------------------------ This document details the changes between this version, bash-2.05-beta2, and the previous version, bash-2.05-beta1. 1. Changes to Bash a. Fixed a bug in the arithmetic evaluation code so that a^=b is supported. b. Fixed startup so posixly_correct is retained across subshells begun to execute scripts without a leading `#!'. c. Fixed a bug that caused $(< file) to not work in a (...) subshell. d. Added config support for Linux running on the IBM S390. e. Fixed a bug that caused bash to get its input pointer out of sync when reading commands through a pipe and running a command with standard input redirected from a file. f. Made a change so that command completion now makes about half as many stat(2) calls when searching the $PATH. g. Fixed a bug that caused variable assignments preceding `return' to not be propagated to the shell environment in POSIX mode. h. Fixed a bug with ${parameter[:]?word} -- tilde expansion was not performed on `word'. i. In POSIX mode, `break' and `continue' do not complain and return success if called when the shell is not executing a loop. j. Fixed `bash -o posix' to work the same as `bash --posix'. k. Fixed a bug where variable assignments preceding `eval' or `source/.' would not show up in the environment exported to subshells run by the commands. l. In POSIX mode, shells started to execute command substitutions inherit the value of the `-e' option from their parent shell. m. In POSIX mode, aliases are expanded even in non-interactive shells. n. Changed some of the job control messages to display the text required by POSIX.2 when the shell is in POSIX mode. o. Fixed a bug in `test' that caused it to occasionally return incorrect results when non-numeric arguments were supplied to `-t'. 2. Changes to Readline a. Some changes were made to avoid gcc warnings with -Wall. b. rl_get_keymap_by_name now finds keymaps case-insensitively, so `set keymap EMACS' works. c. The history file writing and truncation functions now return a useful status on error. d. Fixed a bug that could cause applications to dereference a NULL pointer if a NULL second argument was passed to history_expand(). 3. New Features in Bash a. doc/readline.3 has been moved to the readline distribution. 4. New Features in Readline a. New function, rl_get_screen_size (int *rows, int *columns), returns readline's idea of the screen dimensions. b. The timeout in rl_gather_tyi (readline keyboard input polling function) is now settable via a function (rl_set_keyboard_input_timeout()). c. Renamed the max_input_history variable to history_max_entries; the old variable is maintained for backwards compatibility. d. The list of characters that separate words for the history tokenizer is now settable with a variable: history_word_delimiters. The default value is as before. ------------------------------------------------------------------------------ This document details the changes between this version, bash-2.05-beta1, and the previous version, bash-2.05-alpha1. 1. Changes to Bash a. Changes to allow shared library and object building on the GNU Hurd. b. Fixes to the way exported functions are placed into the environment and cached. c. The globbing library once again respects locales when processing ranges in bracket expressions while doing pattern matching. d. System-specific configuration changes for: Tru 64, Interix e. Bashbug now uses /usr/bin/editor as one of the editing alternatives, and will use mktemp(1) or tempfile(1), if present, for temporary file creation. f. Bash no longer performs a binary file check on a script argument that's really a tty (like /dev/fd/0 or /dev/stdin). g. Fixed a bug in the execution of shell scripts that caused the effects of $BASH_ENV to be undone in some cases. h. Fixed several bugs that made `bash [-i] /dev/stdin' not work correctly. i. Several changes to the job control code to avoid some signal state manipulation. j. The Bash malloc no longer blocks signals as often, which should make it faster. k. Fixed a parsing bug that did not allow backslash to escape a single quote inside a $'...' construct. l. Fixed a bug that caused things like ${var:=$'value'} to be parsed incorrectly. This showed up in newer versions of autoconf. m. Fixed a bug in the bash-specific readline initialization that caused key bindings to bash-specific function names appearing in .inputrc to not be honored. n. Bash now sets the file descriptor it uses to save the file descriptor opened on a shell script to close on exec. o. Fixed a bug in the prompt string decoding that caused it to misbehave when presented an octal sequence of fewer than three characters. p. Fixed the `test' builtin to return an error if `[' is supplied a single argument that is not `]'. q. Fixed a bug that caused subshells started to run executable shell scripts without a leading `#!' to incorrectly inherit an argument list preceding a shell builtin (like such a script called from a script sourced with `.', where there were variable assignments preceding the `.' command) r. Fixed a bug that caused changes to variables supplied in an assignment statement preceding a shell builtin to not be honored (like a script run with `.'). s. HOSTTYPE, OSTYPE, and MACHTYPE are set only if they do not have values when the shell is started. t. Fixed a bug that caused SIGINT to kill shell scripts after the script called `wait'. u. The `fc' builtin now tries to create its temporary files in the directory named by $TMPDIR. v. Bash no longer calls any Readline functions or uses any Readline variables not declared in readline.h. w. Fixed a bug that caused some substitutions involving $@ to not be split correctly, especially expansions of the form ${paramterOPword}. x. SSH2_CLIENT is now treated like SSH_CLIENT and not auto-exported if it appears in the initial environment. y. Fixed a couple of problems with shell scripts without a leading `#!' being executed out of shell functions that could cause core dumps if such a script attempted to execute `return'. z. Fixed a problem with the `-nt' and `-ot' binary operators for the `test/[' builtin and the `[[' conditional command that caused wrong return values if one of the file arguments did not exist. aa. Fixed a bug that caused non-interactive shells which had previously executed `shopt -s expand_aliases' to fail to expand aliases in a command like `(command) &'. 2. Changes to Readline a. Changes to make most (but not yet all -- there is still crlf()) of the exported readline functions declared in readline.h have an rl_ prefix. b. More `const' changes in function arguments, mostly for completion functions. c. Fixed a bug in rl_forward that could cause the point to be set to before the beginning of the line in vi mode. d. Fixed a bug in the callback read-char interface to make it work when a readline function pushes some input onto the input stream with rl_execute_next (like the incremental search functions). e. Fixed a file descriptor leak in the history file manipulation code that was tripped when attempting to truncate a non-regular file (like /dev/null). f. Some existing variables are now documented and part of the public interface (declared in readline.h): rl_explict_arg, rl_numeric_arg, rl_editing_mode, rl_last_func. g. Renamed rltty_set_default_bindings to rl_tty_set_default_bindings and crlf to rl_crlf, so there are no public functions declared in readline.h without an `rl_' prefix. The old functions still exist for backwards compatibility. 3. New Features in Bash a. A new loadable builtin, realpath, which canonicalizes and expands symlinks in pathname arguments. b. When `set' is called without options, it prints function defintions in a way that allows them to be reused as input. This affects `declare' and `declare -p' as well. 4. New Features in Readline a. New application-callable function rl_set_prompt(const char *prompt): expands its prompt string argument and sets rl_prompt to the result. b. New application-callable function rl_set_screen_size(int rows, int cols): public method for applications to set readline's idea of the screen dimensions. c. The history example program (examples/histexamp.c) is now built as one of the examples. ------------------------------------------------------------------------------ This document details the changes between this version, bash-2.05-alpha1, and the previous version, bash-2.04-release. 1. Changes to Bash a. A fix was made to allow newlines in compond array assignments. b. configure now checks for real-time signals with unusable values. c. Interactive shells no longer exit if a substitution fails because of an unset variable within a sourced file. d. Fixed a problem with incorrect matching of extended glob patterns when doing pattern substitution. e. `{' is now quoted by the completion code when it appears in a filename. f. Fixed an error in pattern matching that caused the matcher to not correctly skip the rest of a bracket expression after a character matched. g. Fixed a bug in the IFS word splitting code to make a non-whitespace IFS character preceded by IFS whitespace part of the current delimiter rather than generating a separate field. h. The {!prefix@} expansion now generates separate words, analogous to $@, when double-quoted. i. Command substitution now ignores NUL bytes in the command output, and the parser ignores them on input. j. A fix was made to the job control code to prevent hanging processes when the shell thinks background processes are running but the kernel returns -1/ECHILD from waitpid(). k. `pwd' now prints an error message if the write fails when displaying the current directory. l. When in POSIX mode, the shell prints trap dispostions without a leading `SIG' in the signal specification. m. Fixed a parser bug that caused the current command's line count to be messed up by a compound array assignment. n. Fixed a bug in the unwind-protect code that caused bad behavior on machines where ints and pointers are not the same size. o. System-specific configure changes for: MacOS X. p. Changes for Cygwin to translate \r\n and \r to \n and to set file descriptors used for reading input to text mode in various places. q. Fixed a bug that caused `!' to occasionally not be honored when in a (...) subshell. r. Bash no longer assumes that getcwd() will return any useful error message in the buffer passed as an argument if the call fails. s. The `source', `.', and `fc' builtins no longer check whether a file is binary before reading commands from it. t. Subshells no longer turn off job control when they exit, since that sometimes resulted in the terminal being reset to the wrong process group. u. The history code no longer tries to save the second and subsequent lines of a multi-line command if the first line was not saved. v. The history saving code now does a better job of saving blank lines in a multi-line command. w. Removed a `feature' that made `ulimit' silently translate `unlimited' to the current hard limit, which obscured some kernel error returns. x. Fixed the grammar so that `}' is recognized as a reserved word after another reserved word, rather than requiring a `;' or newline. This means that constructs like { { echo a b c ; } } work as expected. y. Conditional commands ([[...]]) now perform tilde expansion on their arguments. z. Noted in the documentation that `set -a' will cause functions to be exported if they are defined after `set -a' is executed. aa. When an interactive login shell starts, if $PWD and $HOME refer to the same directory but are not the same string, $PWD is set to $HOME. bb. Fixed `printf' to handle invalid floating point numbers better. cc. Temporary files are now created with random filenames, to improve security. dd. The readline initialization code now binds the custom bash functions and key bindings after the readline defaults are set up. ee. Fixed the `source' builtin to no longer overwrite a shell function's argument list, even if the sourced file changes the positional parameters. ff. A bug fix was made in the expansion of `$*' in contexts where it should not be split, like assignment statements. gg. Fixed a bug in the parameter substring expansion to handle conditional arithmetic expressions ( exp ? val1 : val2 ) without cutting the expression off at the wrong `:'. hh. The `<>' redirection is no longer subject to the current setting of `noclobber', as POSIX.2 specifies. ii. Fixed a bug in the conditional command parsing code that caused expressions in parentheses to occasionally be parsed incorrectly. jj. Fixed a bug in the ((...)) arithmetic command to allow do...done or {...} to follow the )) without an intervening list terminator. kk. `printf' now treats `\E' the same as `\e' when performing backslash escape expansion for the `%b' format specifier. ll. When in POSIX mode, the shell no longer searches the current directory for a file to be sourced with `.' or `source' if `.' is not in $PATH. mm. Interactive comments are no longer turned off when POSIX mode is disabled. nn. The UID, EUID, HOSTNAME variables are not set if they are in the shell's environment when it starts up. oo. Fixed a bug in the `command' builtin so the effect of a command like `command exec 4(...) expansions to defer removal until after any current shell function has finished executing. f. Fixed a bug in `select' which caused it to not handle the `continue' builtin correctly. g. Autoconf tests added for cygwin32 and mingw32. 2. New Features in Bash a. The `--with-bash-malloc' configure option replaces `--with-gnu-malloc' (which is still there for backwards compatibility). ------------------------------------------------------------------------------ This document details the changes between this version, bash-2.04-beta1, and the previous version, bash-2.04-alpha1. 1. Changes to Bash a. Fixed a bug in the programmable completion code that occurred when trying to complete command lines containing a `;' or `@'. b. The file descriptor from which the shell is reading a script is now moved to a file descriptor above the user-addressible range. c. Changes to `printf' so that it can handle integers beginning with 0 or 0x as octal and hex, respectively. d. Fixes to the programmable completion code so it handles nonsense like `compgen -C xyz' gracefully. e. The shell no longer modifies the signal handler for SIGPROF, allowing profiling again on certain systems. f. The shell checks for a new window size, if the user has requested it, after a process exits due to a signal. g. Fixed a bug with variables with null values in a program's temporary environment and the bash getenv() replacement. h. `declare' and the other builtins that take variable assignments as arguments now honor `set -a' and mark modified variables for export. i. Some changes were made for --dump-po-strings mode when writing strings with embedded newlines. j. The code that caches export strings from the initial environment now duplicates the string rather than just pointing into the environment. k. The filename completion quoting code now uses single quotes by default if the filename being completed contains newlines, since \ has a special meaning to the parser. l. Bash now uses typedefs bits32_t and u_bits32_t instead of int32_t and u_int32_t, respectively to avoid conflicts on certain Unix versions. m. Configuration changes were made for: Rhapsody, Mac OS, FreeBSD-3.x. n. Fixed a problem with hostname-to-ip-address translation in the /dev/(tcp|udp)/hostname/port redirection code. o. The texinfo manual has been reorganized slightly. p. Filename generation (globbing) range comparisons in bracket expressions no longer use strcoll(3) even if it is available, since it has unwanted effects in certain locales. q. Fixed a cosmetic problem in the source that caused the shell to not compile if DPAREN_ARITHMETIC was not defined but ARITH_FOR_COMMAND was. r. Fixed a bug in the here-document code tripped when the file descriptor opened to the file containing the text of the here document was the same as a redirector specified by the user. s. Fixed a bug where the INVERT_RETURN flag was not being set for `pipeline' in `time ! pipeline'. t. Fixed a bug with the `wait' builtin which manifested itself when an interrupt was received while the shell was waiting for asynchronous processes in a shell script. u. Fixed the DEBUG trap code so that it has the correct value of $?. v. Fixed a bug in the parameter pattern substitution code that could cause the shell to attempt to free unallocated memory if the pattern started with `/' and an expansion error occurs. w. Fixed a bug in the positional parameter substring code that could cause the shell to loop freeing freed memory. x. Fixed a bug in the positional parameter pattern substitution code so that it correctly handles null replacement strings with a pattern string prefixed with `%' or `#'. y. The shell no longer attempts to import functions from the environment if started with `-n'. z. Fixed a bug that caused `return' in a command substitution executed in a shell function to return from the function in a subshell and continue execution. aa. `hash -p /pathname/with/slashes name' is no longer allowed when the shell is restricted. bb. The wait* job control functions now behave better if called when there are no unwaited-for children. cc. Command substitution no longer unconditionally disables job control in the subshell started to run the command. dd. A bug was fixed that occasionally caused traps to mess up the parser state. ee. `bashbug' now honors user headers in the mail message it sends. ff. A bug was fixed that caused the `:p' history modifier to not print the history expansion if the `histverify' option was set. 2. Changes to Readline a. Fixed a bug in the redisplay code for lines with more than 256 line breaks. b. A bug was fixed which caused invisible character markers to not be stripped from the prompt string if the terminal was in no-echo mode. c. Readline no longer tries to get the variables it needs for redisplay from the termcap entry if the calling application has specified its own redisplay function. Readline treats the terminal as `dumb' in this case. d. Fixes to the SIGWINCH code so that a multiple-line prompt with escape sequences is redrawn correctly. 3. New Features in Bash a. `bashbug' now accepts `--help' and `--version' options. b. There is a new `xpg_echo' option to `shopt' that controls the behavior of echo with respect to backslash-escaped characters at runtime. ------------------------------------------------------------------------------ This document details the changes between this version, bash-2.04-alpha1, and the previous version, bash-2.04-devel. 1. Changes to Bash a. Fixed a bug that could cause core dumps when performing substring expansion. b. Shared object configuration changes for: Solaris, OSF/1 c. The POSIX_GLOB_LIBRARY code that uses the POSIX.2 globbing facilities for pathname expansion now understands GLOBIGNORE. d. The code that implements `eval' was changed to save the value of the current prompt, so an eval in a shell function called by the programmable completion code will not change the prompt to $PS2. e. Restored the undocumented NON_INTERACTIVE_LOGIN_SHELLS #define to config-top.h. If this is defined, all login shells will read the startup files, not just interactive and non-interactive started with the `--login' option. f. Fixed a bug that caused the expansion code to occasionally dump core if IFS contained characters > 128. g. Fixed a problem with the grammar so that a newline is not required after the `))' in the new-style arithmetic for statement; a semicolon may be used as expected. h. Variable indirection may now reference the shell's special variables. i. The $'...' and $"..." constructs are now added to the history correctly if they contain newlines and command-oriented history is enabled. j. It is now an error to try to assign a value to a function-local copy of a readonly shell variable (declared with the `local' builtin). 2. Changes to Readline a. The history file code now uses O_BINARY mode when reading and writing the history file on cygwin32. 3. New Features in Bash a. A new programmable completion facility, with two new builtin commands: complete and compgen. b. configure has a new option, `--enable-progcomp', to compile in the programmable completion features (enabled by default). c. `shopt' has a new option, `progcomp', to enable and disable programmable completion at runtime. d. Unsetting HOSTFILE now clears the list of hostnames used for completion. 4. New Features in Readline a. A new variable, rl_gnu_readline_p, always 1. The intent is that an application can verify whether or not it is linked with the `real' readline library or some substitute. ------------------------------------------------------------------------------ This document details the changes between this version, bash-2.04-devel, and the previous version, bash-2.03-release. 1. Changes to Bash a. System-specific configuration and source changes for: Interix, Rhapsody b. Fixed a bug in execute_cmd.c that resulted in a compile-time error if JOB_CONTROL was not defined. c. An obscure race condition in the trap code was fixed. d. The string resulting from $'...' is now requoted to avoid any further expansion. e. The $'...' quoting syntax now allows backslash to escape a single quote, for ksh-93 compatibility. f. The $"..." quoting syntax now escapes backslashes and double quotes in the translated string when displaying them with the --dump-po-strings option. g. `echo -e' no longer converts \' to '. h. Fixes were made to the extended globbing code to handle embedded (...) patterns better. i. Some improvements were made to the code that unsets `nodelay' mode on the file descriptor from which bash is reading input. j. Some changes were made to the replacement termcap library for better operation on MS-DOS. k. Some changes were made to the tilde expansion code to handle backslash as a pathname separator on MS-DOS. l. The source has been reorganized a little bit -- there is now an `include' subdirectory, and lib/posixheaders has been removed. m. Improvements were made to the `read' builtin so that it makes many fewer read(2) system calls. n. The expansion of $- will include `c' and `s' when those options are supplied at shell invocation. o. Several improvments were made to the completion code: variable completion now works better when there are unterminated expansions, command completion understands quotes better, and completion now works in certain unclosed $(... constructs. p. The arithmetic expansion code was fixed to not need the value of a variable being assigned a value (fixes the "ss=09; let ss=10" bug). q. Some changes were made to make exported environment creation faster. r. The html documentation will be installed into $(htmldir) if that variable has a value when `make install' is run. s. Fixed a bug that would cause the bashrc file to be sourced inappropriately when bash is started by sshd. t. The SSH_CLIENT environment variable is no longer auto-exported. u. A bug that caused redirections with (...) subshells to be performed in the wrong order was fixed. v. A bug that occasionally caused inappropriate expansion of assignment statements in compound array assignments was fixed. w. The code that parses the words in a compound array assignment was simplified considerably and should work better now. x. Fixes to the non-job-control code in nojobs.c to make it POSIX.2-compliant when a user attempts to retrieve the status of a terminated background process. y. Fixes to the `printf' builtin so that it doesn't try to expand all backslash escape sequences in the format string before parsing it for % format specifiers. 2. Changes to Readline a. The history library tries to truncate the history file only if it is a regular file. b. A bug that caused _rl_dispatch to address negative array indices on systems with signed chars was fixed. c. rl-yank-nth-arg now leaves the history position the same as when it was called. d. Changes to the completion code to handle MS-DOS drive-letter:pathname filenames. e. Completion is now case-insensitive by default on MS-DOS. f. Fixes to the history file manipulation code for MS-DOS. g. Readline attempts to bind the arrow keys to appropriate defaults on MS-DOS. h. Some fixes were made to the redisplay code for better operation on MS-DOS. i. The quoted-insert code will now insert tty special chars like ^C. j. A bug was fixed that caused the display code to reference memory before the start of the prompt string. k. More support for __EMX__ (OS/2). l. A bug was fixed in readline's signal handling that could cause infinite recursion in signal handlers. m. A bug was fixed that caused the point to be less than zero when rl_forward was given a very large numeric argument. n. The vi-mode code now gets characters via the application-settable value of rl_getc_function rather than calling rl_getc directly. 3. New Features in Bash a. The history builtin has a `-d offset' option to delete the history entry at position `offset'. b. The prompt expansion code has two new escape sequences: \j, the number of active jobs; and \l, the basename of the shell's tty device name. c. The `bind' builtin has a new `-x' option to bind key sequences to shell commands. d. There is a new shell option, no_empty_command_completion, which, when enabled, disables command completion when TAB is typed on an empty line. e. The `help' builtin has a `-s' option to just print a builtin's usage synopsys. f. There are several new arithmetic operators: id++, id-- (variable post-increment/decrement), ++id, --id (variabl pre-increment/decrement), expr1 , expr2 (comma operator). g. There is a new ksh-93 style arithmetic for command: for ((expr1 ; expr2; expr3 )); do list; done h. The `read' builtin has a number of new options: -t timeout only wait timeout seconds for input -n nchars only read nchars from input instead of a full line -d delim read until delim rather than newline -s don't echo input chars as they are read i. The redirection code now handles several filenames specially: /dev/fd/N, /dev/stdin, /dev/stdout, and /dev/stderr, whether or not they are present in the file system. j. The redirection code now recognizes pathnames of the form /dev/tcp/host/port and /dev/udp/host/port, and tries to open a socket of the appropriate type to the specified port on the specified host. k. The ksh-93 ${!prefix*} expansion, which expands to the names of all shell variables whose names start with prefix, has been implemented. l. There is a new dynamic variable, FUNCNAME, which expands to the name of a currently-executing function. Assignments to FUNCNAME have no effect. m. The GROUPS variable is no longer readonly; assignments to it are silently discarded. This means it can be unset. 4. New Features in Readline a. Parentheses matching is now always compiled into readline, and enabled or disabled when the value of the `blink-matching-paren' variable is changed. b. MS-DOS systems now use ~/_inputrc as the last-ditch inputrc filename. c. MS-DOS systems now use ~/_history as the default history file. d. history-search-{forward,backward} now leave the point at the end of the line when the string to search for is empty, like {reverse,forward}-search-history. e. history-search-{forward,backward} now leave the last history line found in the readline buffer if the second or subsequent search fails. f. New function for use by applications: rl_on_new_line_with_prompt, used when an application displays the prompt itself before calling readline(). g. New variable for use by applications: rl_already_prompted. An application that displays the prompt itself before calling readline() must set this to a non-zero value. ------------------------------------------------------------------------------ This document details the changes between this version, bash-2.03-release, and the previous version, bash-2.03-beta2. 1. Changes to Bash a. A file descriptor leak in the `fc' builtin was fixed. b. A bug was fixed in the `read' builtin that caused occasional spurious failures when using `read -e'. c. The version code needed to use the value of the cpp variable CONF_MACHTYPE rather than MACHTYPE. d. A new test was added to exercise the command printing and copying code. e. A bug was fixed that caused `time' to be recognized as a reserved word if it was the first pattern in a `case' statement pattern list. ------------------------------------------------------------------------------ This document details the changes between this version, bash-2.03-beta2, and the previous version, bash-2.03-beta1. 1. Changes to Bash a. Slight additions to support/shobj-conf, mostly for the benefit of AIX 4.2. b. config.{guess,sub} support added for the NEC SX4. c. Changed some of the cross-compiling sections of the configure macros in aclocal.m4 so that configure won't abort. d. Slight changes to how the HTML versions of the bash and readline manuals are generated. e. Fixed conditional command printing to avoid interpreting printf `%'-escapes in arguments to [[. f. Don't include the bash malloc on all variants of the alpha processor. g. Changes to configure to make --enable-profiling work on Solaris 2.x. h. Fixed a bug that manifested itself when shell functions were called between calls to `getopts'. i. Fixed pattern substitution so that a bare `#'as a pattern causes the replacement string to be prefixed to the search string, and a bare `%' causes the replacement string to be appended to the search string. j. Fixed a bug in the command execution code that caused child processes to occasionally have the wrong value for $!. 2. Changes to Readline a. Added code to the history library to catch history substitutions using `&' without a previous history substitution or search having been performed. 3. New Features in Bash 4. New Features in Readline a. New bindable variable: `isearch-terminators'. b. New bindable function: `forward-backward-delete-char' (unbound by default). ------------------------------------------------------------------------------ This document details the changes between this version, bash-2.03-beta1, and the previous version, bash-2.03-alpha. 1. Changes to Bash a. A change was made to the help text for `{...}' to make it clear that a semicolon is required before the closing brace. b. A fix was made to the `test' builtin so that syntax errors cause test to return an exit status > 1. c. Globbing is no longer performed on assignment statements that appear as arguments to `assignment builtins' such as `export'. d. System-specific configuration changes were made for: Rhapsody, AIX 4.2/gcc, BSD/OS 4.0. e. New loadable builtins: ln, unlink. f. Some fixes were made to the globbing code to handle extended glob patterns which immediately follow a `*'. g. A fix was made to the command printing code to ensure that redirections following compound commands have a space separating them from the rest of the command. h. The pathname canonicalization code was changed to produce fewer leading `//' sequences, since those are interpreted as network file system pathnames on some systems. i. A fix was made so that loops containing `eval' commands in commands passed to `bash -c' would not exit prematurely. j. Some changes were made to the job reaping code when the shell is not interactive, so the shell will retain exit statuses longer for examination by `wait'. k. A fix was made so that `jobs | command' works again. l. The erroneous compound array assignment var=((...)) is now a syntax error. m. A change was made to the dynamic loading code in `enable' to support Tenon's MachTen. n. A fix was made to the globbing code so that extended globbing patterns will correctly match `.' in a bracket expression. 2. Changes to Readline a. A fix was made to the completion code in which a typo caused the wrong value to be passed to the function that computed the longest common prefix of the list of matches. b. The completion code now checks the value of rl_filename_completion_desired, which is set by application-supplied completion functions to indicate that filename completion is being performed, to decide whether or not to call an application-supplied `ignore completions' function. 3. New Features in Bash a. A change was made to the startup file code so that any shell begun with the `--login' option, even non-interactive shells, will source the login shell startup files. 4. New Features in Readline a. A new variable, rl_erase_empty_line, which, if set by an application using readline, will cause readline to erase, prompt and all, lines on which the only thing typed was a newline. ------------------------------------------------------------------------------ This document details the changes between this version, bash-2.03-alpha, and the previous version, bash-2.02.1-release. 1. Changes to Bash a. System-specific configuration changes were made for: Irix 6.x, Unixware 7. b. The texi2dvi and texi2html scripts were updated to the latest versions from the net. c. The configure tests that determine which native type is 32 bits were changed to not require a compiled program. d. Fixed a bug in shell_execve that could cause memory to be freed twice after a failed exec. e. The `printf' test uses `diff -a' if it's available to prevent confusion due to the non-ascii output. f. Shared object configuration is now performed by a shell script, support/shobj-conf, which generates values to be substituted into makefiles by configure. g. Some changes were made to `ulimit' to avoid the use of RLIM_INVALID as a return value. h. Changes were made to `ulimit' to work around HPUX 9.x's peculiar handling of RLIMIT_FILESIZE. i. Some new loadable builtins were added: id, printenv, sync, whoami, push, mkdir. `pushd', `popd', and `dirs' can now be built as regular or loadable builtins from the same source file. j. Changes were made to `printf' to handle NUL bytes in the expanded format string. k. The various `make clean' Makefile targets now descend into lib/sh. l. The `type' builtin was changed to use the internal `getopt' so that things like `type -ap' work as expected. m. There is a new configuration option, --with-installed-readline, to link bash with a locally-installed version of readline. Only readline version 4.0 and later releases can support this. Shared and static libraries are supported. The installed include files are used. n. There is a new autoconf macro used to find which basic type is 64 bits. o. Dynamic linking and loadable builtins should now work on SCO 3.2v5*, AIX 4.2 with gcc, Unixware 7, and many other systems using gcc, where the `-shared' options works correctly. p. A bug was fixed in the bash filename completion code that caused memory to be freed twice if a directory name containing an unset variable was completed and the -u option was set. q. The prompt expansion code now quotes the `$' in the `\$' expansion so it is not processed by subsequent parameter expansion. r. Fixed a parsing bug that caused a single or double quote after a `$$' to trigger ANSI C expansion or locale translation. s. Fixed a bug in the globbing code that caused quoted filenames containing no globbing characters to sometimes be incorrectly expanded. t. Changes to the default prompt strings if prompt string decoding is not compiled into the shell. u. Added `do', `then', `else', `{', and `(' to the list of keywords that may precede the `time' reserved word. v. The shell may now be cross-built for BeOS as well as cygwin32. w. The conditional command execution code now treats `=' the same as `==' for deciding when to perform pattern matching. x. The `-e' option no longer causes the shell to exit if a command exits with a non-zero status while running the startup files. y. The `printf' builtin no longer dumps core if a modifier is supplied in the format string without a conversion character (e.g. `%h'). z. Array assignments of the form a=(...) no longer show up in the history list. aa. The parser was fixed to obey the POSIX.2 rules for finding the closing `}' in a ${...} expression. bb. The history file is now opened with mode 0600 rather than 0666, so bash no longer relies on the user's umask being set appropriately. cc. Setting LANG no longer causes LC_ALL to be assigned a value; bash now relies on proper behavior from the C library. dd. Minor changes were made to allow quoted variable expansions using ${...} to be completed correctly if there is no closing `"'. ee. Changes were made to builtins/Makefile.in so that configuring the shell with `--enable-profiling' works right and builtins/mkbuiltins is generated. 2. Changes to Readline a. The version number is now 4.0. b. There is no longer any #ifdef SHELL code in the source files. c. Some changes were made to the key binding code to fix memory leaks and better support Win32 systems. d. Fixed a silly typo in the paren matching code -- it's microseconds, not milliseconds. e. The readline library should be compilable by C++ compilers. f. The readline.h public header file now includes function prototypes for all readline functions, and some changes were made to fix errors in the source files uncovered by the use of prototypes. g. The maximum numeric argument is now clamped at 1000000. h. Fixes to rl_yank_last_arg to make it behave better. i. Fixed a bug in the display code that caused core dumps if the prompt string length exceeded 1024 characters. j. The menu completion code was fixed to properly insert a single completion if there is only one match. k. A bug was fixed that caused the display code to improperly display tabs after newlines. 3. New Features in Bash a. New `shopt' option, `restricted_shell', indicating whether or not the shell was started in restricted mode, for use in startup files. b. Filename generation is now performed on the words between ( and ) in array assignments (which it probably should have done all along). c. OLDPWD is now auto-exported, as POSIX.2 seems to require. d. ENV and BASH_ENV are read-only variables in a restricted shell. 4. New Features in Readline a. Many changes to the signal handling: o Readline now catches SIGQUIT and cleans up the tty before returning; o A new variable, rl_catch_signals, is available to application writers to indicate to readline whether or not it should install its own signal handlers for SIGINT, SIGTERM, SIGQUIT, SIGALRM, SIGTSTP, SIGTTIN, and SIGTTOU; o A new variable, rl_catch_sigwinch, is available to application writers to indicate to readline whether or not it should install its own signal handler for SIGWINCH, which will chain to the calling applications's SIGWINCH handler, if one is installed; o There is a new function, rl_free_line_state, for application signal handlers to call to free up the state associated with the current line after receiving a signal; o There is a new function, rl_cleanup_after_signal, to clean up the display and terminal state after receiving a signal; o There is a new function, rl_reset_after_signal, to reinitialize the terminal and display state after an application signal handler returns and readline continues b. There is a new function, rl_resize_terminal, to reset readline's idea of the screen size after a SIGWINCH. c. New public functions: rl_save_prompt and rl_restore_prompt. These were previously private functions with a `_' prefix. d. New function hook: rl_pre_input_hook, called just before readline starts reading input, after initialization. e. New function hook: rl_display_matches_hook, called when readline would display the list of completion matches. The new function rl_display_match_list is what readline uses internally, and is available for use by application functions called via this hook. f. New bindable function, delete-char-or-list, like tcsh. ------------------------------------------------------------------------------ This document details the changes between this version, bash-2.02.1-release, and the previous version, bash-2.02-release. 1. Changes to Bash a. A bug that caused the bash readline support to not compile unless aliases and csh-style history were configured into the shell was fixed. b. Fixed a bug that could cause a core dump when here documents contained more than 1000 characters. c. Fixed a bug that caused a CDPATH entry of "" to not be treated the same as the current directory when in POSIX mode. d. Fixed an alignment problem with the memory returned by the bash malloc, so returned memory is now 64-bit aligned. e. Fixed a bug that caused command substitutions executed within pipelines to put the terminal in the wrong process group. f. Fixes to support/config.sub for: alphas, SCO Open Server and Open Desktop, Unixware 2, and Unixware 7. g. Fixes to the pattern matching code to make it work correctly for eight-bit characters. h. Fixed a problem that occasionally caused the shell to display the wrong value for the new working directory when changing to a directory found in $CDPATH when in physical mode. i. Fixed a bug that caused core dumps when using conditional commands in shell functions. j. Fixed a bug that caused the printf builtin to loop forever if the format string did not consume any of the arguments. k. Fixed a bug in the parameter expansion code that caused "$@" to be incorrectly split if $IFS did not contain a space character. l. Fixed a bug that could cause a core dump when completing hostnames if the number of matching hostnames was an exact multiple of 16. m. Fixed a bug that caused the shell to fork too early when a command such as `%2 &' was given. 2. Changes to Readline a. Fixed a problem with redisplay that showed up when the prompt string was longer than the screen width and the prompt contained invisible characters. ------------------------------------------------------------------------------ This document details the changes between this version, bash-2.02-release, and the previous version, bash-2.02-beta2. 1. Changes to Bash a. A bug was fixed that caused the terminal process group to be set incorrectly when performing command substitution of builtins in a pipeline. ------------------------------------------------------------------------------ This document details the changes between this version, bash-2.02-beta2, and the previous version, bash-2.02-beta1. 1. Changes to Bash a. Attempting to `wait' for stopped jobs now generates a warning message. b. Pipelines which exit due to SIGPIPE in non-interactive shells are now not reported if the shell is compiled -DDONT_REPORT_SIGPIPE. c. Some changes were made to builtins/psize.sh and support/bashbug.sh to attempt to avoid some /tmp file races and surreptitious file substitutions. d. Fixed a bug that caused the shell not to compile if configured with dparen arithmetic but without aliases. e. Fixed a bug that caused the input stream to be switched when assigning empty arrays with `bash -c'. f. A bug was fixed in the readline expansion glue code that caused bash to dump core when expanding lines with an unclosed single quote. g. A fix was made to the `cd' builtin so that using a non-empty directory from $CDPATH results in an absolute pathname of the new current working directory to be displayed after the current directory is changed. h. Fixed a bug in the variable assignment code that caused the shell to dump core when referencing an unset variable with `set -u' enabled in an assignment statement preceding a command. i. Fixed a bug in the exit trap code that caused reserved words to not be recognized under certain circumstances. j. Fixed a bug in the parameter pattern substitution code so that quote removal is performed. k. The shell should now configure correctly on Apple Rhapsody systems. l. The `kill' builtin now prints a usage message if it is not passed any arguments. ------------------------------------------------------------------------------ This document details the changes between this version, bash-2.02-beta1, and the previous version, bash-2.02-alpha1. 1. Changes to Bash a. A few compilation bugs were fixed in the new extended globbing code. b. Executing arithmetic commands now sets the command name to `((' so error messages look right. c. Fixed some build problems with various configuration options. d. The `printf' builtin now aborts immediately if an illegal format character is encountered. e. The code that creates here-documents now behaves better if the file it's trying to create already exists for some reason. f. Fixed a problem with the extended globbing code that made patterns like `x+*' expand incorrectly. g. The prompt string expansion code no longer quotes tildes with backslashes. h. The bash getcwd() implementation in lib/sh/getcwd.c now behaves better in the presence of lstat(2) failures. i. Fixed a bug with strsub() that caused core dumps when executing `fc -s'. j. The mail checking code now ensures that it has a valid default mailpath. k. A bug was fixed that caused local variables to be unset inappropriately when sourcing a script from within another sourced script. l. A bug was fixed in the history saving code so that functions are saved in the history list correctly if `cmdhist' is enabled, but `lithist' is not. m. A bug was fixed that caused printf overflows when displaying error messages. n. It should be easier to build the loadble builtins in examples/loadables, though some manual editing of the generated Makefile is still required. o. The user's primary group is now always ${GROUPS[0]}. p. Some updates were made to support/config.guess from the GNU master copy. q. Some changes were made to the autoconf support for Solaris 2.6 large files. r. The `command' builtins now does the right thing when confstr(3) cannot find a value for _CS_PATH. s. Extended globbing expressions like `*.!(c)' are not history expanded if `extglob' is enabled. t. Using the `-P' option to `cd' will force the value that is assigned to PWD to not contain any symbolic links. 2. Changes to Readline a. The code that prints completion listings now behaves better if one or more of the filenames contains non-printable characters. b. The time delay when showing matching parentheses is now 0.5 seconds. ------------------------------------------------------------------------------ This document details the changes between this version, bash-2.02-alpha1, and the previous version, bash-2.01.1-release. 1. Changes to Bash a. OS-specific configuration changes for: BSD/OS 3.x, Minix 2.x, Solaris 2.6, SINIX SVR4. b. Changes were made to the generated `info' files so that `install-info' works correctly. c. PWD is now auto-exported. d. A fix was made to the pipeline code to make sure that the shell forks to execute simple commands consisting solely of assignment statements. e. Changes to the test suite for systems with 14-character filenames. f. The default sizes of some internal hash tables have been made smaller to reduce the shell's memory footprint. g. The `((...))' arithmetic command is now executed directly instead of being translated into `let "..."'. h. Fixes were made to the expansion code so that "$*", "$@", "${array[@]}", and "${array[@]}" expand correctly when IFS does not contain a space character, is unset, or is set to NULL. i. The indirect expansion code (${!var}) was changed so that the only valid values of `var' are variable names, positional parameters, `#', `@', and `*'. j. An arithmetic expression error in a $((...)) expansion now causes a non-interactive shell running in posix mode to exit. k. Compound array assignment now splits the words within the parentheses on shell metacharacters like the parser would before expansing them and performing the assignment. This is for compatibility with ksh-93. l. The internal shell backslash-quoting code (used in the output of `set' and completion) now quotes tildes if they appear at the start of the string or after a `=' or `:'. m. A couple of bugs with `shopt -o' were fixed. n. `bash +o' now displays the same output as `set +o' before starting an interactive shell. o. A bug that caused command substitution and the `eval' builtin to occasionally free memory twice when an error was encountered was fixed. p. The filename globbing code no longer requires read permission for a directory when the filename to be matched does not contain any globbing characters, as POSIX.2 specifies. q. A bug was fixed so that the job containing the last asynchronous process is not removed from the job table until a `wait' is executed for that process or another asynchronous process is started. This satisfies a POSIX.2 requirement. r. A `select' bug was fixed so that a non-numeric user response is treated the same as a numeric response that is out of range. s. The shell no longer parses the value of SHELLOPTS from the environment if it is restricted, running setuid, or running in `privileged mode'. t. Fixes were made to enable large file support on systems such as Solaris 2.6, where the size of a file may be larger than can be held in an `int'. u. The filename hashing code was fixed to not add `./' to the beginning of filenames which already begin with `./'. v. The configure script was changed so that the GNU termcap library is not compiled in if `prefer-curses' has been specified. w. HISTCONTROL and HISTIGNORE are no longer applied to the second and subsequent lines of a multi-line command. x. A fix was made to `disown' so that it does a better job of catching out-of-range jobs. y. Non-interactive shells no longer report the status of processes terminated due to SIGINT, even if the standard output is a terminal. z. A bug that caused the output of `jobs' to have extra carriage returns was fixed. aa. A bug that caused PIPESTATUS to not be set when builtins or shell functions were executed in the foreground was fixed. bb. Bash now attempts to detect when it is being run by sshd, and treats that case identically to being run by rshd. cc. A bug that caused `set -a' to export SHELLOPTS when one of the shell options was changed was fixed. dd. The `kill' builtin now disallows empty or missing process id arguments instead of treating them as identical to `0', which means the current process. ee. `var=value declare -x var' now behaves identically to `var=value export var'. Similarly for `var=value declare -r var' and `var=value readonly var'. ff. A few memory leaks were fixed. gg. `alias' and `unalias' now print error messages when passed an argument that is not an alias for printing or deletion, even when the shell is not interactive, as POSIX.2 specifies. hh. `alias' and `alias -p' now return a status of 0 when no aliases are defined, as POSIX.2 specifes. ii. `cd -' now prints the pathname of the new working directory if the shell is interactive. jj. A fix was made so that the code that binds $PWD now copes with getcwd() returning NULL. kk. `unset' now checks whether or not a function name it's trying to unset is a valid shell identifier only when the shell is running in posix mode. ll. A change was made to the code that generates filenames for here documents to make them less prone to name collisions. mm. The parser was changed so that `time' is recognized as a reserved word only at the beginning of a pipeline. nn. The pathname canonicalization code was changed so that `//' is converted into `/', but all other pathnames beginning with `//' are left alone, as POSIX.2 specifies. oo. The `logout' builtin will no longer exit a non-interactive non-login shell. 2. Changes to Readline a. Fixed a problem in the readline test program rltest.c that caused a core dump. b. The code that handles parser directives in inputrc files now displays more error messages. c. The history expansion code was fixed so that the appearance of the history comment character at the beginning of a word inhibits history expansion for that word and the rest of the input line. 3. New Features in Bash a. A new version of malloc, based on the older GNU malloc, that has many changes, is more page-based, is more conservative with memory usage, and does not `orphan' large blocks when they are freed. b. A new version of gmalloc, based on the old GLIBC malloc, with many changes and range checking included by default. c. A new implementation of fnmatch(3) that includes full POSIX.2 Basic Regular Expression matching, including character classes, collating symbols, equivalence classes, and support for case-insensitive pattern matching. d. ksh-88 egrep-style extended pattern matching ([@+*?!](patlist)) has been implemented, controlled by a new `shopt' option, `extglob'. e. There is a new ksh-like `[[' compound command, which implements extended `test' functionality. f. There is a new `printf' builtin, implemented according to the POSIX.2 specification. g. There is a new feature for command substitution: $(< filename) now expands to the contents of `filename', with any trailing newlines removed (equivalent to $(cat filename)). h. There are new tilde prefixes which expand to directories from the directory stack. i. There is a new `**' arithmetic operator to do exponentiation. j. There are new configuration options to control how bash is linked: `--enable-profiling', to allow bash to be profiled with gprof, and `--enable-static-link', to allow bash to be linked statically. k. There is a new configuration option, `--enable-cond-command', which controls whether or not the `[[' command is included. It is on by default. l. There is a new configuration option, `--enable-extended-glob', which controls whether or not the ksh extended globbing feature is included. It is enabled by default. m. There is a new configuration #define in config.h.top that, when enabled, will cause all login shells to source /etc/profile and one of the user- specific login shell startup files, whether or not the shell is interactive. n. There is a new invocation option, `--dump-po-strings', to dump a shell script's translatable strings ($"...") in GNU `po' format. o. There is a new `shopt' option, `nocaseglob', to enable case-insensitive pattern matching when globbing filenames and using the `case' construct. p. There is a new `shopt' option, `huponexit', which, when enabled, causes the shell to send SIGHUP to all jobs when an interactive login shell exits. q. `bind' has a new `-u' option, which takes a readline function name as an argument and unbinds all key sequences bound to that function in a specified keymap. r. `disown' now has `-a' and `-r' options, to limit operation to all jobs and running jobs, respectively. s. The `shopt' `-p' option now causes output to be displayed in a reusable format. t. `test' has a new `-N' option, which returns true if the filename argument has been modified since it was last accessed. u. `umask' now has a `-p' option to print output in a reusable format. v. A new escape sequence, `\xNNN', has been added to the `echo -e' and $'...' translation code. It expands to the character whose ascii code is NNN in hexadecimal. w. The prompt string expansion code has a new `\r' escape sequence. x. The shell may now be cross-compiled for the CYGWIN32 environment on a Unix machine. 4. New Features in Readline a. There is now an option for `iterative' yank-last-arg handline, so a user can keep entering `M-.', yanking the last argument of successive history lines. b. New variable, `print-completions-horizontally', which causes completion matches to be displayed across the screen (like `ls -x') rather than up and down the screen (like `ls'). c. New variable, `completion-ignore-case', which causes filename completion and matching to be performed case-insensitively. d. There is a new bindable command, `magic-space', which causes history expansion to be performed on the current readline buffer and a space to be inserted into the result. e. There is a new bindable command, `menu-complete', which enables tcsh-like menu completion (successive executions of menu-complete insert a single completion match, cycling through the list of possible completions). f. There is a new bindable command, `paste-from-clipboard', for use on Win32 systems, to insert the text from the Win32 clipboard into the editing buffer. g. The key sequence translation code now understands printf-style backslash escape sequences, including \NNN octal escapes. These escape sequences may be used in key sequence definitions or macro values. h. An `$include' inputrc file parser directive has been added. ------------------------------------------------------------------------------ This document details the changes between this version, bash-2.01.1-release, and the previous version, bash-2.01-release. 1. Changes to Bash a. The select command was fixed to check the validity of the user's input more strenuously. b. A bug was fixed that prevented `time' from timing commands correctly when supplied as an argument to `bash -c'. c. A fix was made to the mail checking code to keep from adding the same mail file to the list of files to check multiple times when parsing $MAILPATH. d. Fixed an off-by-one error in the tilde expansion library. e. When using the compound array assignment syntax, the old value of the array is cleared before assigning the new value. f. Fixed a bug that could cause a core dump when a trap handler was reset to the default in the trap command associated with that signal. g. Fixed a bug in the locale code that occurred when assigning a value to LC_ALL. h. A change was made to the parser so that words of the form xxx=(...) are not considered compound assignment statements unless there are characters before the `='. i. A fix was made to the command tracing code to correctly quote each word of output. j. Some changes were made to the bash-specific autoconf tests to make them more portable. k. Completion of words with globbing characters now correctly quotes the result. l. The directory /var/spool/mail is now preferred to /usr/spool/mail when configure is deciding on the default mail directory. m. The brace completion code was fixed to not quote the `{' and `}'. n. Some fixes were made to make $RANDOM more random in subshells. o. System-specific changes were made to configure for: SVR4.2 p. Changes were made so that completion of words containing globbing chars substitutes the result only if a single filename was matched. q. The window size is now recomputed after a job is stopped with SIGTSTP if the user has set `checkwinsize' with `shopt'. r. When doing substring expansion, out-of-range substring specifiers now cause nothing to be substituted rather than an expansion error. s. A fix was made so that you can no longer trap `SIGEXIT' or `SIGDEBUG' -- only `EXIT' and `DEBUG' are accepted. t. The display of trapped signals now uses the signal number if signals for which bash does not know the name are trapped. u. A fix was made so that `bash -r' does not turn on restricted mode until after the startup files are executed. v. A bug was fixed that occasionally caused a core dump when a variable found in the temporary environment of export/declare/readonly had a null value. w. A bug that occasionally caused unallocated memory to be passed to free() when doing arithmetic substitution was fixed. x. A bug that caused a buffer overrun when expanding a prompt string containing `\w' and ${#PWD} exceeded PATH_MAX was fixed. y. A problem with the completion code that occasionally caused it to refer to a character before the beginning of the readline line buffer was fixed. z. A bug was fixed so that the `read' builtin restarts reads when interrupted by signals other than SIGINT. aa. Fixed a bug that caused a command to be freed twice when there was an evaluation error in the `eval' command. 2. Changes to Readline a. Added a missing `extern' to a declaration in readline.h that kept readline from compiling cleanly on some systems. b. The history file is now opened with mode 0600 when it is written for better security. c. Changes were made to the SIGWINCH handling code so that prompt redisplay is done better. d. ^G now interrupts incremental searches correctly. e. A bug that caused a core dump when the set of characters to be quoted when completing words was empty was fixed. ------------------------------------------------------------------------------ This document details the changes between this version, bash-2.01-release, and the previous version, bash-2.01-beta2. 1. Changes to Bash a. The `distclean' target should remove the `printenv' executable if it has been created. b. The test suite was changed slightly to ensure that the error messages are printed in English. c. A bug that caused the shell to dump core when a filename containing a `/' was passed to `hash' was fixed. d. Pathname canonicalization now leaves a leading `//' intact, as POSIX.1 requires. e. A memory leak when completing commands was fixed. f. A memory leak that occurred when checking the hash table for commands with relative paths was fixed. ------------------------------------------------------------------------------ This document details the changes between this version, bash-2.01-beta2, and the previous version, bash-2.01-beta1. 1. Changes to Bash a. The `ulimit' builtin translates RLIM_INFINITY to the hard limit only if the current (soft) limit is less than or equal to the hard limit. b. Fixed a bug that caused the bash emulation of strcasecmp to produce incorrect results. c. A bug that caused memory to be freed twice when a trap handler resets the trap more than once was fixed. d. A bug that caused machines where sizeof (pointer) > sizeof (int) to fail (and possibly dump core) when trying to unwind-protect a null pointer was fixed. e. The startup files should not be run with job control enabled. This fix allows SIGINT to once again interrupt startup file execution. f. Bash should not change the SIGPROF handler if it is set to something other than SIG_DFL. g. The completion code that provides bash-specific completions for readline now quotes characters that the readline code would treat as word break characters if they appear in a file name. h. The completion code now correctly quotes filenames containing a `!', even if the user attempted to use double quotes when attempting completion. i. A bug that caused the shell to dump core when `disown' was called without arguments and there was no current job was fixed. j. A construct like $((foo);bar) is now processed as a command substitution rather than as a bad arithmetic substitution. k. A couple of bugs that caused `fc' to not obey the `cmdhist' and `lithist' shell options when editing and re-executing a series of commands were fixed. l. A fix was made to the grammar -- the list of commands between `do' and `done' in the body of a `for' command should be treated the same as a while loop. 2. Changes to Readline a. A couple of bugs that caused the history search functions to attempt to free a NULL pointer were fixed. b. If the C library provides setlocale(3), readline does not need to look at various environment variables to decide whether or not to go into eight-bit mode automatically -- just check whether the current locale is not `C' or `POSIX'. c. If the filename completion function finds that a directory was not closed by a previous (interrupted) completion, it closes the directory with closedir(). 3. New Features in Bash a. New bindable readline commands: history-and-alias-expand-line and alias-expand-line. The code was always in there, there was just no way to execute it. ------------------------------------------------------------------------------ This document details the changes between this version, bash-2.01-beta1, and the previous version, bash-2.01-alpha1. 1. Changes to Bash a. Fixed a problem that could cause file descriptors used for process substitution to conflict with those used explicitly in redirections. b. Made it easier to regenerate configure if the user changes configure.in. c. ${GROUPS[0]} should always be the primary group, even on systems without multiple groups. d. Spelling correction is no longer enabled by default. e. Fixes to quoting problems in `bashbug'. f. OS-specific configuration changes were made for: Irix 6. g. OS-specific code changes were made for: QNX. h. A more meaningful message is now printed when the file in /tmp for a here document cannot be created. i. Many changes to the shell's variable initialization code to speed non-interactive startup. j. Changes to the non-job-control code so that it does not try to open /dev/tty. k. The output of `set' and `export' is once again sorted, as POSIX wants. l. Fixed a problem caused by a recursive call reparsing the value of $SHELLOPTS. m. The tilde code no longer calls getenv() when it's compiled as part of the shell, which should eliminate problems on systems that cannot redefine getenv(), like the NeXT OS. n. Fixed a problem that caused `bash -o' or `bash +o' to not list all the shell options. o. Fixed `ulimit' to convert RLIM_INFINITY to the appropriate hard limit only if the hard limit is greater than the current (soft) limit. p. Fixed a problem that arose when building bash in a different directory than the source and y.tab.[ch] were remade with something other than bison. This came up most often on NetBSD. q. Fixed a problem with completion -- it thought that `pwd`/[TAB] indicated an unfinished command completion (`/), which generated errors. r. The bash special tilde expansions (~-, ~+) are now attempted before calling the standard tilde expansion code, which should eliminate the problems people have been seeing with this on Solaris 2.5.1. s. Added support for to places where it was missing. t. Changed the code that reads the output of a command substitution to not go through stdio. This reduces the memory requirements and is faster. u. A number of changes to speed up export environment creation were made. v. A number of memory leaks were fixed as the result of running the test scripts through Purify. w. Fixed a bug that caused subshells forked to interpret executable scripts without a leading `#!' to not reinitialize the values of the shell options. 2. Changes to Readline a. History library has less `#ifdef SHELL' code -- abstracted stuff out into application-specific function hooks. b. Readline no longer calls getenv() if it's compiled as part of the shell, which should eliminate problems on systems that cannot redefine getenv(), like the NeXT OS. c. Fixed translation of ESC when `untranslating' macro values. d. The region kill operation now fixes the mark if it ends up beyond the boundaries of the line after the region is deleted. 3. New Features in Bash a. New argument for `configure': `--with-curses'. This can be used to override the selection of the termcap library on systems where it is deficient. ------------------------------------------------------------------------------ This document details the changes between this version, bash-2.01-alpha1, and the previous version, bash-2.0-release. 1. Changes to Bash a. System-specific configuration changes for: FreeBSD, SunOS4, Irix, MachTen, QNX 4.2, Harris Night Hawk, SunOS5. b. System-specific code changes were made for: Linux, 4.4 BSD, QNX 4.2, HP-UX, AIX 4.2. c. A bug that caused the exec builtin to fail because the full pathname of the command could not be found was fixed. d. The code that performs output redirections is now more resistant to race conditions and possible security exploits. e. A bug that caused the shell to dump core when performing pattern substitutions on variable values was fixed. f. More hosts are now recognized by the auto-configuration mechanism (OpenBSD, QNX, others). g. Assignments to read-only variables that attempt to convert them to arrays are now errors. h. A bug that caused shell scripts using array assignments in POSIX mode to exit after the assignment was performed was fixed. i. The substring expansion code is now more careful about running off the ends of the expanded variable value. j. A bug that caused completion to fail if a backquoted command substitution appeared anywhere on the line was fixed. k. The `source' builtin no longer turns off history if it has been enabled in a non-interactive shell. l. A bug that caused the shell to crash when `disown' was given a pid instead of a job number was fixed. m. The `cd' spelling correction code will not try to change to `.' if no directory entries match a single-character argument. n. A bad variable name supplied to `declare', `export', or `readonly' no longer causes a non-interactive shell in POSIX mode to exit. o. Some fixes were made to the test suite to handle peculiarities of various Unix versions. p. The bash completion code now quotes characters that readline would treat as word breaks for completion but are not shell metacharacters. q. Bad options supplied at invocation now cause a usage message to be displayed. r. Fixes were made to the code that handles DEBUG traps so that the trap string is not freed inappropriately. s. Some changes were made to the bash debugger in examples/bashdb -- it should be closer to working now. t. A problem that caused the default filename used for mail checking to be wrong was fixed. u. A fix was made to the `echo' builtin so that NUL characters printed with `echo -e' do not cause the output to be truncated. v. A fix was made to the job control code so that the shell behaves better when monitor mode is enabled in a non-interactive shell. w. Bash no longer catches all of the terminating signals in a non- interactive shell until a trap is set on EXIT, which should result in quicker startup. x. A fix was made to the command timing code so that `time' can be used in a loop. y. A fix was made to the parser so that `((cmd); cmd2)' is now parsed as a nested subshell rather than strictly as an (erroneous) arithmetic command. z. A fix was made to the globbing code so that it correctly matches quoted filenames beginning with a `.'. aa. A bug in `fc' that caused some multi-line commands to not be stored as one command in the history when they were re-executed after editing (with `fc -e') was fixed. bb. The `ulimit' builtin now attempts to catch some classes of integer overflows. cc. The command-oriented-history code no longer attempts to add `;' inappropriately when a newline appears while reading a $(...) command substitution. dd. A bug that caused the shell to dump core when `help --' was executed was fixed. ee. A bug that caused the shell to crash when an unset variable appeared in the body of a here document after `set -u' had been executed was fixed. ff. Implicit input redirections from /dev/null for asynchronous commands are now handled better. gg. A bug that caused the shell to fail to compile when configured with `--disable-readline' was fixed. hh. The globbing code should now be interruptible. ii. Bash now notices when the `kill' builtin is used to send SIGCONT to a stopped job and adjusts the data structures accordingly, as if `bg' had been executed instead. jj. A bug that caused the shell to crash when mixing calls to `getopts' and `shift' on the same set of positional parameters was fixed. kk. The command printing code now preserves the `-p' flag to `time'. ll. The command printing code now handles here documents better when there are other redirections associated with the command. mm. The special glibc environment variable (NNN_GNU_nonoption_argv_flags_) is no longer placed into the environment of executed commands -- users of glibc had too many problems with it. nn. Reorganized the code that generates signames.h. The signal_names list is now more complete but may be slightly different (SIGABRT is favored over SIGIOT, for example). The preferred signal names are those listed in the POSIX.2 standard. oo. `bashbug' now uses a filename shorter than 14 characters for its temporary file, and asks for confirmation before sending the bug report. pp. A bug that caused TAB completion in vi editing mode to not be turned off when `set -o posix' was executed or back on when `set +o posix' was executed was fixed. qq. A bug in the brace expansion code that caused brace expansions appearing in new-style $(...) command substitutions to be inappropriately expanded was fixed. rr. A bug in the readline hook shell-expand-line that could cause memory to be inappropriately freed was fixed. ss. A bug that caused some arithmetic expressions containing `&&' and `||' to be parsed with the wrong precedence has been fixed. tt. References to unbound variables after `set -u' has been executed now cause the shell to exit immediately, as they should. uu. A bug that caused the shell to exit inappropriately when `set -e' had been executed and a command's return status was being inverted with the `!' reserved word was fixed. vv. A bug that could occasionally cause the shell to crash with a divide-by-zero error when timing a command was fixed. ww. A bug that caused parameter pattern substitution to leave stray backslashes in the replacement string when the expression is in double quotes was fixed. xx. The `break' and `continue' builtins now break out of all loops when an invalid count argument is supplied. yy. Fixed a bug that caused PATH to be set to the empty string if `command -p' is executed with PATH unset. zz. Fixed `kill -l signum' to print the signal name without the `SIG' prefix, as POSIX specifies. aaa. Fixed a bug that caused the shell to crash while setting $SHELLOPTS if there were no shell options set. bbb. Fixed `export -p' and `readonly -p' so that when the shell is in POSIX mode, their output is as POSIX.2 specifies. ccc. Fixed a bug in `readonly' so that `readonly -a avar=(...)' actually creates an array variable. ddd. Fixed a bug that prevented `time' from correctly timing background pipelines. 2. Changes to Readline a. A bug that caused an extra newline to be printed when the cursor was on an otherwise empty line was fixed. b. An instance of memory being used after it was freed was corrected. c. The redisplay code now works when the prompt is longer than the screen width. d. `dump-macros' is now a bindable name, as it should have been all along. e. Non-printable characters are now expanded when displaying macros and their values. f. The `dump-variables' and `dump-macros' commands now output a leading newline if they're called as the result of a key sequence, rather than directly by an application. 3. New Features in Bash a. There is a new builtin array variable: GROUPS, the set of groups to which the user belongs. This is used by the test suite. 4. New Features in Readline a. If a key sequence bound to `universal-argument' is read while reading a numeric argument started with `universal-argument', it terminates the argument but is otherwise ignored. This provides a way to insert multiple instances of a digit string, and is how GNU emacs does it. ------------------------------------------------------------------------------ This document details the changes between this version, bash-2.0-release, and the previous version, bash-2.0-beta3. 1. Changes to Bash a. Fix to the `getopts' builtin so that it does the right thing when a required option argument is not present. b. The completion code now updates the common prefix of matched names after FIGNORE processing is done, since any names that were removed may have changed the common prefix. c. Fixed a bug that made messages in MAILPATH entries not work correctly. d. Fixed a serious documentation error in the description of the new ${parameter:offset[:length]} expansion. e. Fixes to make parameter substring expansion ({$param:offset[:length]}) work when within double quotes. f. Fixes to make ^A (CTLESC) survive an unquoted expansion of positional parameters. g. Corrected a misspelling of `unlimited' in the output of `ulimit'. h. Fixed a bug that caused executable scripts without a leading `#!' to occasionally pick up the wrong set of positional parameters. i. Linux systems now have a working `ulimit -v', using RLIMIT_AS. j. Updated config.guess so that many more machine types are recognized. k. Fixed a bug with backslash-quoted slashes in the ${param/pat[/sub]} expansion. l. If the shell is named `-su', and `-c command' is supplied, read and execute the login shell startup files even though the shell is not interactive. This is to support the `-' option to `su'. m. Fixed a bug that caused core dumps when the DEBUG trap was ignored with `trap "" DEBUG' and a shell function was subsequently executed. n. Fixed a bug that caused core dumps in the read builtin when IFS was set to the null string and the input had leading whitespace. 2. Changes to Readline a. Fixed a bug that caused a numeric argument of 1024 to be ignored when inserting text. b. Fixed the display code so that the numeric argument is displayed as it's being entered. c. Fixed the numeric argument reading code so that `M-- command' is equivalent to `M--1 command', as the prompt implies. 3. New Features in Bash a. `ulimit' now sets both hard and soft limits and reports the soft limit by default (when neither -H nor -S is specified). This is compatible with versions of sh and ksh that implement `ulimit'. b. Integer constants have been extended to base 64. 4. New Features in Readline a. The `home' and `end' keys are now bound to beginning-of-line and end-of-line, respectively, if the corresponding termcap capabilities are present. ------------------------------------------------------------------------------ This document details the changes between this version, bash-2.0-beta3, and the previous version, bash-2.0-beta2. 1. Changes to Bash a. System-specific changes for: AIX 4.2, SCO 3.2v[45], HP-UX. b. When in POSIX mode, variable assignments preceding a special builtin persist in the shell environment after the builtin completes. c. Changed all calls to getwd() to getcwd(). Improved check for systems where the libc getcwd() calls popen(), since that breaks on some systems when job control is being used. d. Fixed a bug that caused seg faults when executing scripts with the execute bit set but without a leading `#!'. e. The environment passed to executed commands is never sorted. f. A bug was fixed in the code that expands ${name[@]} to the number of elements in an array variable. g. A bug was fixed in the array compound assignment code ( A=( ... ) ). h. Window size changes now correctly propagate down to readline if the shopt `checkwinsize' option is enabled. i. A fix was made in the code that expands to the length of a variable value (${#var}). j. A fix was made to the command builtin so that it did not turn on the `no fork' flag inappropriately. k. A fix was made to make `set -n' work more reliably. l. A fix was made to the job control initialization code so that the terminal process group is set to the shell's process group if the shell changes its own process group. 2. Changes to Readline a. System-specific changes for: SCO 3.2v[45]. b. The behavior of the vi-mode `.' when redoing an `i' command was changed to insert the text previously inserted by the `i' command rather than simply entering insert mode. 3. New features in Bash a. There is a new version of the autoload function package, in examples/functions/autoload.v2, that uses arrays and provides more functionality. b. Support for LC_COLLATE and locale-specific sorting of the results of pathname expansion if strcoll() is available. 4. New Features in Readline a. Support for locale-specific sorting of completion possibilities if strcoll() is available. ------------------------------------------------------------------------------ This document details the changes between this version, bash-2.0-beta2, and the previous version, bash-2.0-beta1. 1. Changes to Bash a. `pushd -' is once again equivalent to `pushd $OLDPWD'. b. OS-specific changes for: SCO 3.2v[45]. c. A change was made to the fix for the recently-reported security hole when reading characters with octal value 255 to make it work better on systems with restartable system calls when not using readline. d. Some changes were made to the test suite so that it works if you configure bash with --enable-usg-echo-default. e. A fix was made to the parsing of conditional arithmetic expressions. f. Illegal arithmetic bases now cause an arithmetic evaluation error rather than being silently reset. g. Multiple arithmetic bases now cause an arithmetic evaluation error instead of being ignored. h. A fix was made to the evaluation of ${param?word} to conform to POSIX.2. i. A bug that sometimes caused array indices to be evaluated twice (which would cause errors when they contained assignment statements) was fixed. j. `ulimit' was rewritten to avoid problems with getrlimit(2) returning unsigned values and to simplify the code. k. A bug in the command-oriented-history code that caused it to sometimes put semicolons after right parens inappropriately was fixed. l. The values inserted into the prompt by the \w and \W escape sequences are now quoted to prevent further expansion. m. An interactive shell invoked as `sh' now reads and executes commands from the file named by $ENV when it starts up. If it's a login shell, it does this after reading /etc/profile and ~/.profile. n. The file named by $ENV is never read by non-interactive shells. 2. Changes to Readline a. A few changes were made to hide some macros and functions that should not be public. b. An off-by-one error that caused seg faults in the history expansion code was fixed. 3. New Features in Bash a. The ksh-style ((...)) arithmetic command was implemented. It is exactly identical to let "...". This is controlled by a new option to configure, `--enable-dparen-arithmetic', which is on by default. b. There is a new #define available in config.h.top: SYS_BASH_LOGOUT. If defined to a filename, bash reads and executes commands from that file when a login shell exits. It's commented out by default. c. `ulimit' has a `-l' option that reports the maximum amount of data that may be locked into memory on 4.4BSD-based systems. ------------------------------------------------------------------------------ This document details the changes between this version, bash-2.0-beta1, and the previous version, bash-2.0-alpha4. 1. Changes to Bash a. A bug that sometimes caused traps to be ignored on signals the shell treats specially was fixed. b. The internationalization code was changed to track the values of LC_* variables and call setlocale() as appropriate. The TEXTDOMAIN and TEXTDOMAINDIR variables are also tracked; changes cause calls to textdomain() and bindtextdomain(), if available. c. A bug was fixed that sometimes caused double-quoted strings to be parsed incorrectly. d. Changes were made so that the siglist code compiles correctly on Solaris 2.5. e. Added `:' to the set of characters that cause word breaks for the completion code so that pathnames in assignments to $PATH can be completed. f. The `select' command was fixed to print $PS3 to stderr. g. Fixed an error in the manual page section describing the effect that setting and unsetting GLOBIGNORE has on the setting of the `dotglob' option. h. The time conversion code now uses CLK_TCK rather than CLOCKS_PER_SEC on systems without gettimeofday() and resources. i. The getopt static variables are now initialized each time a subshell is started, so subshells using `getopts' work right. j. A sign-extension bug that caused a possible security hole was fixed. k. The parser now reads characters between backquotes within a double- quoted string as a single word, so double quotes in the backquoted string don't terminate the enclosing double-quoted string. l. A bug that caused `^O' to work incorrectly when typed as the first thing to an interactive shell was fixed. m. A rarely-exercised off-by-one error in the code that quotes variable values was fixed. n. Some memory and file descriptor leaks encountered when running a shell script that is executable but does not have a leading `#!' were plugged. 2. Changes to Readline a. A bug that sometimes caused incorrect results when trying to read typeahead on systems without FIONREAD was fixed. 3. New Features in Bash a. The command timing code now uses the value of the TIMEFORMAT variable to format and display timing statistics. b. The `time' reserved word now accepts a `-p' option to force the POSIX.2 output format. c. There are a couple of new and updated scripts to convert csh startup files to bash format. d. There is a new builtin array variable: BASH_VERSINFO. The various members hold the parts of the version information in BASH_VERSION, plus the value of MACHTYPE. 4. New Features in Readline a. Setting LANG to `en_US.ISO8859-1' now causes readline to enter eight-bit mode. ------------------------------------------------------------------------------ This document details the changes between this version, bash-2.0-alpha4, and the previous version, bash-2.0-alpha3. 1. Changes to Bash a. There is better detection of rsh connections on Solaris 2. b. Assignments to read-only variables preceding a command name are now variable assignment errors. Variable assignment errors cause non-interactive shells running in posix mode to exit. c. The word tokenizer was rewritten to handle nested quotes and pairs ('', "", ``, ${...}, $(...), $[...], $'...', $"...", <(...), >(...)) correctly. Some of the parameter expansion code was updated as a consequence. d. A fix was made to `test' when given three arguments so that a binary operator is checked for first, before checking that the first argument is `!'. e. 2''>/dev/null is no longer equivalent to 2>/dev/null. f. Parser error messages were regularized, and in most cases the name of the shell script being read by a non-interactive shell is not printed twice. g. A fix was made to the completion code so that it no longer removes the text the user typed in some cases. h. The special glibc `getopt' environment variable is no longer put into the environment on machines with small values of ARG_MAX. i. The expansion of ${...} now follows the POSIX.2 rules for finding the closing `}'. j. The shell no longer displays spurious status messages for background jobs in shell scripts that complete successfully when the script is run from a terminal. k. `shopt -o' now correctly updates $SHELLOPTS. l. A bug that caused the $PATH searching code to return a non-executable file even when an executable file with the same name appeared later in $PATH was fixed. m. The shell now does tilde expansions on unquoted `:~' in assignment statements when not in posix mode. n. Variable assignment errors when a command consists only of assignments now cause non-interactive shells to exit when in posix mode. o. If the variable in a `for' or `select' command is read-only, or not a legal shell identifier, a variable assignment error occurs. p. `test' now handles `-a' and `-o' as binary operators when three arguments are supplied, and correctly parses `( word )' as equivalent to `word'. q. `test' was fixed so that file names of the form /dev/fd/NN mean the same thing on all systems, even Linux. r. Fixed a bug in the globbing code that caused patterns with multiple consecutive `*'s to not be matched correctly. s. Fixed a bug that caused $PS2 to not be printed when an interactive shell not using readline is reading a here document. t. Fixed a bug that caused history expansion to be performed inappropriately when a single-quoted string spanned more than one line. u. `getopts' now checks that the variable name passed by the user as the second argument is a legal shell identifier and that the variable is not read-only. v. Fixed `getopts' to obey POSIX.2 rules for setting $OPTIND when it encounters an error. w. Fixed `set' to display variable values in a form that can be re-read. x. Fixed a bug in the code that keeps track of whether or not local variables have been declared at the current level of function nesting. y. Non-interactive shells in posix mode now exit if the name in a function declaration is not a legal identifier. z. The job control code now ignores stopped children when the shell is not interactive. aa. The `cd' builtin no longer attempts spelling correction on the directory name if the shell is not interactive, regardless of the setting of the `cdspell' option. bb. Some OS-specific changes were made for SCO 3.2v[45] and AIX 4.2. cc. `time' now prints its output to stderr, as POSIX.2 specifies. 2. Fixes to Readline a. After printing possible completions, all lines of a multi-line prompt are redisplayed. b. Some changes were made to the terminal handling code in rltty.c to work around AIX 4.2 bugs. 3. New Features in Bash a. There is a new loadable builtin: sprintf, with calling syntax sprintf var format [args] This provides an easy way to simulate ksh left- and right-justified variable values. b. The expansions of \h and \H in prompt strings were swapped. \h now expands to the hostname up to the first `.', as in bash-1.14. 4. New Features in Readline a. The bash-1.14 behavior when ^M is typed while doing an incremental search was restored. ^J may now be used to terminate the search without accepting the line. b. There is a new bindable variable: disable-completion. This inhibits word completion and causes the completion character to be inserted as if it had been bound to self-insert. ------------------------------------------------------------------------------ This document details the changes between this version, bash-2.0-alpha3, and the previous version, bash-2.0-alpha2. There is now a file `COMPAT' included in the distribution that lists the user-visible incompatibilities between 1.14 and 2.0. 1. Changes to Bash a. Some work was done so that word splitting of the rhs of assignment statements conforms more closely to historical practice. b. A couple of errant memory frees were fixed. c. A fix was made to the test builtin so it recognizes `<' and `>' as binary operators. d. The GNU malloc in lib/malloc/malloc.c now scrambles memory as it's allocated and freed. This is to catch callers that refer to freed memory or assume something about newly-allocated memory. e. Fixed a problem with conversion to 12-hour time in the prompt expansion code. f. Fixed a problem with configure's argument parsing order. Now you can correctly turn on specific options after using --enable-minimal-config. g. The configure script now automatically disables the use of GNU malloc on systems where it's appropriate (better than having people read the NOTES file and do it manually). h. There are new prompt expansions (\v and \V) to insert version information into the prompt strings. i. The default prompt string now includes the version number. j. Most of the builtins that take no options were changed to use the internal getopt so they can produce proper error messages for -? and incorrect options. k. Some system-specific changes were made for SVR4.2 and Solaris 2.5. l. Bash now uses PATH_MAX instead of MAXPATHLEN and NAME_MAX instead of MAXNAMLEN. m. A couple of problems caused by uninitialized variables were fixed. n. There are a number of new loadable builtin examples: logname, basename, dirname, tty, pathchk, tee, head, and rmdir. All of these conform to POSIX.2. o. Bash now notices changes in TZ and calls tzset() if present, so changing TZ will alter the time printed by prompt expansions. p. The source was reorganized a bit so I don't have to wait so long for some files to compile, and to facilitate the creation of a `shell library' at some future point. q. Bash no longer turns off job control if called as `sh', since the POSIX.2 spec includes job control as a standard feature. r. `bash -o posix' now works as intended. s. Fixed a problem with the completion code: when completing a filename that contained globbing characters, if show-all-if-ambiguous was set, the completion code would remove the user's text. t. Fixed ulimit so that (hopefully) the full range of limits is available on HPUX systems. u. A new `shopt' option (`hostcomplete') enables and disables hostname completion. v. The shell no longer attempts to save the history on an abort(), which is usually called by programming_error(). w. The `-s' option to `fc' was changed to echo the command to be executed to stderr instead of stdout. x. If the editor invoked by `fc -e' exits with a non-zero status, no commands are executed. y. Fixed a bug that made the shopt `histverify' option work incorrectly. z. There is a new variable `MACHTYPE' whose value is the GNU-style `cpu-company-system' system description as set by configure. (The values of MACHTYPE and HOSTTYPE should really be swapped.) aa. The `ulimit' builtin now allows the maximum virtual memory size to be set via setrlimit(2) if RLIMIT_VMEM is defined. bb. `bash -nc 'command'' no longer runs `command'. 2. Changes to Readline a. Fixed a typo in the code that checked for FIONREAD in input.c. b. Fixed a bug in the code that outputs keybindings, so things like C-\ are quoted properly. c. Fixed a bug in the inputrc file parsing code to handle the problems caused by inputrc files created from the output of `bind -p' in previous versions of bash. The problem was due to the bug fixed in item b above. d. Readline no longer turns off the terminal's meta key, and turns it on once the first time it's called. ------------------------------------------------------------------------------ This file documents the changes between this version, bash-2.0-alpha2, and the previous version, bash-2.0-alpha. 1. Changes to Bash a. The shell no longer thinks directories are executable. b. `disown' has a new option, `h', which inhibits the resending of SIGHUP but does not remove the job from the jobs table. c. The varargs functions in error.c now use ANSI-C `stdarg' if available. d. The build process now treats the `build version' in .build as local to the build directory, so different versions built from the same source tree have different `build versions'. e. Some problems with the grammar have been fixed. (It used `list' in a few productions where `compound_list' was needed. A `list' must be terminated with a newline or semicolon; a `compound_list' need not be.) f. A fix was made to keep `wait' from hanging when waiting for all background jobs. g. `bash --help' now writes its output to stdout, like the GNU Coding Standards specify, and includes the machine type (the value of MACHTYPE). h. `bash --version' now prints more information and exits successfully, like the GNU Coding Standards specify. i. The output of `time' and `times' now prints fractional seconds with three places after the decimal point. j. A bug that caused process substitutions to screw up the pipeline printed by `jobs' was fixed. k. Fixes were made to the code that implements $'...' and $"..." so they work as documented. l. The process substitution code now opens named pipes for reading with O_NONBLOCK to avoid hanging. m. Fixes were made to the trap code so the shell cleans up correctly if the trap command contains a `return' and we're executing a function or sourcing a script with `.'. n. Fixes to doc/Makefile.in so that it doesn't try to remake all of the documentation (ps, dvi, etc.) on a `make install'. o. Fixed an auto-increment error that caused bash -c args to sometimes dump core. p. Fixed a bug that caused $HISTIGNORE to fail when the history line contained globbing characters. 2. Changes to Readline a. There is a new string variable, rl_library_version, available for use by applications. The current value is "2.1". b. A bug encountered when expand-tilde was enabled and file completion was attempted on a word beginning with `~/' was fixed. c. A slight change was made to the incremental search termination behavior. ESC still terminates the search, but if input is pending or arrives within 0.1 seconds (on systems with select(2)), it is used as a prefix character. This is intented to allow users to terminate searches with the arrow keys and get the behavior they expect. bash/bash-RUN/opt/bash/doc/COPYING010075500000000000003000000440260727450615000152450ustar000300000000000000 GNU GENERAL PUBLIC LICENSE Version 2, June 1991 Copyright (C) 1989, 1991 Free Software Foundation, Inc. 59 Temple Place, Suite 330, Boston, MA 02111-1307, USA Everyone is permitted to copy and distribute verbatim copies of this license document, but changing it is not allowed. The Free Software Foundation has exempted Bash from the requirement of Paragraph 2c of the General Public License. This is to say, there is no requirement for Bash to print a notice when it is started interactively in the usual way. We made this exception because users and standards expect shells not to print such messages. This exception applies to any program that serves as a shell and that is based primarily on Bash as opposed to other GNU software. Preamble The licenses for most software are designed to take away your freedom to share and change it. By contrast, the GNU General Public License is intended to guarantee your freedom to share and change free software--to make sure the software is free for all its users. This General Public License applies to most of the Free Software Foundation's software and to any other program whose authors commit to using it. (Some other Free Software Foundation software is covered by the GNU Library General Public License instead.) You can apply it to your programs, too. When we speak of free software, we are referring to freedom, not price. Our General Public Licenses are designed to make sure that you have the freedom to distribute copies of free software (and charge for this service if you wish), that you receive source code or can get it if you want it, that you can change the software or use pieces of it in new free programs; and that you know you can do these things. To protect your rights, we need to make restrictions that forbid anyone to deny you these rights or to ask you to surrender the rights. These restrictions translate to certain responsibilities for you if you distribute copies of the software, or if you modify it. For example, if you distribute copies of such a program, whether gratis or for a fee, you must give the recipients all the rights that you have. You must make sure that they, too, receive or can get the source code. And you must show them these terms so they know their rights. We protect your rights with two steps: (1) copyright the software, and (2) offer you this license which gives you legal permission to copy, distribute and/or modify the software. Also, for each author's protection and ours, we want to make certain that everyone understands that there is no warranty for this free software. If the software is modified by someone else and passed on, we want its recipients to know that what they have is not the original, so that any problems introduced by others will not reflect on the original authors' reputations. Finally, any free program is threatened constantly by software patents. We wish to avoid the danger that redistributors of a free program will individually obtain patent licenses, in effect making the program proprietary. To prevent this, we have made it clear that any patent must be licensed for everyone's free use or not licensed at all. The precise terms and conditions for copying, distribution and modification follow. GNU GENERAL PUBLIC LICENSE TERMS AND CONDITIONS FOR COPYING, DISTRIBUTION AND MODIFICATION 0. This License applies to any program or other work which contains a notice placed by the copyright holder saying it may be distributed under the terms of this General Public License. The "Program", below, refers to any such program or work, and a "work based on the Program" means either the Program or any derivative work under copyright law: that is to say, a work containing the Program or a portion of it, either verbatim or with modifications and/or translated into another language. (Hereinafter, translation is included without limitation in the term "modification".) Each licensee is addressed as "you". Activities other than copying, distribution and modification are not covered by this License; they are outside its scope. The act of running the Program is not restricted, and the output from the Program is covered only if its contents constitute a work based on the Program (independent of having been made by running the Program). Whether that is true depends on what the Program does. 1. You may copy and distribute verbatim copies of the Program's source code as you receive it, in any medium, provided that you conspicuously and appropriately publish on each copy an appropriate copyright notice and disclaimer of warranty; keep intact all the notices that refer to this License and to the absence of any warranty; and give any other recipients of the Program a copy of this License along with the Program. You may charge a fee for the physical act of transferring a copy, and you may at your option offer warranty protection in exchange for a fee. 2. You may modify your copy or copies of the Program or any portion of it, thus forming a work based on the Program, and copy and distribute such modifications or work under the terms of Section 1 above, provided that you also meet all of these conditions: a) You must cause the modified files to carry prominent notices stating that you changed the files and the date of any change. b) You must cause any work that you distribute or publish, that in whole or in part contains or is derived from the Program or any part thereof, to be licensed as a whole at no charge to all third parties under the terms of this License. c) If the modified program normally reads commands interactively when run, you must cause it, when started running for such interactive use in the most ordinary way, to print or display an announcement including an appropriate copyright notice and a notice that there is no warranty (or else, saying that you provide a warranty) and that users may redistribute the program under these conditions, and telling the user how to view a copy of this License. (Exception: if the Program itself is interactive but does not normally print such an announcement, your work based on the Program is not required to print an announcement.) These requirements apply to the modified work as a whole. If identifiable sections of that work are not derived from the Program, and can be reasonably considered independent and separate works in themselves, then this License, and its terms, do not apply to those sections when you distribute them as separate works. But when you distribute the same sections as part of a whole which is a work based on the Program, the distribution of the whole must be on the terms of this License, whose permissions for other licensees extend to the entire whole, and thus to each and every part regardless of who wrote it. Thus, it is not the intent of this section to claim rights or contest your rights to work written entirely by you; rather, the intent is to exercise the right to control the distribution of derivative or collective works based on the Program. In addition, mere aggregation of another work not based on the Program with the Program (or with a work based on the Program) on a volume of a storage or distribution medium does not bring the other work under the scope of this License. 3. You may copy and distribute the Program (or a work based on it, under Section 2) in object code or executable form under the terms of Sections 1 and 2 above provided that you also do one of the following: a) Accompany it with the complete corresponding machine-readable source code, which must be distributed under the terms of Sections 1 and 2 above on a medium customarily used for software interchange; or, b) Accompany it with a written offer, valid for at least three years, to give any third party, for a charge no more than your cost of physically performing source distribution, a complete machine-readable copy of the corresponding source code, to be distributed under the terms of Sections 1 and 2 above on a medium customarily used for software interchange; or, c) Accompany it with the information you received as to the offer to distribute corresponding source code. (This alternative is allowed only for noncommercial distribution and only if you received the program in object code or executable form with such an offer, in accord with Subsection b above.) The source code for a work means the preferred form of the work for making modifications to it. For an executable work, complete source code means all the source code for all modules it contains, plus any associated interface definition files, plus the scripts used to control compilation and installation of the executable. However, as a special exception, the source code distributed need not include anything that is normally distributed (in either source or binary form) with the major components (compiler, kernel, and so on) of the operating system on which the executable runs, unless that component itself accompanies the executable. If distribution of executable or object code is made by offering access to copy from a designated place, then offering equivalent access to copy the source code from the same place counts as distribution of the source code, even though third parties are not compelled to copy the source along with the object code. 4. You may not copy, modify, sublicense, or distribute the Program except as expressly provided under this License. Any attempt otherwise to copy, modify, sublicense or distribute the Program is void, and will automatically terminate your rights under this License. However, parties who have received copies, or rights, from you under this License will not have their licenses terminated so long as such parties remain in full compliance. 5. You are not required to accept this License, since you have not signed it. However, nothing else grants you permission to modify or distribute the Program or its derivative works. These actions are prohibited by law if you do not accept this License. Therefore, by modifying or distributing the Program (or any work based on the Program), you indicate your acceptance of this License to do so, and all its terms and conditions for copying, distributing or modifying the Program or works based on it. 6. Each time you redistribute the Program (or any work based on the Program), the recipient automatically receives a license from the original licensor to copy, distribute or modify the Program subject to these terms and conditions. You may not impose any further restrictions on the recipients' exercise of the rights granted herein. You are not responsible for enforcing compliance by third parties to this License. 7. If, as a consequence of a court judgment or allegation of patent infringement or for any other reason (not limited to patent issues), conditions are imposed on you (whether by court order, agreement or otherwise) that contradict the conditions of this License, they do not excuse you from the conditions of this License. If you cannot distribute so as to satisfy simultaneously your obligations under this License and any other pertinent obligations, then as a consequence you may not distribute the Program at all. For example, if a patent license would not permit royalty-free redistribution of the Program by all those who receive copies directly or indirectly through you, then the only way you could satisfy both it and this License would be to refrain entirely from distribution of the Program. If any portion of this section is held invalid or unenforceable under any particular circumstance, the balance of the section is intended to apply and the section as a whole is intended to apply in other circumstances. It is not the purpose of this section to induce you to infringe any patents or other property right claims or to contest validity of any such claims; this section has the sole purpose of protecting the integrity of the free software distribution system, which is implemented by public license practices. Many people have made generous contributions to the wide range of software distributed through that system in reliance on consistent application of that system; it is up to the author/donor to decide if he or she is willing to distribute software through any other system and a licensee cannot impose that choice. This section is intended to make thoroughly clear what is believed to be a consequence of the rest of this License. 8. If the distribution and/or use of the Program is restricted in certain countries either by patents or by copyrighted interfaces, the original copyright holder who places the Program under this License may add an explicit geographical distribution limitation excluding those countries, so that distribution is permitted only in or among countries not thus excluded. In such case, this License incorporates the limitation as if written in the body of this License. 9. The Free Software Foundation may publish revised and/or new versions of the General Public License from time to time. Such new versions will be similar in spirit to the present version, but may differ in detail to address new problems or concerns. Each version is given a distinguishing version number. If the Program specifies a version number of this License which applies to it and "any later version", you have the option of following the terms and conditions either of that version or of any later version published by the Free Software Foundation. If the Program does not specify a version number of this License, you may choose any version ever published by the Free Software Foundation. 10. If you wish to incorporate parts of the Program into other free programs whose distribution conditions are different, write to the author to ask for permission. For software which is copyrighted by the Free Software Foundation, write to the Free Software Foundation; we sometimes make exceptions for this. Our decision will be guided by the two goals of preserving the free status of all derivatives of our free software and of promoting the sharing and reuse of software generally. NO WARRANTY 11. BECAUSE THE PROGRAM IS LICENSED FREE OF CHARGE, THERE IS NO WARRANTY FOR THE PROGRAM, TO THE EXTENT PERMITTED BY APPLICABLE LAW. EXCEPT WHEN OTHERWISE STATED IN WRITING THE COPYRIGHT HOLDERS AND/OR OTHER PARTIES PROVIDE THE PROGRAM "AS IS" WITHOUT WARRANTY OF ANY KIND, EITHER EXPRESSED OR IMPLIED, INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, THE IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. THE ENTIRE RISK AS TO THE QUALITY AND PERFORMANCE OF THE PROGRAM IS WITH YOU. SHOULD THE PROGRAM PROVE DEFECTIVE, YOU ASSUME THE COST OF ALL NECESSARY SERVICING, REPAIR OR CORRECTION. 12. IN NO EVENT UNLESS REQUIRED BY APPLICABLE LAW OR AGREED TO IN WRITING WILL ANY COPYRIGHT HOLDER, OR ANY OTHER PARTY WHO MAY MODIFY AND/OR REDISTRIBUTE THE PROGRAM AS PERMITTED ABOVE, BE LIABLE TO YOU FOR DAMAGES, INCLUDING ANY GENERAL, SPECIAL, INCIDENTAL OR CONSEQUENTIAL DAMAGES ARISING OUT OF THE USE OR INABILITY TO USE THE PROGRAM (INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO LOSS OF DATA OR DATA BEING RENDERED INACCURATE OR LOSSES SUSTAINED BY YOU OR THIRD PARTIES OR A FAILURE OF THE PROGRAM TO OPERATE WITH ANY OTHER PROGRAMS), EVEN IF SUCH HOLDER OR OTHER PARTY HAS BEEN ADVISED OF THE POSSIBILITY OF SUCH DAMAGES. END OF TERMS AND CONDITIONS Appendix: How to Apply These Terms to Your New Programs If you develop a new program, and you want it to be of the greatest possible use to the public, the best way to achieve this is to make it free software which everyone can redistribute and change under these terms. To do so, attach the following notices to the program. It is safest to attach them to the start of each source file to most effectively convey the exclusion of warranty; and each file should have at least the "copyright" line and a pointer to where the full notice is found. Copyright (C) 19yy This program is free software; you can redistribute it and/or modify it under the terms of the GNU General Public License as published by the Free Software Foundation; either version 2 of the License, or (at your option) any later version. This program is distributed in the hope that it will be useful, but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the GNU General Public License for more details. You should have received a copy of the GNU General Public License along with this program; if not, write to the Free Software Foundation, Inc., 59 Temple Place - Suite 330, Boston, MA 02111-1307, USA Also add information on how to contact you by electronic and paper mail. If the program is interactive, make it output a short notice like this when it starts in an interactive mode: Gnomovision version 69, Copyright (C) 19yy name of author Gnomovision comes with ABSOLUTELY NO WARRANTY; for details type `show w'. This is free software, and you are welcome to redistribute it under certain conditions; type `show c' for details. The hypothetical commands `show w' and `show c' should show the appropriate parts of the General Public License. Of course, the commands you use may be called something other than `show w' and `show c'; they could even be mouse-clicks or menu items--whatever suits your program. You should also get your employer (if you work as a programmer) or your school, if any, to sign a "copyright disclaimer" for the program, if necessary. Here is a sample; alter the names: Yoyodyne, Inc., hereby disclaims all copyright interest in the program `Gnomovision' (which makes passes at compilers) written by James Hacker. , 1 April 1989 Ty Coon, President of Vice This General Public License does not permit incorporating your program into proprietary programs. If your program is a subroutine library, you may consider it more useful to permit linking proprietary applications with the library. If this is what you want to do, use the GNU Library General Public License instead of this License. bash/bash-RUN/opt/bash/doc/HPUX.Install010075500000000000003000000025040727450615000163210ustar000300000000000000Package name: bash Version number: 2.05 Original author: Chet Ramey Original URL: ftp://sunsite.doc.ic.ac.uk/gnu/ HP-UX URL: http://hpux.connect.org.uk/hppd/cgi-bin/search?package=&term=bash- Install tree: /opt/bash Report bugs to: lavasani@connect.org.uk Tested on: HP 9000/712/80 running HP-UX 11.00 C compiler used: Version A.11.01.21505.GP Purpose: The GNU Project's Bourne Again SHell. GNU Bash is a complete implementation of the POSIX.2 shell spec, but also with interactive command line editing, csh-like features such as history substitution and brace expansion, and a slew of other features. Date archived: Fri 4 May 2001 ------------------------------------------------------------------------------- HP Porting Changes: =================== Configuration Files ------------------- configure - added install path Makefile.in - clean rule now deletes config.cache Building: ========= If you have the sources: Run "configure" to generate the Makefiles Run "make" in the top level dir. Use "make -n install" to check the defaults, then "make install Installed: ========== Mehdi Lavasani 12/04/01 HPUX Porting and Archive Centre, Connect, Liverpool University. __/__/__/__/__/__/__/__/__/__/__/__/__/__/__/__/__/__/__/__/__/__/__/__/ bash/bash-RUN/opt/bash/doc/INSTALL010075500000000000003000000350050727450615000152400ustar000300000000000000Basic Installation ================== These are installation instructions for Bash. The simplest way to compile Bash is: 1. `cd' to the directory containing the source code and type `./configure' to configure Bash for your system. If you're using `csh' on an old version of System V, you might need to type `sh ./configure' instead to prevent `csh' from trying to execute `configure' itself. Running `configure' takes some time. While running, it prints messages telling which features it is checking for. 2. Type `make' to compile Bash and build the `bashbug' bug reporting script. 3. Optionally, type `make tests' to run the Bash test suite. 4. Type `make install' to install `bash' and `bashbug'. This will also install the manual pages and Info file. The `configure' shell script attempts to guess correct values for various system-dependent variables used during compilation. It uses those values to create a `Makefile' in each directory of the package (the top directory, the `builtins', `doc', and `support' directories, each directory under `lib', and several others). It also creates a `config.h' file containing system-dependent definitions. Finally, it creates a shell script named `config.status' that you can run in the future to recreate the current configuration, a file `config.cache' that saves the results of its tests to speed up reconfiguring, and a file `config.log' containing compiler output (useful mainly for debugging `configure'). If at some point `config.cache' contains results you don't want to keep, you may remove or edit it. To find out more about the options and arguments that the `configure' script understands, type bash-2.04$ ./configure --help at the Bash prompt in your Bash source directory. If you need to do unusual things to compile Bash, please try to figure out how `configure' could check whether or not to do them, and mail diffs or instructions to so they can be considered for the next release. The file `configure.in' is used to create `configure' by a program called Autoconf. You only need `configure.in' if you want to change it or regenerate `configure' using a newer version of Autoconf. If you do this, make sure you are using Autoconf version 2.10 or newer. If you need to change `configure.in' or regenerate `configure', you will need to create two files: `_distribution' and `_patchlevel'. `_distribution' should contain the major and minor version numbers of the Bash distribution, for example `2.01'. `_patchlevel' should contain the patch level of the Bash distribution, `0' for example. The script `support/mkconffiles' has been provided to automate the creation of these files. You can remove the program binaries and object files from the source code directory by typing `make clean'. To also remove the files that `configure' created (so you can compile Bash for a different kind of computer), type `make distclean'. Compilers and Options ===================== Some systems require unusual options for compilation or linking that the `configure' script does not know about. You can give `configure' initial values for variables by setting them in the environment. Using a Bourne-compatible shell, you can do that on the command line like this: CC=c89 CFLAGS=-O2 LIBS=-lposix ./configure On systems that have the `env' program, you can do it like this: env CPPFLAGS=-I/usr/local/include LDFLAGS=-s ./configure The configuration process uses GCC to build Bash if it is available. Compiling For Multiple Architectures ==================================== You can compile Bash for more than one kind of computer at the same time, by placing the object files for each architecture in their own directory. To do this, you must use a version of `make' that supports the `VPATH' variable, such as GNU `make'. `cd' to the directory where you want the object files and executables to go and run the `configure' script from the source directory. You may need to supply the `--srcdir=PATH' argument to tell `configure' where the source files are. `configure' automatically checks for the source code in the directory that `configure' is in and in `..'. If you have to use a `make' that does not supports the `VPATH' variable, you can compile Bash for one architecture at a time in the source code directory. After you have installed Bash for one architecture, use `make distclean' before reconfiguring for another architecture. Alternatively, if your system supports symbolic links, you can use the `support/mkclone' script to create a build tree which has symbolic links back to each file in the source directory. Here's an example that creates a build directory in the current directory from a source directory `/usr/gnu/src/bash-2.0': bash /usr/gnu/src/bash-2.0/support/mkclone -s /usr/gnu/src/bash-2.0 . The `mkclone' script requires Bash, so you must have already built Bash for at least one architecture before you can create build directories for other architectures. Installation Names ================== By default, `make install' will install into `/usr/local/bin', `/usr/local/man', etc. You can specify an installation prefix other than `/usr/local' by giving `configure' the option `--prefix=PATH'. You can specify separate installation prefixes for architecture-specific files and architecture-independent files. If you give `configure' the option `--exec-prefix=PATH', `make install' will use PATH as the prefix for installing programs and libraries. Documentation and other data files will still use the regular prefix. Specifying the System Type ========================== There may be some features `configure' can not figure out automatically, but needs to determine by the type of host Bash will run on. Usually `configure' can figure that out, but if it prints a message saying it can not guess the host type, give it the `--host=TYPE' option. `TYPE' can either be a short name for the system type, such as `sun4', or a canonical name with three fields: `CPU-COMPANY-SYSTEM' (e.g., `sparc-sun-sunos4.1.2'). See the file `support/config.sub' for the possible values of each field. Sharing Defaults ================ If you want to set default values for `configure' scripts to share, you can create a site shell script called `config.site' that gives default values for variables like `CC', `cache_file', and `prefix'. `configure' looks for `PREFIX/share/config.site' if it exists, then `PREFIX/etc/config.site' if it exists. Or, you can set the `CONFIG_SITE' environment variable to the location of the site script. A warning: the Bash `configure' looks for a site script, but not all `configure' scripts do. Operation Controls ================== `configure' recognizes the following options to control how it operates. `--cache-file=FILE' Use and save the results of the tests in FILE instead of `./config.cache'. Set FILE to `/dev/null' to disable caching, for debugging `configure'. `--help' Print a summary of the options to `configure', and exit. `--quiet' `--silent' `-q' Do not print messages saying which checks are being made. `--srcdir=DIR' Look for the Bash source code in directory DIR. Usually `configure' can determine that directory automatically. `--version' Print the version of Autoconf used to generate the `configure' script, and exit. `configure' also accepts some other, not widely used, boilerplate options. `configure --help' prints the complete list. Optional Features ================= The Bash `configure' has a number of `--enable-FEATURE' options, where FEATURE indicates an optional part of Bash. There are also several `--with-PACKAGE' options, where PACKAGE is something like `bash-malloc' or `purify'. To turn off the default use of a package, use `--without-PACKAGE'. To configure Bash without a feature that is enabled by default, use `--disable-FEATURE'. Here is a complete list of the `--enable-' and `--with-' options that the Bash `configure' recognizes. `--with-afs' Define if you are using the Andrew File System from Transarc. `--with-bash-malloc' Use the Bash version of `malloc' in `lib/malloc/malloc.c'. This is not the same `malloc' that appears in GNU libc, but an older version derived from the 4.2 BSD `malloc'. This `malloc' is very fast, but wastes some space on each allocation. This option is enabled by default. The `NOTES' file contains a list of systems for which this should be turned off, and `configure' disables this option automatically for a number of systems. `--with-curses' Use the curses library instead of the termcap library. This should be supplied if your system has an inadequate or incomplete termcap database. `--with-glibc-malloc' Use the GNU libc version of `malloc' in `lib/malloc/gmalloc.c'. This is not the version of `malloc' that appears in glibc version 2, but a modified version of the `malloc' from glibc version 1. This is somewhat slower than the default `malloc', but wastes less space on a per-allocation basis, and will return memory to the operating system under certain circumstances. `--with-gnu-malloc' A synonym for `--with-bash-malloc'. `--with-installed-readline' Define this to make Bash link with a locally-installed version of Readline rather than the version in `lib/readline'. This works only with Readline 4.1 and later versions. `--with-purify' Define this to use the Purify memory allocation checker from Rational Software. `--enable-minimal-config' This produces a shell with minimal features, close to the historical Bourne shell. There are several `--enable-' options that alter how Bash is compiled and linked, rather than changing run-time features. `--enable-profiling' This builds a Bash binary that produces profiling information to be processed by `gprof' each time it is executed. `--enable-static-link' This causes Bash to be linked statically, if `gcc' is being used. This could be used to build a version to use as root's shell. The `minimal-config' option can be used to disable all of the following options, but it is processed first, so individual options may be enabled using `enable-FEATURE'. All of the following options except for `disabled-builtins' and `xpg-echo-default' are enabled by default, unless the operating system does not provide the necessary support. `--enable-alias' Allow alias expansion and include the `alias' and `unalias' builtins (*note Aliases::). `--enable-arith-for-command' Include support for the alternate form of the `for' command that behaves like the C language `for' statement (*note Looping Constructs::). `--enable-array-variables' Include support for one-dimensional array shell variables (*note Arrays::). `--enable-bang-history' Include support for `csh'-like history substitution (*note History Interaction::). `--enable-brace-expansion' Include `csh'-like brace expansion ( `b{a,b}c' ==> `bac bbc' ). See *Note Brace Expansion::, for a complete description. `--enable-command-timing' Include support for recognizing `time' as a reserved word and for displaying timing statistics for the pipeline following `time' (*note Pipelines::). This allows pipelines as well as shell builtins and functions to be timed. `--enable-cond-command' Include support for the `[[' conditional command (*note Conditional Constructs::). `--enable-directory-stack' Include support for a `csh'-like directory stack and the `pushd', `popd', and `dirs' builtins (*note The Directory Stack::). `--enable-disabled-builtins' Allow builtin commands to be invoked via `builtin xxx' even after `xxx' has been disabled using `enable -n xxx'. See *Note Bash Builtins::, for details of the `builtin' and `enable' builtin commands. `--enable-dparen-arithmetic' Include support for the `((...))' command (*note Conditional Constructs::). `--enable-extended-glob' Include support for the extended pattern matching features described above under *Note Pattern Matching::. `--enable-help-builtin' Include the `help' builtin, which displays help on shell builtins and variables (*note Bash Builtins::). `--enable-history' Include command history and the `fc' and `history' builtin commands (*note Bash History Facilities::). `--enable-job-control' This enables the job control features (*note Job Control::), if the operating system supports them. `--enable-net-redirections' This enables the special handling of filenames of the form `/dev/tcp/HOST/PORT' and `/dev/udp/HOST/PORT' when used in redirections (*note Redirections::). `--enable-process-substitution' This enables process substitution (*note Process Substitution::) if the operating system provides the necessary support. `--enable-prompt-string-decoding' Turn on the interpretation of a number of backslash-escaped characters in the `$PS1', `$PS2', `$PS3', and `$PS4' prompt strings. See *Note Printing a Prompt::, for a complete list of prompt string escape sequences. `--enable-progcomp' Enable the programmable completion facilities (*note Programmable Completion::). If Readline is not enabled, this option has no effect. `--enable-readline' Include support for command-line editing and history with the Bash version of the Readline library (*note Command Line Editing::). `--enable-restricted' Include support for a "restricted shell". If this is enabled, Bash, when called as `rbash', enters a restricted mode. See *Note The Restricted Shell::, for a description of restricted mode. `--enable-select' Include the `select' builtin, which allows the generation of simple menus (*note Conditional Constructs::). `--enable-usg-echo-default' A synonym for `--enable-xpg-echo-default'. `--enable-xpg-echo-default' Make the `echo' builtin expand backslash-escaped characters by default, without requiring the `-e' option. This sets the default value of the `xpg_echo' shell option to `on', which makes the Bash `echo' behave more like the version specified in the Single Unix Specification, version 2. *Note Bash Builtins::, for a description of the escape sequences that `echo' recognizes. The file `config-top.h' contains C Preprocessor `#define' statements for options which are not settable from `configure'. Some of these are not meant to be changed; beware of the consequences if you do. Read the comments associated with each definition for more information about its effect. bash/bash-RUN/opt/bash/doc/NEWS010075500000000000003000000653740727450615000147220ustar000300000000000000This is a terse description of the new features added to bash-2.05 since the release of bash-2.04. As always, the manual page (doc/bash.1) is the place to look for complete descriptions. 1. New Features in Bash a. Added a new `--init-file' invocation argument as a synonym for `--rcfile', per the new GNU coding standards. b. The /dev/tcp and /dev/udp redirections now accept service names as well as port numbers. c. `complete' and `compgen' now take a `-o value' option, which controls some of the aspects of that compspec. Valid values are: default - perform bash default completion if programmable completion produces no matches dirnames - perform directory name completion if programmable completion produces no matches filenames - tell readline that the compspec produces filenames, so it can do things like append slashes to directory names and suppress trailing spaces d. A new loadable builtin, realpath, which canonicalizes and expands symlinks in pathname arguments. e. When `set' is called without options, it prints function defintions in a way that allows them to be reused as input. This affects `declare' and `declare -p' as well. This only happens when the shell is not in POSIX mode, since POSIX.2 forbids this behavior. f. Bash-2.05 once again honors the current locale setting when processing ranges within pattern matching bracket expressions (e.g., [A-Z]). 2. New Features in Readline a. The blink timeout for paren matching is now settable by applications, via the rl_set_paren_blink_timeout() function. b. _rl_executing_macro has been renamed to rl_executing_macro, which means it's now part of the public interface. c. Readline has a new variable, rl_readline_state, which is a bitmap that encapsulates the current state of the library; intended for use by callbacks and hook functions. d. New application-callable function rl_set_prompt(const char *prompt): expands its prompt string argument and sets rl_prompt to the result. e. New application-callable function rl_set_screen_size(int rows, int cols): public method for applications to set readline's idea of the screen dimensions. f. New function, rl_get_screen_size (int *rows, int *columns), returns readline's idea of the screen dimensions. g. The timeout in rl_gather_tyi (readline keyboard input polling function) is now settable via a function (rl_set_keyboard_input_timeout()). h. Renamed the max_input_history variable to history_max_entries; the old variable is maintained for backwards compatibility. i. The list of characters that separate words for the history tokenizer is now settable with a variable: history_word_delimiters. The default value is as before. ------------------------------------------------------------------------------- This is a terse description of the new features added to bash-2.04 since the release of bash-2.03. As always, the manual page (doc/bash.1) is the place to look for complete descriptions. 1. New Features in Bash a. The history builtin has a `-d offset' option to delete the history entry at position `offset'. b. The prompt expansion code has two new escape sequences: \j, the number of active jobs; and \l, the basename of the shell's tty device name. c. The `bind' builtin has a new `-x' option to bind key sequences to shell commands. d. There is a new shell option, no_empty_command_completion, which, when enabled, disables command completion when TAB is typed on an empty line. e. The `help' builtin has a `-s' option to just print a builtin's usage synopsis. f. There are several new arithmetic operators: id++, id-- (variable post-increment/decrement), ++id, --id (variabl pre-increment/decrement), expr1 , expr2 (comma operator). g. There is a new ksh-93 style arithmetic for command: for ((expr1 ; expr2; expr3 )); do list; done h. The `read' builtin has a number of new options: -t timeout only wait timeout seconds for input -n nchars only read nchars from input instead of a full line -d delim read until delim rather than newline -s don't echo input chars as they are read i. The redirection code now handles several filenames specially: /dev/fd/N, /dev/stdin, /dev/stdout, and /dev/stderr, whether or not they are present in the file system. j. The redirection code now recognizes pathnames of the form /dev/tcp/host/port and /dev/udp/host/port, and tries to open a socket of the appropriate type to the specified port on the specified host. k. The ksh-93 ${!prefix*} expansion, which expands to the names of all shell variables with prefix PREFIX, has been implemented. l. There is a new dynamic variable, FUNCNAME, which expands to the name of a currently-executing function. Assignments to FUNCNAME have no effect. m. The GROUPS variable is no longer readonly; assignments to it are silently discarded. This means it can be unset. n. A new programmable completion facility, with two new builtin commands: complete and compgen. o. configure has a new option, `--enable-progcomp', to compile in the programmable completion features (enabled by default). p. `shopt' has a new option, `progcomp', to enable and disable programmable completion at runtime. q. Unsetting HOSTFILE now clears the list of hostnames used for completion. r. configure has a new option, `--enable-bash-malloc', replacing the old `--with-gnu-malloc' (which is still present for backwards compatibility). s. There is a new manual page describing rbash, the restricted shell. t. `bashbug' has new `--help' and `--version' options. u. `shopt' has a new `xpg_echo' option, which controls the behavior of `echo' with respect to backslash-escaped characters at runtime. v. If NON_INTERACTIVE_LOGIN_SHELLS is defined, all login shells read the startup files, even if they are not interactive. w. The LC_NUMERIC variable is now treated specially, and used to set the LC_NUMERIC locale category for number formatting, e.g., when `printf' displays floating-point numbers. 2. New features in Readline a. Parentheses matching is now always compiled into readline, and enabled or disabled when the value of the `blink-matching-paren' variable is changed. b. MS-DOS systems now use ~/_inputrc as the last-ditch inputrc filename. c. MS-DOS systems now use ~/_history as the default history file. d. history-search-{forward,backward} now leave the point at the end of the line when the string to search for is empty, like {reverse,forward}-search-history. e. history-search-{forward,backward} now leave the last history line found in the readline buffer if the second or subsequent search fails. f. New function for use by applications: rl_on_new_line_with_prompt, used when an application displays the prompt itself before calling readline(). g. New variable for use by applications: rl_already_prompted. An application that displays the prompt itself before calling readline() must set this to a non-zero value. h. A new variable, rl_gnu_readline_p, always 1. The intent is that an application can verify whether or not it is linked with the `real' readline library or some substitute. ------------------------------------------------------------------------------- This is a terse description of the new features added to bash-2.03 since the release of bash-2.02. As always, the manual page (doc/bash.1) is the place to look for complete descriptions. 1. New Features in Bash a. New `shopt' option, `restricted_shell', indicating whether or not the shell was started in restricted mode, for use in startup files. b. Filename generation is now performed on the words between ( and ) in array assignments (which it probably should have done all along). c. OLDPWD is now auto-exported, as POSIX.2 seems to require. d. ENV and BASH_ENV are read-only variables in a restricted shell. e. A change was made to the startup file code so that any shell begun with the `--login' option, even non-interactive shells, will source the login shell startup files. 2. New Features in Readline a. Many changes to the signal handling: o Readline now catches SIGQUIT and cleans up the tty before returning; o A new variable, rl_catch_signals, is available to application writers to indicate to readline whether or not it should install its own signal handlers for SIGINT, SIGTERM, SIGQUIT, SIGALRM, SIGTSTP, SIGTTIN, and SIGTTOU; o A new variable, rl_catch_sigwinch, is available to application writers to indicate to readline whether or not it should install its own signal handler for SIGWINCH, which will chain to the calling applications's SIGWINCH handler, if one is installed; o There is a new function, rl_free_line_state, for application signal handlers to call to free up the state associated with the current line after receiving a signal; o There is a new function, rl_cleanup_after_signal, to clean up the display and terminal state after receiving a signal; o There is a new function, rl_reset_after_signal, to reinitialize the terminal and display state after an application signal handler returns and readline continues b. There is a new function, rl_resize_terminal, to reset readline's idea of the screen size after a SIGWINCH. c. New public functions: rl_save_prompt and rl_restore_prompt. These were previously private functions with a `_' prefix. d. New function hook: rl_pre_input_hook, called just before readline starts reading input, after initialization. e. New function hook: rl_display_matches_hook, called when readline would display the list of completion matches. The new function rl_display_match_list is what readline uses internally, and is available for use by application functions called via this hook. f. New bindable function, delete-char-or-list, like tcsh. g. A new variable, rl_erase_empty_line, which, if set by an application using readline, will cause readline to erase, prompt and all, lines on which the only thing typed was a newline. h. New bindable variable: `isearch-terminators'. i. New bindable function: `forward-backward-delete-char' (unbound by default). ------------------------------------------------------------------------------- This is a terse description of the new features added to bash-2.02 since the release of bash-2.01.1. As always, the manual page (doc/bash.1) is the place to look for complete descriptions. 1. New Features in Bash a. A new version of malloc, based on the older GNU malloc, that has many changes, is more page-based, is more conservative with memory usage, and does not `orphan' large blocks when they are freed. b. A new version of gmalloc, based on the old GLIBC malloc, with many changes and range checking included by default. c. A new implementation of fnmatch(3) that includes full POSIX.2 Basic Regular Expression matching, including character classes, collating symbols, equivalence classes, and support for case-insensitive pattern matching. d. ksh-88 egrep-style extended pattern matching ([@+*?!](patlist)) has been implemented, controlled by a new `shopt' option, `extglob'. e. There is a new ksh-like `[[' compound command, which implements extended `test' functionality. f. There is a new `printf' builtin, implemented according to the POSIX.2 specification. g. There is a new feature for command substitution: $(< filename) now expands to the contents of `filename', with any trailing newlines removed (equivalent to $(cat filename)). h. There are new tilde prefixes which expand to directories from the directory stack. i. There is a new `**' arithmetic operator to do exponentiation. j. There are new configuration options to control how bash is linked: `--enable-profiling', to allow bash to be profiled with gprof, and `--enable-static-link', to allow bash to be linked statically. k. There is a new configuration option, `--enable-cond-command', which controls whether or not the `[[' command is included. It is on by default. l. There is a new configuration option, `--enable-extended-glob', which controls whether or not the ksh extended globbing feature is included. It is enabled by default. m. There is a new configuration #define in config.h.top that, when enabled, will cause all login shells to source /etc/profile and one of the user- specific login shell startup files, whether or not the shell is interactive. n. There is a new invocation option, `--dump-po-strings', to dump a shell script's translatable strings ($"...") in GNU `po' format. o. There is a new `shopt' option, `nocaseglob', to enable case-insensitive pattern matching when globbing filenames and using the `case' construct. p. There is a new `shopt' option, `huponexit', which, when enabled, causes the shell to send SIGHUP to all jobs when an interactive login shell exits. q. `bind' has a new `-u' option, which takes a readline function name as an argument and unbinds all key sequences bound to that function in a specified keymap. r. `disown' now has `-a' and `-r' options, to limit operation to all jobs and running jobs, respectively. s. The `shopt' `-p' option now causes output to be displayed in a reusable format. t. `test' has a new `-N' option, which returns true if the filename argument has been modified since it was last accessed. u. `umask' now has a `-p' option to print output in a reusable format. v. A new escape sequence, `\xNNN', has been added to the `echo -e' and $'...' translation code. It expands to the character whose ascii code is NNN in hexadecimal. w. The prompt string expansion code has a new `\r' escape sequence. x. The shell may now be cross-compiled for the CYGWIN32 environment on a Unix machine. 2. New Features in Readline a. There is now an option for `iterative' yank-last-arg handline, so a user can keep entering `M-.', yanking the last argument of successive history lines. b. New variable, `print-completions-horizontally', which causes completion matches to be displayed across the screen (like `ls -x') rather than up and down the screen (like `ls'). c. New variable, `completion-ignore-case', which causes filename completion and matching to be performed case-insensitively. d. There is a new bindable command, `magic-space', which causes history expansion to be performed on the current readline buffer and a space to be inserted into the result. e. There is a new bindable command, `menu-complete', which enables tcsh-like menu completion (successive executions of menu-complete insert a single completion match, cycling through the list of possible completions). f. There is a new bindable command, `paste-from-clipboard', for use on Win32 systems, to insert the text from the Win32 clipboard into the editing buffer. g. The key sequence translation code now understands printf-style backslash escape sequences, including \NNN octal escapes. These escape sequences may be used in key sequence definitions or macro values. h. An `$include' inputrc file parser directive has been added. ------------------------------------------------------------------------------- This is a terse description of the new features added to bash-2.01 since the release of bash-2.0. As always, the manual page (doc/bash.1) is the place to look for complete descriptions. 1. New Features in Bash a. There is a new builtin array variable: GROUPS, the set of groups to which the user belongs. This is used by the test suite. 2. New Features in Readline a. If a key sequence bound to `universal-argument' is read while reading a numeric argument started with `universal-argument', it terminates the argument but is otherwise ignored. This provides a way to insert multiple instances of a digit string, and is how GNU emacs does it. ------------------------------------------------------------------------------- This is a terse description of the new features added to bash-2.0 since the release of bash-1.14.7. As always, the manual page (doc/bash.1) is the place to look for complete descriptions. 1. New Features in Bash a. There is a new invocation option, -D, that dumps translatable strings in a script. b. The `long' invocation options must now be prefixed with `--'. c. New long invocation options: --dump-strings, --help, --verbose d. The `nolineediting' invocation option was renamed to `noediting'. e. The `nobraceexpansion' and `quiet' long invocation options were removed. f. The `--help' and `--version' long options now work as the GNU coding standards specify. g. If invoked as `sh', bash now enters posix mode after reading the startup files, and reads and executes commands from the file named by $ENV if interactive (as POSIX.2 specifies). A login shell invoked as `sh' reads $ENV after /etc/profile and ~/.profile. h. There is a new reserved word, `time', for timing pipelines, builtin commands, and shell functions. It uses the value of the TIMEFORMAT variable as a format string describing how to print the timing statistics. i. The $'...' quoting syntax expands ANSI-C escapes in ... and leaves the result single-quoted. j. The $"..." quoting syntax performs locale-specific translation of ... and leaves the result double-quoted. k. LINENO now works correctly in functions. l. New variables: DIRSTACK, PIPESTATUS, BASH_VERSINFO, HOSTNAME, SHELLOPTS, MACHTYPE. The first three are array variables. m. The BASH_VERSION and BASH_VERSINFO variables now include the shell's `release status' (alpha[N], beta[N], release). n. Some variables have been removed: MAIL_WARNING, notify, history_control, command_oriented_history, glob_dot_filenames, allow_null_glob_expansion, nolinks, hostname_completion_file, noclobber, no_exit_on_failed_exec, and cdable_vars. Most of them are now implemented with the new `shopt' builtin; others were already implemented by `set'. o. Bash now uses some new variables: LC_ALL, LC_MESSAGES, LC_CTYPE, LC_COLLATE, LANG, GLOBIGNORE, HISTIGNORE. p. The shell now supports integer-indexed arrays of unlimited length, with a new compound assignment syntax and changes to the appropriate builtin commands (declare/typeset, read, readonly, etc.). The array index may be an arithmetic expression. q. ${!var}: indirect variable expansion, equivalent to eval \${$var}. r. ${paramter:offset[:length]}: variable substring extraction. s. ${parameter/pattern[/[/]string]}: variable pattern substitution. t. The $[...] arithmetic expansion syntax is no longer supported, in favor of $((...)). u. Aliases can now be expanded in shell scripts with a shell option (shopt expand_aliases). v. History and history expansion can now be used in scripts with set -o history and set -H. w. All builtins now return an exit status of 2 for incorrect usage. x. Interactive shells resend SIGHUP to all running or stopped children if (and only if) they exit due to a SIGHUP. y. New prompting expansions: \a, \e, \H, \T, \@, \v, \V. z. Variable expansion in prompt strings is now controllable via a shell option (shopt promptvars). aa. Bash now defaults to using command-oriented history. bb. The history file ($HISTFILE) is now truncated to $HISTFILESIZE after being written. cc. The POSIX.2 conditional arithmetic evaluation syntax (expr ? expr : expr) has been implemented. dd. Each builtin now accepts `--' to signify the end of the options, except as documented (echo, etc.). ee. All builtins use -p to display values in a re-readable format where appropriate, except as documented (echo, type, etc.). ff. The `alias' builtin has a new -p option. gg. Changes to the `bind' builtin: o has new options: -psPSVr. o the `-d' option was renamed to `-p' o the `-v' option now dumps variables; the old `-v' is now `-P' hh. The `bye' synonym for `exit' was removed. ii. The -L and -P options to `cd' and `pwd' have been documented. jj. The `cd' builtin now does spelling correction on the directory name by default. This is settable with a shell option (shopt cdspell). kk. The `declare' builtin has new options: -a, -F, -p. ll. The `dirs' builtin has new options: -c, -p, -v. mm. The new `disown' builtin removes jobs from the shell's jobs table or inhibits the resending of SIGHUP when the shell receives a SIGHUP. nn. The `echo' builtin has a new escape character: \e. oo. The `enable' builtin can now load new builtins dynamically from shared objects on systems with the dlopen/dlsym interface. There are a number of examples in the examples/loadables directory. There are also new options: -d, -f, -s, -p. pp. The `-all' option to `enable' was removed in favor of `-a'. qq. The `exec' builtin has new options: -l, -c, -a. rr. The `hash' builtin has a new option: -p. ss. The `history' builtin has new options: -c, -p, -s. tt. The `jobs' builtin has new options: -r, -s. uu. The `kill' builtin has new options: -n signum, -l signame. vv. The `pushd' and `popd' builtins have a new option: -n. ww. The `read' builtin has new options: -p prompt, -e, -a. xx. The `readonly' builtin has a new -a option, and the -n option was removed. yy. Changes to the `set' builtin: o new options: -B, -o keyword, -o onecmd, -o history o options removed: -l, -d, -o nohash o options changed: +o, -h, -o hashall o now displays variables in a format that can be re-read as input zz. The new `shopt' builtin controls shell optional behavior previously done by setting and unsetting certain shell variables. aaa. The `test' builtin has new operators: -o option, s1 == s2, s1 < s2, and s1 > s2, where s1 and s2 are strings. bbb. There is a new trap, DEBUG, executed after every simple command. ccc. The `trap' builtin has a new -p option. ddd. The `ulimit' builtin has a new -l option on 4.4BSD-based systems. eee. The PS1, PS2, PATH, and IFS variables may now be unset. fff. The restricted shell mode has been expanded and is now documented. ggg. Security improvements: o functions are not imported from the environment if running setuid or with -p o no startup files are sourced if running setuid or with -p hhh. The documentation has been overhauled: the texinfo manual was expanded, and HTML versions of the man page and texinfo manual are included. iii. Changes to Posix mode: o Command lookup now finds special builtins before shell functions. o Failure of a special builtin causes a non-interactive shell to exit. Failures are defined in the POSIX.2 specification. o If the `cd' builtin finds a directory to change to using $CDPATH, the value assigned to PWD when `cd' completes does not contain any symbolic links. o A non-interactive shell exits if a variable assignment error occurs when no command name follows the assignment statements. o A non-interactive shell exits if the interation variable in a `for' statement or the selection variable in a `select' statement is read-only or another variable assignment error occurs. o The `<>' redirection operator now opens a file for both stdin and stdout by default, not just when in posix mode. o Assignment statements preceding special builtins now persist in the shell's environment when the builtin completes. Posix mode is now completely POSIX.2-compliant (modulo bugs). When invoked as sh, bash should be completely POSIX.2-compliant. jjj. The default value of PS1 is now "\s-\v\$ ". kkk. The ksh-like ((...)) arithmetic command syntax has been implemented. This is exactly equivalent to `let "..."'. lll. Integer constants have been extended to base 64. mmm. The `ulimit' builtin now sets both hard and soft limits and reports the soft limit by default. 2. New Features in Readline a. New variables: enable-keypad, input-meta (new name for meta-flag), mark-directories, visible-stats (now documented), disable-completion, comment-begin. b. New bindable commands: kill-region, copy-region-as-kill, copy-backward-word, copy-forward-word, set-mark, exchange-point-and-mark, character-search, character-search-backward, insert-comment, glob-expand-word, glob-list-expansions, dump-variables, dump-macros. c. New emacs keybindings: delete-horizontal-space (M-\), insert-completions (M-*), possible-completions (M-=). d. The history-search-backward and history-search-forward commands were modified to be the same as previous-line and next-line if point is at the start of the line. e. More file types are available for the visible-stats mode. 3. Changes of interest in the Bash implementation a. There is a new autoconf-based configuration mechanism. b. More things have been moved from Posix mode to standard shell behavior. c. The trace output (set -x) now inserts quotes where necessary so it can be reused as input. d. There is a compile-time option for a system-wide interactive shell startup file (disabled by default). e. The YACC grammar is smaller and tighter, and all 66 shift-reduce conflicts are gone. Several parsing bugs have been fixed. f. Builtin option parsing has been regularized (using internal_getopt()), with the exception of `echo', `type', and `set'. g. Builtins now return standard usage messages constructed from the `short doc' used by the help builtin. h. Completion now quotes using backslashes by default, but honors user-supplied quotes. i. The GNU libc malloc is available as a configure-time option. j. There are more internationalization features; bash uses gettext if it is available. The $"..." translation syntax uses the current locale and gettext. k. There is better reporting of job termination when the shell is not interactive. l. The shell is somewhat more efficient: it uses a little less memory and makes fewer system calls. 4. Changes of interest in the Readline implementation a. There is now support for readline `callback' functions. b. There is now support for user-supplied input, redisplay, and terminal preparation functions. c. Most of the shell-specific code in readline has been generalized or removed. d. Most of the annoying redisplay bugs have been fixed, notably the problems with incremental search and excessive redrawing when special characters appear in the prompt string. e. There are new library functions and variables available to application writers, most having to do with completion and quoting. f. The NEWLINE character (^J) is now treated as a search terminator by the incremental search functions. bash/bash-RUN/opt/bash/doc/README010075500000000000003000000064550727450615000150760ustar000300000000000000Introduction ============ This is GNU Bash, version 2.05. Bash is the GNU Project's Bourne Again SHell, a complete implementation of the POSIX.2 shell spec, but also with interactive command line editing, job control on architectures that support it, csh-like features such as history substitution and brace expansion, and a slew of other features. For more information on the features of Bash that are new to this type of shell, see the file `doc/bashref.texi'. There is also a large Unix-style man page. The man page is the definitive description of the shell's features. See the file CWRU/POSIX.NOTES for a discussion of how Bash differs from the POSIX.2 spec and a description of the Bash `posix mode'. There are some user-visible incompatibilities between this version of Bash and the previous widely-distributed version, bash-1.14. For details, see the file COMPAT. The NEWS file tersely lists features that are new in this release. Bash is free software, distributed under the terms of the GNU Public License, version 2. For more information, see the file COPYING. A number of frequently-asked questions are answered in the file `doc/FAQ'. To compile Bash, try typing `./configure', then `make'. Bash auto-configures the build process, so no further intervention should be necessary. Bash builds with `gcc' by default if it is available. If you want to use `cc' instead, type CC=cc ./configure if you are using a Bourne-style shell. If you are not, the following may work: env CC=cc ./configure Read the file INSTALL in this directory for more information about how to customize and control the build process. The file NOTES contains platform-specific installation and configuration information. If you are a csh user and wish to convert your csh aliases to Bash aliases, you may wish to use the script `examples/misc/alias-conv.sh' as a starting point. The script `examples/misc/cshtobash' is a more ambitious script that attempts to do a more complete job. Reporting Bugs ============== Bug reports for bash should be sent to: bug-bash@gnu.org using the `bashbug' program that is built and installed at the same time as bash. The discussion list `bug-bash@gnu.org' often contains information about new ports of Bash, or discussions of new features or behavior changes that people would like. This mailing list is also available as a usenet newsgroup: gnu.bash.bug. When you send a bug report, please use the `bashbug' program that is built at the same time as bash. If bash fails to build, try building bashbug directly with `make bashbug'. If you cannot build `bashbug', please send mail to bug-bash@gnu.org with the following information: * the version number and release status of Bash (e.g., 2.01-release) * the machine and OS that it is running on (look at the file `.made' in the bash build directory) * a list of the compilation flags or the contents of `config.h', if appropriate * a description of the bug * a recipe for recreating the bug reliably * a fix for the bug if you have one! The `bashbug' program includes much of this automatically. If you would like to contact the Bash maintainers directly, send mail to bash-maintainers@gnu.org. While the Bash maintainers do not promise to fix all bugs, we would like this shell to be the best that we can make it. Enjoy! Chet Ramey chet@po.cwru.edu bash/bash-RUN/opt/bash/info/bash.info010064400000000000003000012060320727450616100161670ustar000300000000000000This is bashref.info, produced by makeinfo version 4.0 from /usr/homes/chet/src/bash/src/doc/bashref.texi. INFO-DIR-SECTION Utilities START-INFO-DIR-ENTRY * Bash: (bash). The GNU Bourne-Again SHell. END-INFO-DIR-ENTRY This text is a brief description of the features that are present in the Bash shell. This is Edition 2.5, last updated 28 Mar 2001, of `The GNU Bash Reference Manual', for `Bash', Version 2.05. Copyright (C) 1991-1999 Free Software Foundation, Inc. Permission is granted to make and distribute verbatim copies of this manual provided the copyright notice and this permission notice are preserved on all copies. Permission is granted to copy and distribute modified versions of this manual under the conditions for verbatim copying, provided that the entire resulting derived work is distributed under the terms of a permission notice identical to this one. Permission is granted to copy and distribute translations of this manual into another language, under the above conditions for modified versions, except that this permission notice may be stated in a translation approved by the Free Software Foundation.  File: bashref.info, Node: Top, Next: Introduction, Prev: (dir), Up: (dir) Bash Features ************* This text is a brief description of the features that are present in the Bash shell. This is Edition 2.5, last updated 28 Mar 2001, of `The GNU Bash Reference Manual', for `Bash', Version 2.05. Copyright (C) 1991, 1993, 1996 Free Software Foundation, Inc. Bash contains features that appear in other popular shells, and some features that only appear in Bash. Some of the shells that Bash has borrowed concepts from are the Bourne Shell (`sh'), the Korn Shell (`ksh'), and the C-shell (`csh' and its successor, `tcsh'). The following menu breaks the features up into categories based upon which one of these other shells inspired the feature. This manual is meant as a brief introduction to features found in Bash. The Bash manual page should be used as the definitive reference on shell behavior. * Menu: * Introduction:: An introduction to the shell. * Definitions:: Some definitions used in the rest of this manual. * Basic Shell Features:: The shell "building blocks". * Shell Builtin Commands:: Commands that are a part of the shell. * Shell Variables:: Variables used or set by Bash. * Bash Features:: Features found only in Bash. * Job Control:: A chapter describing what job control is and how Bash allows you to use it. * Using History Interactively:: Chapter dealing with history expansion rules. * Command Line Editing:: Chapter describing the command line editing features. * Installing Bash:: How to build and install Bash on your system. * Reporting Bugs:: How to report bugs in Bash. * Major Differences From The Bourne Shell:: A terse list of the differences between Bash and historical versions of /bin/sh. * Builtin Index:: Index of Bash builtin commands. * Reserved Word Index:: Index of Bash reserved words. * Variable Index:: Quick reference helps you find the variable you want. * Function Index:: Index of bindable Readline functions. * Concept Index:: General index for concepts described in this manual.  File: bashref.info, Node: Introduction, Next: Definitions, Prev: Top, Up: Top Introduction ************ * Menu: * What is Bash?:: A short description of Bash. * What is a shell?:: A brief introduction to shells.  File: bashref.info, Node: What is Bash?, Next: What is a shell?, Up: Introduction What is Bash? ============= Bash is the shell, or command language interpreter, for the GNU operating system. The name is an acronym for the `Bourne-Again SHell', a pun on Stephen Bourne, the author of the direct ancestor of the current Unix shell `/bin/sh', which appeared in the Seventh Edition Bell Labs Research version of Unix. Bash is largely compatible with `sh' and incorporates useful features from the Korn shell `ksh' and the C shell `csh'. It is intended to be a conformant implementation of the IEEE POSIX Shell and Tools specification (IEEE Working Group 1003.2). It offers functional improvements over `sh' for both interactive and programming use. While the GNU operating system provides other shells, including a version of `csh', Bash is the default shell. Like other GNU software, Bash is quite portable. It currently runs on nearly every version of Unix and a few other operating systems - independently-supported ports exist for MS-DOS, OS/2, Windows 95/98, and Windows NT.  File: bashref.info, Node: What is a shell?, Prev: What is Bash?, Up: Introduction What is a shell? ================ At its base, a shell is simply a macro processor that executes commands. A Unix shell is both a command interpreter, which provides the user interface to the rich set of GNU utilities, and a programming language, allowing these utilitites to be combined. Files containing commands can be created, and become commands themselves. These new commands have the same status as system commands in directories such as `/bin', allowing users or groups to establish custom environments. A shell allows execution of GNU commands, both synchronously and asynchronously. The shell waits for synchronous commands to complete before accepting more input; asynchronous commands continue to execute in parallel with the shell while it reads and executes additional commands. The "redirection" constructs permit fine-grained control of the input and output of those commands. Moreover, the shell allows control over the contents of commands' environments. Shells may be used interactively or non-interactively: they accept input typed from the keyboard or from a file. Shells also provide a small set of built-in commands ("builtins") implementing functionality impossible or inconvenient to obtain via separate utilities. For example, `cd', `break', `continue', and `exec') cannot be implemented outside of the shell because they directly manipulate the shell itself. The `history', `getopts', `kill', or `pwd' builtins, among others, could be implemented in separate utilities, but they are more convenient to use as builtin commands. All of the shell builtins are described in subsequent sections. While executing commands is essential, most of the power (and complexity) of shells is due to their embedded programming languages. Like any high-level language, the shell provides variables, flow control constructs, quoting, and functions. Shells offer features geared specifically for interactive use rather than to augment the programming language. These interactive features include job control, command line editing, history and aliases. Each of these features is described in this manual.  File: bashref.info, Node: Definitions, Next: Basic Shell Features, Prev: Introduction, Up: Top Definitions *********** These definitions are used throughout the remainder of this manual. `POSIX' A family of open system standards based on Unix. Bash is concerned with POSIX 1003.2, the Shell and Tools Standard. `blank' A space or tab character. `builtin' A command that is implemented internally by the shell itself, rather than by an executable program somewhere in the file system. `control operator' A `word' that performs a control function. It is a `newline' or one of the following: `||', `&&', `&', `;', `;;', `|', `(', or `)'. `exit status' The value returned by a command to its caller. `field' A unit of text that is the result of one of the shell expansions. After expansion, when executing a command, the resulting fields are used as the command name and arguments. `filename' A string of characters used to identify a file. `job' A set of processes comprising a pipeline, and any processes descended from it, that are all in the same process group. `job control' A mechanism by which users can selectively stop (suspend) and restart (resume) execution of processes. `metacharacter' A character that, when unquoted, separates words. A metacharacter is a `blank' or one of the following characters: `|', `&', `;', `(', `)', `<', or `>'. `name' A `word' consisting solely of letters, numbers, and underscores, and beginning with a letter or underscore. `Name's are used as shell variable and function names. Also referred to as an `identifier'. `operator' A `control operator' or a `redirection operator'. *Note Redirections::, for a list of redirection operators. `process group' A collection of related processes each having the same process group ID. `process group ID' A unique identifer that represents a `process group' during its lifetime. `reserved word' A `word' that has a special meaning to the shell. Most reserved words introduce shell flow control constructs, such as `for' and `while'. `return status' A synonym for `exit status'. `signal' A mechanism by which a process may be notified by the kernel of an event occurring in the system. `special builtin' A shell builtin command that has been classified as special by the POSIX 1003.2 standard. `token' A sequence of characters considered a single unit by the shell. It is either a `word' or an `operator'. `word' A `token' that is not an `operator'.  File: bashref.info, Node: Basic Shell Features, Next: Shell Builtin Commands, Prev: Definitions, Up: Top Basic Shell Features ******************** Bash is an acronym for `Bourne-Again SHell'. The Bourne shell is the traditional Unix shell originally written by Stephen Bourne. All of the Bourne shell builtin commands are available in Bash, and the rules for evaluation and quoting are taken from the POSIX 1003.2 specification for the `standard' Unix shell. This chapter briefly summarizes the shell's `building blocks': commands, control structures, shell functions, shell parameters, shell expansions, redirections, which are a way to direct input and output from and to named files, and how the shell executes commands. * Menu: * Shell Syntax:: What your input means to the shell. * Shell Commands:: The types of commands you can use. * Shell Functions:: Grouping commands by name. * Shell Parameters:: Special shell variables. * Shell Expansions:: How Bash expands variables and the various expansions available. * Redirections:: A way to control where input and output go. * Executing Commands:: What happens when you run a command. * Shell Scripts:: Executing files of shell commands.  File: bashref.info, Node: Shell Syntax, Next: Shell Commands, Up: Basic Shell Features Shell Syntax ============ * Menu: * Shell Operation:: The basic operation of the shell. * Quoting:: How to remove the special meaning from characters. * Comments:: How to specify comments. When the shell reads input, it proceeds through a sequence of operations. If the input indicates the beginning of a comment, the shell ignores the comment symbol (`#'), and the rest of that line. Otherwise, roughly speaking, the shell reads its input and divides the input into words and operators, employing the quoting rules to select which meanings to assign various words and characters. The shell then parses these tokens into commands and other constructs, removes the special meaning of certain words or characters, expands others, redirects input and output as needed, executes the specified command, waits for the command's exit status, and makes that exit status available for further inspection or processing.  File: bashref.info, Node: Shell Operation, Next: Quoting, Up: Shell Syntax Shell Operation --------------- The following is a brief description of the shell's operation when it reads and executes a command. Basically, the shell does the following: 1. Reads its input from a file (*note Shell Scripts::), from a string supplied as an argument to the `-c' invocation option (*note Invoking Bash::), or from the user's terminal. 2. Breaks the input into words and operators, obeying the quoting rules described in *Note Quoting::. These tokens are separated by `metacharacters'. Alias expansion is performed by this step (*note Aliases::). 3. Parses the tokens into simple and compound commands (*note Shell Commands::). 4. Performs the various shell expansions (*note Shell Expansions::), breaking the expanded tokens into lists of filenames (*note Filename Expansion::) and commands and arguments. 5. Performs any necessary redirections (*note Redirections::) and removes the redirection operators and their operands from the argument list. 6. Executes the command (*note Executing Commands::). 7. Optionally waits for the command to complete and collects its exit status (*note Exit Status::).  File: bashref.info, Node: Quoting, Next: Comments, Prev: Shell Operation, Up: Shell Syntax Quoting ------- * Menu: * Escape Character:: How to remove the special meaning from a single character. * Single Quotes:: How to inhibit all interpretation of a sequence of characters. * Double Quotes:: How to suppress most of the interpretation of a sequence of characters. * ANSI-C Quoting:: How to expand ANSI-C sequences in quoted strings. * Locale Translation:: How to translate strings into different languages. Quoting is used to remove the special meaning of certain characters or words to the shell. Quoting can be used to disable special treatment for special characters, to prevent reserved words from being recognized as such, and to prevent parameter expansion. Each of the shell metacharacters (*note Definitions::) has special meaning to the shell and must be quoted if it is to represent itself. When the command history expansion facilities are being used, the HISTORY EXPANSION character, usually `!', must be quoted to prevent history expansion. *Note Bash History Facilities::, for more details concerning history expansion. There are three quoting mechanisms: the ESCAPE CHARACTER, single quotes, and double quotes.  File: bashref.info, Node: Escape Character, Next: Single Quotes, Up: Quoting Escape Character ................ A non-quoted backslash `\' is the Bash escape character. It preserves the literal value of the next character that follows, with the exception of `newline'. If a `\newline' pair appears, and the backslash itself is not quoted, the `\newline' is treated as a line continuation (that is, it is removed from the input stream and effectively ignored).  File: bashref.info, Node: Single Quotes, Next: Double Quotes, Prev: Escape Character, Up: Quoting Single Quotes ............. Enclosing characters in single quotes (`'') preserves the literal value of each character within the quotes. A single quote may not occur between single quotes, even when preceded by a backslash.  File: bashref.info, Node: Double Quotes, Next: ANSI-C Quoting, Prev: Single Quotes, Up: Quoting Double Quotes ............. Enclosing characters in double quotes (`"') preserves the literal value of all characters within the quotes, with the exception of `$', ``', and `\'. The characters `$' and ``' retain their special meaning within double quotes (*note Shell Expansions::). The backslash retains its special meaning only when followed by one of the following characters: `$', ``', `"', `\', or `newline'. Within double quotes, backslashes that are followed by one of these characters are removed. Backslashes preceding characters without a special meaning are left unmodified. A double quote may be quoted within double quotes by preceding it with a backslash. The special parameters `*' and `@' have special meaning when in double quotes (*note Shell Parameter Expansion::).  File: bashref.info, Node: ANSI-C Quoting, Next: Locale Translation, Prev: Double Quotes, Up: Quoting ANSI-C Quoting .............. Words of the form `$'STRING'' are treated specially. The word expands to STRING, with backslash-escaped characters replaced as specified by the ANSI C standard. Backslash escape sequences, if present, are decoded as follows: `\a' alert (bell) `\b' backspace `\e' an escape character (not ANSI C) `\f' form feed `\n' newline `\r' carriage return `\t' horizontal tab `\v' vertical tab `\\' backslash `\'' single quote `\NNN' the character whose `ASCII' code is the octal value NNN (one to three digits) `\xNNN' the character whose `ASCII' code is the hexadecimal value NNN (one to three digits) The expanded result is single-quoted, as if the dollar sign had not been present.  File: bashref.info, Node: Locale Translation, Prev: ANSI-C Quoting, Up: Quoting Locale-Specific Translation ........................... A double-quoted string preceded by a dollar sign (`$') will cause the string to be translated according to the current locale. If the current locale is `C' or `POSIX', the dollar sign is ignored. If the string is translated and replaced, the replacement is double-quoted. Some systems use the message catalog selected by the `LC_MESSAGES' shell variable. Others create the name of the message catalog from the value of the `TEXTDOMAIN' shell variable, possibly adding a suffix of `.mo'. If you use the `TEXTDOMAIN' variable, you may need to set the `TEXTDOMAINDIR' variable to the location of the message catalog files.  File: bashref.info, Node: Comments, Prev: Quoting, Up: Shell Syntax Comments -------- In a non-interactive shell, or an interactive shell in which the `interactive_comments' option to the `shopt' builtin is enabled (*note Bash Builtins::), a word beginning with `#' causes that word and all remaining characters on that line to be ignored. An interactive shell without the `interactive_comments' option enabled does not allow comments. The `interactive_comments' option is on by default in interactive shells. *Note Interactive Shells::, for a description of what makes a shell interactive.  File: bashref.info, Node: Shell Commands, Next: Shell Functions, Prev: Shell Syntax, Up: Basic Shell Features Shell Commands ============== A simple shell command such as `echo a b c' consists of the command itself followed by arguments, separated by spaces. More complex shell commands are composed of simple commands arranged together in a variety of ways: in a pipeline in which the output of one command becomes the input of a second, in a loop or conditional construct, or in some other grouping. * Menu: * Simple Commands:: The most common type of command. * Pipelines:: Connecting the input and output of several commands. * Lists:: How to execute commands sequentially. * Looping Constructs:: Shell commands for iterative action. * Conditional Constructs:: Shell commands for conditional execution. * Command Grouping:: Ways to group commands.  File: bashref.info, Node: Simple Commands, Next: Pipelines, Up: Shell Commands Simple Commands --------------- A simple command is the kind of command encountered most often. It's just a sequence of words separated by `blank's, terminated by one of the shell's control operators (*note Definitions::). The first word generally specifies a command to be executed, with the rest of the words being that command's arguments. The return status (*note Exit Status::) of a simple command is its exit status as provided by the POSIX 1003.1 `waitpid' function, or 128+N if the command was terminated by signal N.  File: bashref.info, Node: Pipelines, Next: Lists, Prev: Simple Commands, Up: Shell Commands Pipelines --------- A `pipeline' is a sequence of simple commands separated by `|'. The format for a pipeline is [`time' [`-p']] [`!'] COMMAND1 [`|' COMMAND2 ...] The output of each command in the pipeline is connected to the input of the next command. That is, each command reads the previous command's output. The reserved word `time' causes timing statistics to be printed for the pipeline once it finishes. The statistics currently consist of elapsed (wall-clock) time and user and system time consumed by the command's execution. The `-p' option changes the output format to that specified by POSIX. The `TIMEFORMAT' variable may be set to a format string that specifies how the timing information should be displayed. *Note Bash Variables::, for a description of the available formats. The use of `time' as a reserved word permits the timing of shell builtins, shell functions, and pipelines. An external `time' command cannot time these easily. If the pipeline is not executed asynchronously (*note Lists::), the shell waits for all commands in the pipeline to complete. Each command in a pipeline is executed in its own subshell (*note Command Execution Environment::). The exit status of a pipeline is the exit status of the last command in the pipeline. If the reserved word `!' precedes the pipeline, the exit status is the logical negation of the exit status of the last command.  File: bashref.info, Node: Lists, Next: Looping Constructs, Prev: Pipelines, Up: Shell Commands Lists of Commands ----------------- A `list' is a sequence of one or more pipelines separated by one of the operators `;', `&', `&&', or `||', and optionally terminated by one of `;', `&', or a `newline'. Of these list operators, `&&' and `||' have equal precedence, followed by `;' and `&', which have equal precedence. If a command is terminated by the control operator `&', the shell executes the command asynchronously in a subshell. This is known as executing the command in the BACKGROUND. The shell does not wait for the command to finish, and the return status is 0 (true). When job control is not active (*note Job Control::), the standard input for asynchronous commands, in the absence of any explicit redirections, is redirected from `/dev/null'. Commands separated by a `;' are executed sequentially; the shell waits for each command to terminate in turn. The return status is the exit status of the last command executed. The control operators `&&' and `||' denote AND lists and OR lists, respectively. An AND list has the form COMMAND1 && COMMAND2 COMMAND2 is executed if, and only if, COMMAND1 returns an exit status of zero. An OR list has the form COMMAND1 || COMMAND2 COMMAND2 is executed if, and only if, COMMAND1 returns a non-zero exit status. The return status of AND and OR lists is the exit status of the last command executed in the list.  File: bashref.info, Node: Looping Constructs, Next: Conditional Constructs, Prev: Lists, Up: Shell Commands Looping Constructs ------------------ Bash supports the following looping constructs. Note that wherever a `;' appears in the description of a command's syntax, it may be replaced with one or more newlines. `until' The syntax of the `until' command is: until TEST-COMMANDS; do CONSEQUENT-COMMANDS; done Execute CONSEQUENT-COMMANDS as long as TEST-COMMANDS has an exit status which is not zero. The return status is the exit status of the last command executed in CONSEQUENT-COMMANDS, or zero if none was executed. `while' The syntax of the `while' command is: while TEST-COMMANDS; do CONSEQUENT-COMMANDS; done Execute CONSEQUENT-COMMANDS as long as TEST-COMMANDS has an exit status of zero. The return status is the exit status of the last command executed in CONSEQUENT-COMMANDS, or zero if none was executed. `for' The syntax of the `for' command is: for NAME [in WORDS ...]; do COMMANDS; done Expand WORDS, and execute COMMANDS once for each member in the resultant list, with NAME bound to the current member. If `in WORDS' is not present, the `for' command executes the COMMANDS once for each positional parameter that is set, as if `in "$@"' had been specified (*note Special Parameters::). The return status is the exit status of the last command that executes. If there are no items in the expansion of WORDS, no commands are executed, and the return status is zero. An alternate form of the `for' command is also supported: for (( EXPR1 ; EXPR2 ; EXPR3 )) ; do COMMANDS ; done First, the arithmetic expression EXPR1 is evaluated according to the rules described below (*note Shell Arithmetic::). The arithmetic expression EXPR2 is then evaluated repeatedly until it evaluates to zero. Each time EXPR2 evaluates to a non-zero value, COMMANDS are executed and the arithmetic expression EXPR3 is evaluated. If any expression is omitted, it behaves as if it evaluates to 1. The return value is the exit status of the last command in LIST that is executed, or false if any of the expressions is invalid. The `break' and `continue' builtins (*note Bourne Shell Builtins::) may be used to control loop execution.  File: bashref.info, Node: Conditional Constructs, Next: Command Grouping, Prev: Looping Constructs, Up: Shell Commands Conditional Constructs ---------------------- `if' The syntax of the `if' command is: if TEST-COMMANDS; then CONSEQUENT-COMMANDS; [elif MORE-TEST-COMMANDS; then MORE-CONSEQUENTS;] [else ALTERNATE-CONSEQUENTS;] fi The TEST-COMMANDS list is executed, and if its return status is zero, the CONSEQUENT-COMMANDS list is executed. If TEST-COMMANDS returns a non-zero status, each `elif' list is executed in turn, and if its exit status is zero, the corresponding MORE-CONSEQUENTS is executed and the command completes. If `else ALTERNATE-CONSEQUENTS' is present, and the final command in the final `if' or `elif' clause has a non-zero exit status, then ALTERNATE-CONSEQUENTS is executed. The return status is the exit status of the last command executed, or zero if no condition tested true. `case' The syntax of the `case' command is: `case WORD in [ [(] PATTERN [| PATTERN]...) COMMAND-LIST ;;]... esac' `case' will selectively execute the COMMAND-LIST corresponding to the first PATTERN that matches WORD. The `|' is used to separate multiple patterns, and the `)' operator terminates a pattern list. A list of patterns and an associated command-list is known as a CLAUSE. Each clause must be terminated with `;;'. The WORD undergoes tilde expansion, parameter expansion, command substitution, arithmetic expansion, and quote removal before matching is attempted. Each PATTERN undergoes tilde expansion, parameter expansion, command substitution, and arithmetic expansion. There may be an arbitrary number of `case' clauses, each terminated by a `;;'. The first pattern that matches determines the command-list that is executed. Here is an example using `case' in a script that could be used to describe one interesting feature of an animal: echo -n "Enter the name of an animal: " read ANIMAL echo -n "The $ANIMAL has " case $ANIMAL in horse | dog | cat) echo -n "four";; man | kangaroo ) echo -n "two";; *) echo -n "an unknown number of";; esac echo " legs." The return status is zero if no PATTERN is matched. Otherwise, the return status is the exit status of the COMMAND-LIST executed. `select' The `select' construct allows the easy generation of menus. It has almost the same syntax as the `for' command: select NAME [in WORDS ...]; do COMMANDS; done The list of words following `in' is expanded, generating a list of items. The set of expanded words is printed on the standard error output stream, each preceded by a number. If the `in WORDS' is omitted, the positional parameters are printed, as if `in "$@"' had been specifed. The `PS3' prompt is then displayed and a line is read from the standard input. If the line consists of a number corresponding to one of the displayed words, then the value of NAME is set to that word. If the line is empty, the words and prompt are displayed again. If `EOF' is read, the `select' command completes. Any other value read causes NAME to be set to null. The line read is saved in the variable `REPLY'. The COMMANDS are executed after each selection until a `break' or `return' command is executed, at which point the `select' command completes. Here is an example that allows the user to pick a filename from the current directory, and displays the name and index of the file selected. select fname in *; do echo you picked $fname \($REPLY\) break; done `((...))' (( EXPRESSION )) The arithmetic EXPRESSION is evaluated according to the rules described below (*note Shell Arithmetic::). If the value of the expression is non-zero, the return status is 0; otherwise the return status is 1. This is exactly equivalent to let "EXPRESSION" *Note Bash Builtins::, for a full description of the `let' builtin. `[[...]]' [[ EXPRESSION ]] Return a status of 0 or 1 depending on the evaluation of the conditional expression EXPRESSION. Expressions are composed of the primaries described below in *Note Bash Conditional Expressions::. Word splitting and filename expansion are not performed on the words between the `[[' and `]]'; tilde expansion, parameter and variable expansion, arithmetic expansion, command substitution, process substitution, and quote removal are performed. When the `==' and `!=' operators are used, the string to the right of the operator is considered a pattern and matched according to the rules described below in *Note Pattern Matching::. The return value is 0 if the string matches or does not match the pattern, respectively, and 1 otherwise. Any part of the pattern may be quoted to force it to be matched as a string. Expressions may be combined using the following operators, listed in decreasing order of precedence: `( EXPRESSION )' Returns the value of EXPRESSION. This may be used to override the normal precedence of operators. `! EXPRESSION' True if EXPRESSION is false. `EXPRESSION1 && EXPRESSION2' True if both EXPRESSION1 and EXPRESSION2 are true. `EXPRESSION1 || EXPRESSION2' True if either EXPRESSION1 or EXPRESSION2 is true. The `&&' and `||' commands do not execute EXPRESSION2 if the value of EXPRESSION1 is sufficient to determine the return value of the entire conditional expression.  File: bashref.info, Node: Command Grouping, Prev: Conditional Constructs, Up: Shell Commands Grouping Commands ----------------- Bash provides two ways to group a list of commands to be executed as a unit. When commands are grouped, redirections may be applied to the entire command list. For example, the output of all the commands in the list may be redirected to a single stream. `()' ( LIST ) Placing a list of commands between parentheses causes a subshell to be created, and each of the commands in LIST to be executed in that subshell. Since the LIST is executed in a subshell, variable assignments do not remain in effect after the subshell completes. `{}' { LIST; } Placing a list of commands between curly braces causes the list to be executed in the current shell context. No subshell is created. The semicolon (or newline) following LIST is required. In addition to the creation of a subshell, there is a subtle difference between these two constructs due to historical reasons. The braces are `reserved words', so they must be separated from the LIST by `blank's. The parentheses are `operators', and are recognized as separate tokens by the shell even if they are not separated from the LIST by whitespace. The exit status of both of these constructs is the exit status of LIST.  File: bashref.info, Node: Shell Functions, Next: Shell Parameters, Prev: Shell Commands, Up: Basic Shell Features Shell Functions =============== Shell functions are a way to group commands for later execution using a single name for the group. They are executed just like a "regular" command. When the name of a shell function is used as a simple command name, the list of commands associated with that function name is executed. Shell functions are executed in the current shell context; no new process is created to interpret them. Functions are declared using this syntax: [ `function' ] NAME () { COMMAND-LIST; } This defines a shell function named NAME. The reserved word `function' is optional. If the `function' reserved word is supplied, the parentheses are optional. The BODY of the function is the COMMAND-LIST between { and }. This list is executed whenever NAME is specified as the name of a command. The exit status of a function is the exit status of the last command executed in the body. Note that for historical reasons, the curly braces that surround the body of the function must be separated from the body by `blank's or newlines. This is because the braces are reserved words and are only recognized as such when they are separated by whitespace. Also, the COMMAND-LIST must be terminated with a semicolon or a newline. When a function is executed, the arguments to the function become the positional parameters during its execution (*note Positional Parameters::). The special parameter `#' that expands to the number of positional parameters is updated to reflect the change. Positional parameter `0' is unchanged. The `FUNCNAME' variable is set to the name of the function while the function is executing. If the builtin command `return' is executed in a function, the function completes and execution resumes with the next command after the function call. When a function completes, the values of the positional parameters and the special parameter `#' are restored to the values they had prior to the function's execution. If a numeric argument is given to `return', that is the function's return status; otherwise the functions's return status is the exit status of the last command executed before the `return'. Variables local to the function may be declared with the `local' builtin. These variables are visible only to the function and the commands it invokes. Functions may be recursive. No limit is placed on the number of recursive calls.  File: bashref.info, Node: Shell Parameters, Next: Shell Expansions, Prev: Shell Functions, Up: Basic Shell Features Shell Parameters ================ * Menu: * Positional Parameters:: The shell's command-line arguments. * Special Parameters:: Parameters with special meanings. A PARAMETER is an entity that stores values. It can be a `name', a number, or one of the special characters listed below. For the shell's purposes, a VARIABLE is a parameter denoted by a `name'. A parameter is set if it has been assigned a value. The null string is a valid value. Once a variable is set, it may be unset only by using the `unset' builtin command. A variable may be assigned to by a statement of the form NAME=[VALUE] If VALUE is not given, the variable is assigned the null string. All VALUEs undergo tilde expansion, parameter and variable expansion, command substitution, arithmetic expansion, and quote removal (detailed below). If the variable has its `integer' attribute set (see the description of the `declare' builtin in *Note Bash Builtins::), then VALUE is subject to arithmetic expansion even if the `$((...))' expansion is not used (*note Arithmetic Expansion::). Word splitting is not performed, with the exception of `"$@"' as explained below. Filename expansion is not performed.  File: bashref.info, Node: Positional Parameters, Next: Special Parameters, Up: Shell Parameters Positional Parameters --------------------- A POSITIONAL PARAMETER is a parameter denoted by one or more digits, other than the single digit `0'. Positional parameters are assigned from the shell's arguments when it is invoked, and may be reassigned using the `set' builtin command. Positional parameter `N' may be referenced as `${N}', or as `$N' when `N' consists of a single digit. Positional parameters may not be assigned to with assignment statements. The `set' and `shift' builtins are used to set and unset them (*note Shell Builtin Commands::). The positional parameters are temporarily replaced when a shell function is executed (*note Shell Functions::). When a positional parameter consisting of more than a single digit is expanded, it must be enclosed in braces.  File: bashref.info, Node: Special Parameters, Prev: Positional Parameters, Up: Shell Parameters Special Parameters ------------------ The shell treats several parameters specially. These parameters may only be referenced; assignment to them is not allowed. `*' Expands to the positional parameters, starting from one. When the expansion occurs within double quotes, it expands to a single word with the value of each parameter separated by the first character of the `IFS' special variable. That is, `"$*"' is equivalent to `"$1C$2C..."', where C is the first character of the value of the `IFS' variable. If `IFS' is unset, the parameters are separated by spaces. If `IFS' is null, the parameters are joined without intervening separators. `@' Expands to the positional parameters, starting from one. When the expansion occurs within double quotes, each parameter expands to a separate word. That is, `"$@"' is equivalent to `"$1" "$2" ...'. When there are no positional parameters, `"$@"' and `$@' expand to nothing (i.e., they are removed). `#' Expands to the number of positional parameters in decimal. `?' Expands to the exit status of the most recently executed foreground pipeline. `-' (A hyphen.) Expands to the current option flags as specified upon invocation, by the `set' builtin command, or those set by the shell itself (such as the `-i' option). `$' Expands to the process ID of the shell. In a `()' subshell, it expands to the process ID of the invoking shell, not the subshell. `!' Expands to the process ID of the most recently executed background (asynchronous) command. `0' Expands to the name of the shell or shell script. This is set at shell initialization. If Bash is invoked with a file of commands (*note Shell Scripts::), `$0' is set to the name of that file. If Bash is started with the `-c' option (*note Invoking Bash::), then `$0' is set to the first argument after the string to be executed, if one is present. Otherwise, it is set to the filename used to invoke Bash, as given by argument zero. `_' (An underscore.) At shell startup, set to the absolute filename of the shell or shell script being executed as passed in the argument list. Subsequently, expands to the last argument to the previous command, after expansion. Also set to the full pathname of each command executed and placed in the environment exported to that command. When checking mail, this parameter holds the name of the mail file.  File: bashref.info, Node: Shell Expansions, Next: Redirections, Prev: Shell Parameters, Up: Basic Shell Features Shell Expansions ================ Expansion is performed on the command line after it has been split into `token's. There are seven kinds of expansion performed: * brace expansion * tilde expansion * parameter and variable expansion * command substitution * arithmetic expansion * word splitting * filename expansion * Menu: * Brace Expansion:: Expansion of expressions within braces. * Tilde Expansion:: Expansion of the ~ character. * Shell Parameter Expansion:: How Bash expands variables to their values. * Command Substitution:: Using the output of a command as an argument. * Arithmetic Expansion:: How to use arithmetic in shell expansions. * Process Substitution:: A way to write and read to and from a command. * Word Splitting:: How the results of expansion are split into separate arguments. * Filename Expansion:: A shorthand for specifying filenames matching patterns. * Quote Removal:: How and when quote characters are removed from words. The order of expansions is: brace expansion, tilde expansion, parameter, variable, and arithmetic expansion and command substitution (done in a left-to-right fashion), word splitting, and filename expansion. On systems that can support it, there is an additional expansion available: PROCESS SUBSTITUTION. This is performed at the same time as parameter, variable, and arithmetic expansion and command substitution. Only brace expansion, word splitting, and filename expansion can change the number of words of the expansion; other expansions expand a single word to a single word. The only exceptions to this are the expansions of `"$@"' (*note Special Parameters::) and `"${NAME[@]}"' (*note Arrays::). After all expansions, `quote removal' (*note Quote Removal::) is performed.  File: bashref.info, Node: Brace Expansion, Next: Tilde Expansion, Up: Shell Expansions Brace Expansion --------------- Brace expansion is a mechanism by which arbitrary strings may be generated. This mechanism is similar to FILENAME EXPANSION (*note Filename Expansion::), but the file names generated need not exist. Patterns to be brace expanded take the form of an optional PREAMBLE, followed by a series of comma-separated strings between a pair of braces, followed by an optional POSTSCRIPT. The preamble is prefixed to each string contained within the braces, and the postscript is then appended to each resulting string, expanding left to right. Brace expansions may be nested. The results of each expanded string are not sorted; left to right order is preserved. For example, bash$ echo a{d,c,b}e ade ace abe Brace expansion is performed before any other expansions, and any characters special to other expansions are preserved in the result. It is strictly textual. Bash does not apply any syntactic interpretation to the context of the expansion or the text between the braces. To avoid conflicts with parameter expansion, the string `${' is not considered eligible for brace expansion. A correctly-formed brace expansion must contain unquoted opening and closing braces, and at least one unquoted comma. Any incorrectly formed brace expansion is left unchanged. This construct is typically used as shorthand when the common prefix of the strings to be generated is longer than in the above example: mkdir /usr/local/src/bash/{old,new,dist,bugs} or chown root /usr/{ucb/{ex,edit},lib/{ex?.?*,how_ex}}  File: bashref.info, Node: Tilde Expansion, Next: Shell Parameter Expansion, Prev: Brace Expansion, Up: Shell Expansions Tilde Expansion --------------- If a word begins with an unquoted tilde character (`~'), all of the characters up to the first unquoted slash (or all characters, if there is no unquoted slash) are considered a TILDE-PREFIX. If none of the characters in the tilde-prefix are quoted, the characters in the tilde-prefix following the tilde are treated as a possible LOGIN NAME. If this login name is the null string, the tilde is replaced with the value of the `HOME' shell variable. If `HOME' is unset, the home directory of the user executing the shell is substituted instead. Otherwise, the tilde-prefix is replaced with the home directory associated with the specified login name. If the tilde-prefix is `~+', the value of the shell variable `PWD' replaces the tilde-prefix. If the tilde-prefix is `~-', the value of the shell variable `OLDPWD', if it is set, is substituted. If the characters following the tilde in the tilde-prefix consist of a number N, optionally prefixed by a `+' or a `-', the tilde-prefix is replaced with the corresponding element from the directory stack, as it would be displayed by the `dirs' builtin invoked with the characters following tilde in the tilde-prefix as an argument (*note The Directory Stack::). If the tilde-prefix, sans the tilde, consists of a number without a leading `+' or `-', `+' is assumed. If the login name is invalid, or the tilde expansion fails, the word is left unchanged. Each variable assignment is checked for unquoted tilde-prefixes immediately following a `:' or `='. In these cases, tilde expansion is also performed. Consequently, one may use file names with tildes in assignments to `PATH', `MAILPATH', and `CDPATH', and the shell assigns the expanded value. The following table shows how Bash treats unquoted tilde-prefixes: `~' The value of `$HOME' `~/foo' `$HOME/foo' `~fred/foo' The subdirectory `foo' of the home directory of the user `fred' `~+/foo' `$PWD/foo' `~-/foo' `${OLDPWD-'~-'}/foo' `~N' The string that would be displayed by `dirs +N' `~+N' The string that would be displayed by `dirs +N' `~-N' The string that would be displayed by `dirs -N'  File: bashref.info, Node: Shell Parameter Expansion, Next: Command Substitution, Prev: Tilde Expansion, Up: Shell Expansions Shell Parameter Expansion ------------------------- The `$' character introduces parameter expansion, command substitution, or arithmetic expansion. The parameter name or symbol to be expanded may be enclosed in braces, which are optional but serve to protect the variable to be expanded from characters immediately following it which could be interpreted as part of the name. When braces are used, the matching ending brace is the first `}' not escaped by a backslash or within a quoted string, and not within an embedded arithmetic expansion, command substitution, or parameter expansion. The basic form of parameter expansion is ${PARAMETER}. The value of PARAMETER is substituted. The braces are required when PARAMETER is a positional parameter with more than one digit, or when PARAMETER is followed by a character that is not to be interpreted as part of its name. If the first character of PARAMETER is an exclamation point, a level of variable indirection is introduced. Bash uses the value of the variable formed from the rest of PARAMETER as the name of the variable; this variable is then expanded and that value is used in the rest of the substitution, rather than the value of PARAMETER itself. This is known as `indirect expansion'. The exception to this is the expansion of ${!PREFIX*} described below. In each of the cases below, WORD is subject to tilde expansion, parameter expansion, command substitution, and arithmetic expansion. When not performing substring expansion, Bash tests for a parameter that is unset or null; omitting the colon results in a test only for a parameter that is unset. Put another way, if the colon is included, the operator tests for both existence and that the value is not null; if the colon is omitted, the operator tests only for existence. `${PARAMETER:-WORD}' If PARAMETER is unset or null, the expansion of WORD is substituted. Otherwise, the value of PARAMETER is substituted. `${PARAMETER:=WORD}' If PARAMETER is unset or null, the expansion of WORD is assigned to PARAMETER. The value of PARAMETER is then substituted. Positional parameters and special parameters may not be assigned to in this way. `${PARAMETER:?WORD}' If PARAMETER is null or unset, the expansion of WORD (or a message to that effect if WORD is not present) is written to the standard error and the shell, if it is not interactive, exits. Otherwise, the value of PARAMETER is substituted. `${PARAMETER:+WORD}' If PARAMETER is null or unset, nothing is substituted, otherwise the expansion of WORD is substituted. `${PARAMETER:OFFSET}' `${PARAMETER:OFFSET:LENGTH}' Expands to up to LENGTH characters of PARAMETER starting at the character specified by OFFSET. If LENGTH is omitted, expands to the substring of PARAMETER starting at the character specified by OFFSET. LENGTH and OFFSET are arithmetic expressions (*note Shell Arithmetic::). This is referred to as Substring Expansion. LENGTH must evaluate to a number greater than or equal to zero. If OFFSET evaluates to a number less than zero, the value is used as an offset from the end of the value of PARAMETER. If PARAMETER is `@', the result is LENGTH positional parameters beginning at OFFSET. If PARAMETER is an array name indexed by `@' or `*', the result is the LENGTH members of the array beginning with `${PARAMETER[OFFSET]}'. Substring indexing is zero-based unless the positional parameters are used, in which case the indexing starts at 1. `${!PREFIX*}' Expands to the names of variables whose names begin with PREFIX, separated by the first character of the `IFS' special variable. `${#PARAMETER}' The length in characters of the expanded value of PARAMETER is substituted. If PARAMETER is `*' or `@', the value substituted is the number of positional parameters. If PARAMETER is an array name subscripted by `*' or `@', the value substituted is the number of elements in the array. `${PARAMETER#WORD}' `${PARAMETER##WORD}' The WORD is expanded to produce a pattern just as in filename expansion (*note Filename Expansion::). If the pattern matches the beginning of the expanded value of PARAMETER, then the result of the expansion is the expanded value of PARAMETER with the shortest matching pattern (the `#' case) or the longest matching pattern (the `##' case) deleted. If PARAMETER is `@' or `*', the pattern removal operation is applied to each positional parameter in turn, and the expansion is the resultant list. If PARAMETER is an array variable subscripted with `@' or `*', the pattern removal operation is applied to each member of the array in turn, and the expansion is the resultant list. `${PARAMETER%WORD}' `${PARAMETER%%WORD}' The WORD is expanded to produce a pattern just as in filename expansion. If the pattern matches a trailing portion of the expanded value of PARAMETER, then the result of the expansion is the value of PARAMETER with the shortest matching pattern (the `%' case) or the longest matching pattern (the `%%' case) deleted. If PARAMETER is `@' or `*', the pattern removal operation is applied to each positional parameter in turn, and the expansion is the resultant list. If PARAMETER is an array variable subscripted with `@' or `*', the pattern removal operation is applied to each member of the array in turn, and the expansion is the resultant list. `${PARAMETER/PATTERN/STRING}' `${PARAMETER//PATTERN/STRING}' The PATTERN is expanded to produce a pattern just as in filename expansion. PARAMETER is expanded and the longest match of PATTERN against its value is replaced with STRING. In the first form, only the first match is replaced. The second form causes all matches of PATTERN to be replaced with STRING. If PATTERN begins with `#', it must match at the beginning of the expanded value of PARAMETER. If PATTERN begins with `%', it must match at the end of the expanded value of PARAMETER. If STRING is null, matches of PATTERN are deleted and the `/' following PATTERN may be omitted. If PARAMETER is `@' or `*', the substitution operation is applied to each positional parameter in turn, and the expansion is the resultant list. If PARAMETER is an array variable subscripted with `@' or `*', the substitution operation is applied to each member of the array in turn, and the expansion is the resultant list.  File: bashref.info, Node: Command Substitution, Next: Arithmetic Expansion, Prev: Shell Parameter Expansion, Up: Shell Expansions Command Substitution -------------------- Command substitution allows the output of a command to replace the command itself. Command substitution occurs when a command is enclosed as follows: $(COMMAND) or `COMMAND` Bash performs the expansion by executing COMMAND and replacing the command substitution with the standard output of the command, with any trailing newlines deleted. Embedded newlines are not deleted, but they may be removed during word splitting. The command substitution `$(cat FILE)' can be replaced by the equivalent but faster `$(< FILE)'. When the old-style backquote form of substitution is used, backslash retains its literal meaning except when followed by `$', ``', or `\'. The first backquote not preceded by a backslash terminates the command substitution. When using the `$(COMMAND)' form, all characters between the parentheses make up the command; none are treated specially. Command substitutions may be nested. To nest when using the backquoted form, escape the inner backquotes with backslashes. If the substitution appears within double quotes, word splitting and filename expansion are not performed on the results.  File: bashref.info, Node: Arithmetic Expansion, Next: Process Substitution, Prev: Command Substitution, Up: Shell Expansions Arithmetic Expansion -------------------- Arithmetic expansion allows the evaluation of an arithmetic expression and the substitution of the result. The format for arithmetic expansion is: $(( EXPRESSION )) The expression is treated as if it were within double quotes, but a double quote inside the parentheses is not treated specially. All tokens in the expression undergo parameter expansion, command substitution, and quote removal. Arithmetic substitutions may be nested. The evaluation is performed according to the rules listed below (*note Shell Arithmetic::). If the expression is invalid, Bash prints a message indicating failure to the standard error and no substitution occurs.  File: bashref.info, Node: Process Substitution, Next: Word Splitting, Prev: Arithmetic Expansion, Up: Shell Expansions Process Substitution -------------------- Process substitution is supported on systems that support named pipes (FIFOs) or the `/dev/fd' method of naming open files. It takes the form of <(LIST) or >(LIST) The process LIST is run with its input or output connected to a FIFO or some file in `/dev/fd'. The name of this file is passed as an argument to the current command as the result of the expansion. If the `>(LIST)' form is used, writing to the file will provide input for LIST. If the `<(LIST)' form is used, the file passed as an argument should be read to obtain the output of LIST. Note that no space may appear between the `<' or `>' and the left parenthesis, otherwise the construct would be interpreted as a redirection. When available, process substitution is performed simultaneously with parameter and variable expansion, command substitution, and arithmetic expansion.  File: bashref.info, Node: Word Splitting, Next: Filename Expansion, Prev: Process Substitution, Up: Shell Expansions Word Splitting -------------- The shell scans the results of parameter expansion, command substitution, and arithmetic expansion that did not occur within double quotes for word splitting. The shell treats each character of `$IFS' as a delimiter, and splits the results of the other expansions into words on these characters. If `IFS' is unset, or its value is exactly `', the default, then any sequence of `IFS' characters serves to delimit words. If `IFS' has a value other than the default, then sequences of the whitespace characters `space' and `tab' are ignored at the beginning and end of the word, as long as the whitespace character is in the value of `IFS' (an `IFS' whitespace character). Any character in `IFS' that is not `IFS' whitespace, along with any adjacent `IFS' whitespace characters, delimits a field. A sequence of `IFS' whitespace characters is also treated as a delimiter. If the value of `IFS' is null, no word splitting occurs. Explicit null arguments (`""' or `''') are retained. Unquoted implicit null arguments, resulting from the expansion of parameters that have no values, are removed. If a parameter with no value is expanded within double quotes, a null argument results and is retained. Note that if no expansion occurs, no splitting is performed.  File: bashref.info, Node: Filename Expansion, Next: Quote Removal, Prev: Word Splitting, Up: Shell Expansions Filename Expansion ------------------ * Menu: * Pattern Matching:: How the shell matches patterns. After word splitting, unless the `-f' option has been set (*note The Set Builtin::), Bash scans each word for the characters `*', `?', and `['. If one of these characters appears, then the word is regarded as a PATTERN, and replaced with an alphabetically sorted list of file names matching the pattern. If no matching file names are found, and the shell option `nullglob' is disabled, the word is left unchanged. If the `nullglob' option is set, and no matches are found, the word is removed. If the shell option `nocaseglob' is enabled, the match is performed without regard to the case of alphabetic characters. When a pattern is used for filename generation, the character `.' at the start of a filename or immediately following a slash must be matched explicitly, unless the shell option `dotglob' is set. When matching a file name, the slash character must always be matched explicitly. In other cases, the `.' character is not treated specially. See the description of `shopt' in *Note Bash Builtins::, for a description of the `nocaseglob', `nullglob', and `dotglob' options. The `GLOBIGNORE' shell variable may be used to restrict the set of filenames matching a pattern. If `GLOBIGNORE' is set, each matching filename that also matches one of the patterns in `GLOBIGNORE' is removed from the list of matches. The filenames `.' and `..' are always ignored, even when `GLOBIGNORE' is set. However, setting `GLOBIGNORE' has the effect of enabling the `dotglob' shell option, so all other filenames beginning with a `.' will match. To get the old behavior of ignoring filenames beginning with a `.', make `.*' one of the patterns in `GLOBIGNORE'. The `dotglob' option is disabled when `GLOBIGNORE' is unset.  File: bashref.info, Node: Pattern Matching, Up: Filename Expansion Pattern Matching ................ Any character that appears in a pattern, other than the special pattern characters described below, matches itself. The NUL character may not occur in a pattern. The special pattern characters must be quoted if they are to be matched literally. The special pattern characters have the following meanings: `*' Matches any string, including the null string. `?' Matches any single character. `[...]' Matches any one of the enclosed characters. A pair of characters separated by a hyphen denotes a RANGE EXPRESSION; any character that sorts between those two characters, inclusive, using the current locale's collating sequence and character set, is matched. If the first character following the `[' is a `!' or a `^' then any character not enclosed is matched. A `-' may be matched by including it as the first or last character in the set. A `]' may be matched by including it as the first character in the set. The sorting order of characters in range expressions is determined by the current locale and the value of the `LC_COLLATE' shell variable, if set. For example, in the default C locale, `[a-dx-z]' is equivalent to `[abcdxyz]'. Many locales sort characters in dictionary order, and in these locales `[a-dx-z]' is typically not equivalent to `[abcdxyz]'; it might be equivalent to `[aBbCcDdxXyYz]', for example. To obtain the traditional interpretation of ranges in bracket expressions, you can force the use of the C locale by setting the `LC_COLLATE' or `LC_ALL' environment variable to the value `C'. Within `[' and `]', CHARACTER CLASSES can be specified using the syntax `[:'CLASS`:]', where CLASS is one of the following classes defined in the POSIX 1003.2 standard: alnum alpha ascii blank cntrl digit graph lower print punct space upper xdigit A character class matches any character belonging to that class. Within `[' and `]', an EQUIVALENCE CLASS can be specified using the syntax `[='C`=]', which matches all characters with the same collation weight (as defined by the current locale) as the character C. Within `[' and `]', the syntax `[.'SYMBOL`.]' matches the collating symbol SYMBOL. If the `extglob' shell option is enabled using the `shopt' builtin, several extended pattern matching operators are recognized. In the following description, a PATTERN-LIST is a list of one or more patterns separated by a `|'. Composite patterns may be formed using one or more of the following sub-patterns: `?(PATTERN-LIST)' Matches zero or one occurrence of the given patterns. `*(PATTERN-LIST)' Matches zero or more occurrences of the given patterns. `+(PATTERN-LIST)' Matches one or more occurrences of the given patterns. `@(PATTERN-LIST)' Matches exactly one of the given patterns. `!(PATTERN-LIST)' Matches anything except one of the given patterns.  File: bashref.info, Node: Quote Removal, Prev: Filename Expansion, Up: Shell Expansions Quote Removal ------------- After the preceding expansions, all unquoted occurrences of the characters `\', `'', and `"' that did not result from one of the above expansions are removed.  File: bashref.info, Node: Redirections, Next: Executing Commands, Prev: Shell Expansions, Up: Basic Shell Features Redirections ============ Before a command is executed, its input and output may be REDIRECTED using a special notation interpreted by the shell. Redirection may also be used to open and close files for the current shell execution environment. The following redirection operators may precede or appear anywhere within a simple command or may follow a command. Redirections are processed in the order they appear, from left to right. In the following descriptions, if the file descriptor number is omitted, and the first character of the redirection operator is `<', the redirection refers to the standard input (file descriptor 0). If the first character of the redirection operator is `>', the redirection refers to the standard output (file descriptor 1). The word following the redirection operator in the following descriptions, unless otherwise noted, is subjected to brace expansion, tilde expansion, parameter expansion, command substitution, arithmetic expansion, quote removal, filename expansion, and word splitting. If it expands to more than one word, Bash reports an error. Note that the order of redirections is significant. For example, the command ls > DIRLIST 2>&1 directs both standard output (file descriptor 1) and standard error (file descriptor 2) to the file DIRLIST, while the command ls 2>&1 > DIRLIST directs only the standard output to file DIRLIST, because the standard error was duplicated as standard output before the standard output was redirected to DIRLIST. Bash handles several filenames specially when they are used in redirections, as described in the following table: `/dev/fd/FD' If FD is a valid integer, file descriptor FD is duplicated. `/dev/stdin' File descriptor 0 is duplicated. `/dev/stdout' File descriptor 1 is duplicated. `/dev/stderr' File descriptor 2 is duplicated. `/dev/tcp/HOST/PORT' If HOST is a valid hostname or Internet address, and PORT is an integer port number, Bash attempts to open a TCP connection to the corresponding socket. `/dev/udp/HOST/PORT' If HOST is a valid hostname or Internet address, and PORT is an integer port number, Bash attempts to open a UDP connection to the corresponding socket. A failure to open or create a file causes the redirection to fail. Redirecting Input ----------------- Redirection of input causes the file whose name results from the expansion of WORD to be opened for reading on file descriptor `n', or the standard input (file descriptor 0) if `n' is not specified. The general format for redirecting input is: [n][|]WORD If the redirection operator is `>', and the `noclobber' option to the `set' builtin has been enabled, the redirection will fail if the file whose name results from the expansion of WORD exists and is a regular file. If the redirection operator is `>|', or the redirection operator is `>' and the `noclobber' option is not enabled, the redirection is attempted even if the file named by WORD exists. Appending Redirected Output --------------------------- Redirection of output in this fashion causes the file whose name results from the expansion of WORD to be opened for appending on file descriptor `n', or the standard output (file descriptor 1) if `n' is not specified. If the file does not exist it is created. The general format for appending output is: [n]>>WORD Redirecting Standard Output and Standard Error ---------------------------------------------- Bash allows both the standard output (file descriptor 1) and the standard error output (file descriptor 2) to be redirected to the file whose name is the expansion of WORD with this construct. There are two formats for redirecting standard output and standard error: &>WORD and >&WORD Of the two forms, the first is preferred. This is semantically equivalent to >WORD 2>&1 Here Documents -------------- This type of redirection instructs the shell to read input from the current source until a line containing only WORD (with no trailing blanks) is seen. All of the lines read up to that point are then used as the standard input for a command. The format of here-documents is as follows: <<[-]WORD HERE-DOCUMENT DELIMITER No parameter expansion, command substitution, arithmetic expansion, or filename expansion is performed on WORD. If any characters in WORD are quoted, the DELIMITER is the result of quote removal on WORD, and the lines in the here-document are not expanded. If WORD is unquoted, all lines of the here-document are subjected to parameter expansion, command substitution, and arithmetic expansion. In the latter case, the character sequence `\newline' is ignored, and `\' must be used to quote the characters `\', `$', and ``'. If the redirection operator is `<<-', then all leading tab characters are stripped from input lines and the line containing DELIMITER. This allows here-documents within shell scripts to be indented in a natural fashion. Duplicating File Descriptors ---------------------------- The redirection operator [n]<&WORD is used to duplicate input file descriptors. If WORD expands to one or more digits, the file descriptor denoted by `n' is made to be a copy of that file descriptor. If the digits in WORD do not specify a file descriptor open for input, a redirection error occurs. If WORD evaluates to `-', file descriptor `n' is closed. If `n' is not specified, the standard input (file descriptor 0) is used. The operator [n]>&WORD is used similarly to duplicate output file descriptors. If `n' is not specified, the standard output (file descriptor 1) is used. If the digits in WORD do not specify a file descriptor open for output, a redirection error occurs. As a special case, if `n' is omitted, and WORD does not expand to one or more digits, the standard output and standard error are redirected as described previously. Opening File Descriptors for Reading and Writing ------------------------------------------------ The redirection operator [n]<>WORD causes the file whose name is the expansion of WORD to be opened for both reading and writing on file descriptor `n', or on file descriptor 0 if `n' is not specified. If the file does not exist, it is created.  File: bashref.info, Node: Executing Commands, Next: Shell Scripts, Prev: Redirections, Up: Basic Shell Features Executing Commands ================== * Menu: * Simple Command Expansion:: How Bash expands simple commands before executing them. * Command Search and Execution:: How Bash finds commands and runs them. * Command Execution Environment:: The environment in which Bash executes commands that are not shell builtins. * Environment:: The environment given to a command. * Exit Status:: The status returned by commands and how Bash interprets it. * Signals:: What happens when Bash or a command it runs receives a signal.  File: bashref.info, Node: Simple Command Expansion, Next: Command Search and Execution, Up: Executing Commands Simple Command Expansion ------------------------ When a simple command is executed, the shell performs the following expansions, assignments, and redirections, from left to right. 1. The words that the parser has marked as variable assignments (those preceding the command name) and redirections are saved for later processing. 2. The words that are not variable assignments or redirections are expanded (*note Shell Expansions::). If any words remain after expansion, the first word is taken to be the name of the command and the remaining words are the arguments. 3. Redirections are performed as described above (*note Redirections::). 4. The text after the `=' in each variable assignment undergoes tilde expansion, parameter expansion, command substitution, arithmetic expansion, and quote removal before being assigned to the variable. If no command name results, the variable assignments affect the current shell environment. Otherwise, the variables are added to the environment of the executed command and do not affect the current shell environment. If any of the assignments attempts to assign a value to a readonly variable, an error occurs, and the command exits with a non-zero status. If no command name results, redirections are performed, but do not affect the current shell environment. A redirection error causes the command to exit with a non-zero status. If there is a command name left after expansion, execution proceeds as described below. Otherwise, the command exits. If one of the expansions contained a command substitution, the exit status of the command is the exit status of the last command substitution performed. If there were no command substitutions, the command exits with a status of zero.  File: bashref.info, Node: Command Search and Execution, Next: Command Execution Environment, Prev: Simple Command Expansion, Up: Executing Commands Command Search and Execution ---------------------------- After a command has been split into words, if it results in a simple command and an optional list of arguments, the following actions are taken. 1. If the command name contains no slashes, the shell attempts to locate it. If there exists a shell function by that name, that function is invoked as described in *Note Shell Functions::. 2. If the name does not match a function, the shell searches for it in the list of shell builtins. If a match is found, that builtin is invoked. 3. If the name is neither a shell function nor a builtin, and contains no slashes, Bash searches each element of `$PATH' for a directory containing an executable file by that name. Bash uses a hash table to remember the full pathnames of executable files to avoid multiple `PATH' searches (see the description of `hash' in *Note Bourne Shell Builtins::). A full search of the directories in `$PATH' is performed only if the command is not found in the hash table. If the search is unsuccessful, the shell prints an error message and returns an exit status of 127. 4. If the search is successful, or if the command name contains one or more slashes, the shell executes the named program in a separate execution environment. Argument 0 is set to the name given, and the remaining arguments to the command are set to the arguments supplied, if any. 5. If this execution fails because the file is not in executable format, and the file is not a directory, it is assumed to be a SHELL SCRIPT and the shell executes it as described in *Note Shell Scripts::. 6. If the command was not begun asynchronously, the shell waits for the command to complete and collects its exit status.  File: bashref.info, Node: Command Execution Environment, Next: Environment, Prev: Command Search and Execution, Up: Executing Commands Command Execution Environment ----------------------------- The shell has an EXECUTION ENVIRONMENT, which consists of the following: * open files inherited by the shell at invocation, as modified by redirections supplied to the `exec' builtin * the current working directory as set by `cd', `pushd', or `popd', or inherited by the shell at invocation * the file creation mode mask as set by `umask' or inherited from the shell's parent * current traps set by `trap' * shell parameters that are set by variable assignment or with `set' or inherited from the shell's parent in the environment * shell functions defined during execution or inherited from the shell's parent in the environment * options enabled at invocation (either by default or with command-line arguments) or by `set' * options enabled by `shopt' * shell aliases defined with `alias' (*note Aliases::) * various process IDs, including those of background jobs (*note Lists::), the value of `$$', and the value of `$PPID' When a simple command other than a builtin or shell function is to be executed, it is invoked in a separate execution environment that consists of the following. Unless otherwise noted, the values are inherited from the shell. * the shell's open files, plus any modifications and additions specified by redirections to the command * the current working directory * the file creation mode mask * shell variables marked for export, along with variables exported for the command, passed in the environment (*note Environment::) * traps caught by the shell are reset to the values inherited from the shell's parent, and traps ignored by the shell are ignored A command invoked in this separate environment cannot affect the shell's execution environment. Command substitution and asynchronous commands are invoked in a subshell environment that is a duplicate of the shell environment, except that traps caught by the shell are reset to the values that the shell inherited from its parent at invocation. Builtin commands that are invoked as part of a pipeline are also executed in a subshell environment. Changes made to the subshell environment cannot affect the shell's execution environment.  File: bashref.info, Node: Environment, Next: Exit Status, Prev: Command Execution Environment, Up: Executing Commands Environment ----------- When a program is invoked it is given an array of strings called the ENVIRONMENT. This is a list of name-value pairs, of the form `name=value'. Bash provides several ways to manipulate the environment. On invocation, the shell scans its own environment and creates a parameter for each name found, automatically marking it for EXPORT to child processes. Executed commands inherit the environment. The `export' and `declare -x' commands allow parameters and functions to be added to and deleted from the environment. If the value of a parameter in the environment is modified, the new value becomes part of the environment, replacing the old. The environment inherited by any executed command consists of the shell's initial environment, whose values may be modified in the shell, less any pairs removed by the `unset' and `export -n' commands, plus any additions via the `export' and `declare -x' commands. The environment for any simple command or function may be augmented temporarily by prefixing it with parameter assignments, as described in *Note Shell Parameters::. These assignment statements affect only the environment seen by that command. If the `-k' option is set (*note The Set Builtin::), then all parameter assignments are placed in the environment for a command, not just those that precede the command name. When Bash invokes an external command, the variable `$_' is set to the full path name of the command and passed to that command in its environment.  File: bashref.info, Node: Exit Status, Next: Signals, Prev: Environment, Up: Executing Commands Exit Status ----------- For the shell's purposes, a command which exits with a zero exit status has succeeded. A non-zero exit status indicates failure. This seemingly counter-intuitive scheme is used so there is one well-defined way to indicate success and a variety of ways to indicate various failure modes. When a command terminates on a fatal signal whose number is N, Bash uses the value 128+N as the exit status. If a command is not found, the child process created to execute it returns a status of 127. If a command is found but is not executable, the return status is 126. If a command fails because of an error during expansion or redirection, the exit status is greater than zero. The exit status is used by the Bash conditional commands (*note Conditional Constructs::) and some of the list constructs (*note Lists::). All of the Bash builtins return an exit status of zero if they succeed and a non-zero status on failure, so they may be used by the conditional and list constructs. All builtins return an exit status of 2 to indicate incorrect usage.  File: bashref.info, Node: Signals, Prev: Exit Status, Up: Executing Commands Signals ------- When Bash is interactive, in the absence of any traps, it ignores `SIGTERM' (so that `kill 0' does not kill an interactive shell), and `SIGINT' is caught and handled (so that the `wait' builtin is interruptible). When Bash receives a `SIGINT', it breaks out of any executing loops. In all cases, Bash ignores `SIGQUIT'. If job control is in effect (*note Job Control::), Bash ignores `SIGTTIN', `SIGTTOU', and `SIGTSTP'. Commands started by Bash have signal handlers set to the values inherited by the shell from its parent. When job control is not in effect, asynchronous commands ignore `SIGINT' and `SIGQUIT' as well. Commands run as a result of command substitution ignore the keyboard-generated job control signals `SIGTTIN', `SIGTTOU', and `SIGTSTP'. The shell exits by default upon receipt of a `SIGHUP'. Before exiting, it resends the `SIGHUP' to all jobs, running or stopped. Stopped jobs are sent `SIGCONT' to ensure that they receive the `SIGHUP'. To prevent the shell from sending the `SIGHUP' signal to a particular job, it should be removed from the jobs table with the `disown' builtin (*note Job Control Builtins::) or marked to not receive `SIGHUP' using `disown -h'. If the `huponexit' shell option has been set with `shopt' (*note Bash Builtins::), Bash sends a `SIGHUP' to all jobs when an interactive login shell exits. When Bash receives a signal for which a trap has been set while waiting for a command to complete, the trap will not be executed until the command completes. When Bash is waiting for an asynchronous command via the `wait' builtin, the reception of a signal for which a trap has been set will cause the `wait' builtin to return immediately with an exit status greater than 128, immediately after which the trap is executed.  File: bashref.info, Node: Shell Scripts, Prev: Executing Commands, Up: Basic Shell Features Shell Scripts ============= A shell script is a text file containing shell commands. When such a file is used as the first non-option argument when invoking Bash, and neither the `-c' nor `-s' option is supplied (*note Invoking Bash::), Bash reads and executes commands from the file, then exits. This mode of operation creates a non-interactive shell. When Bash runs a shell script, it sets the special parameter `0' to the name of the file, rather than the name of the shell, and the positional parameters are set to the remaining arguments, if any are given. If no additional arguments are supplied, the positional parameters are unset. A shell script may be made executable by using the `chmod' command to turn on the execute bit. When Bash finds such a file while searching the `$PATH' for a command, it spawns a subshell to execute it. In other words, executing filename ARGUMENTS is equivalent to executing bash filename ARGUMENTS if `filename' is an executable shell script. This subshell reinitializes itself, so that the effect is as if a new shell had been invoked to interpret the script, with the exception that the locations of commands remembered by the parent (see the description of `hash' in *Note Bourne Shell Builtins::) are retained by the child. Most versions of Unix make this a part of the operating system's command execution mechanism. If the first line of a script begins with the two characters `#!', the remainder of the line specifies an interpreter for the program. Thus, you can specify Bash, `awk', Perl, or some other interpreter and write the rest of the script file in that language. The arguments to the interpreter consist of a single optional argument following the interpreter name on the first line of the script file, followed by the name of the script file, followed by the rest of the arguments. Bash will perform this action on operating systems that do not handle it themselves. Note that some older versions of Unix limit the interpreter name and argument to a maximum of 32 characters. Bash scripts often begin with `#! /bin/bash' (assuming that Bash has been installed in `/bin'), since this ensures that Bash will be used to interpret the script, even if it is executed under another shell.  File: bashref.info, Node: Shell Builtin Commands, Next: Shell Variables, Prev: Basic Shell Features, Up: Top Shell Builtin Commands ********************** * Menu: * Bourne Shell Builtins:: Builtin commands inherited from the Bourne Shell. * Bash Builtins:: Table of builtins specific to Bash. * The Set Builtin:: This builtin is so overloaded it deserves its own section. * Special Builtins:: Builtin commands classified specially by POSIX.2. Builtin commands are contained within the shell itself. When the name of a builtin command is used as the first word of a simple command (*note Simple Commands::), the shell executes the command directly, without invoking another program. Builtin commands are necessary to implement functionality impossible or inconvenient to obtain with separate utilities. This section briefly the builtins which Bash inherits from the Bourne Shell, as well as the builtin commands which are unique to or have been extended in Bash. Several builtin commands are described in other chapters: builtin commands which provide the Bash interface to the job control facilities (*note Job Control Builtins::), the directory stack (*note Directory Stack Builtins::), the command history (*note Bash History Builtins::), and the programmable completion facilities (*note Programmable Completion Builtins::). Many of the builtins have been extended by POSIX or Bash.  File: bashref.info, Node: Bourne Shell Builtins, Next: Bash Builtins, Up: Shell Builtin Commands Bourne Shell Builtins ===================== The following shell builtin commands are inherited from the Bourne Shell. These commands are implemented as specified by the POSIX 1003.2 standard. `: (a colon)' : [ARGUMENTS] Do nothing beyond expanding ARGUMENTS and performing redirections. The return status is zero. `. (a period)' . FILENAME [ARGUMENTS] Read and execute commands from the FILENAME argument in the current shell context. If FILENAME does not contain a slash, the `PATH' variable is used to find FILENAME. When Bash is not in POSIX mode, the current directory is searched if FILENAME is not found in `$PATH'. If any ARGUMENTS are supplied, they become the positional parameters when FILENAME is executed. Otherwise the positional parameters are unchanged. The return status is the exit status of the last command executed, or zero if no commands are executed. If FILENAME is not found, or cannot be read, the return status is non-zero. This builtin is equivalent to `source'. `break' break [N] Exit from a `for', `while', `until', or `select' loop. If N is supplied, the Nth enclosing loop is exited. N must be greater than or equal to 1. The return status is zero unless N is not greater than or equal to 1. `cd' cd [-LP] [DIRECTORY] Change the current working directory to DIRECTORY. If DIRECTORY is not given, the value of the `HOME' shell variable is used. If the shell variable `CDPATH' exists, it is used as a search path. If DIRECTORY begins with a slash, `CDPATH' is not used. The `-P' option means to not follow symbolic links; symbolic links are followed by default or with the `-L' option. If DIRECTORY is `-', it is equivalent to `$OLDPWD'. The return status is zero if the directory is successfully changed, non-zero otherwise. `continue' continue [N] Resume the next iteration of an enclosing `for', `while', `until', or `select' loop. If N is supplied, the execution of the Nth enclosing loop is resumed. N must be greater than or equal to 1. The return status is zero unless N is not greater than or equal to 1. `eval' eval [ARGUMENTS] The arguments are concatenated together into a single command, which is then read and executed, and its exit status returned as the exit status of `eval'. If there are no arguments or only empty arguments, the return status is zero. `exec' exec [-cl] [-a NAME] [COMMAND [ARGUMENTS]] If COMMAND is supplied, it replaces the shell without creating a new process. If the `-l' option is supplied, the shell places a dash at the beginning of the zeroth arg passed to COMMAND. This is what the `login' program does. The `-c' option causes COMMAND to be executed with an empty environment. If `-a' is supplied, the shell passes NAME as the zeroth argument to COMMAND. If no COMMAND is specified, redirections may be used to affect the current shell environment. If there are no redirection errors, the return status is zero; otherwise the return status is non-zero. `exit' exit [N] Exit the shell, returning a status of N to the shell's parent. If N is omitted, the exit status is that of the last command executed. Any trap on `EXIT' is executed before the shell terminates. `export' export [-fn] [-p] [NAME[=VALUE]] Mark each NAME to be passed to child processes in the environment. If the `-f' option is supplied, the NAMEs refer to shell functions; otherwise the names refer to shell variables. The `-n' option means to no longer mark each NAME for export. If no NAMES are supplied, or if the `-p' option is given, a list of exported names is displayed. The `-p' option displays output in a form that may be reused as input. The return status is zero unless an invalid option is supplied, one of the names is not a valid shell variable name, or `-f' is supplied with a name that is not a shell function. `getopts' getopts OPTSTRING NAME [ARGS] `getopts' is used by shell scripts to parse positional parameters. OPTSTRING contains the option characters to be recognized; if a character is followed by a colon, the option is expected to have an argument, which should be separated from it by white space. The colon (`:') and question mark (`?') may not be used as option characters. Each time it is invoked, `getopts' places the next option in the shell variable NAME, initializing NAME if it does not exist, and the index of the next argument to be processed into the variable `OPTIND'. `OPTIND' is initialized to 1 each time the shell or a shell script is invoked. When an option requires an argument, `getopts' places that argument into the variable `OPTARG'. The shell does not reset `OPTIND' automatically; it must be manually reset between multiple calls to `getopts' within the same shell invocation if a new set of parameters is to be used. When the end of options is encountered, `getopts' exits with a return value greater than zero. `OPTIND' is set to the index of the first non-option argument, and `name' is set to `?'. `getopts' normally parses the positional parameters, but if more arguments are given in ARGS, `getopts' parses those instead. `getopts' can report errors in two ways. If the first character of OPTSTRING is a colon, SILENT error reporting is used. In normal operation diagnostic messages are printed when invalid options or missing option arguments are encountered. If the variable `OPTERR' is set to 0, no error messages will be displayed, even if the first character of `optstring' is not a colon. If an invalid option is seen, `getopts' places `?' into NAME and, if not silent, prints an error message and unsets `OPTARG'. If `getopts' is silent, the option character found is placed in `OPTARG' and no diagnostic message is printed. If a required argument is not found, and `getopts' is not silent, a question mark (`?') is placed in NAME, `OPTARG' is unset, and a diagnostic message is printed. If `getopts' is silent, then a colon (`:') is placed in NAME and `OPTARG' is set to the option character found. `hash' hash [-r] [-p FILENAME] [NAME] Remember the full pathnames of commands specified as NAME arguments, so they need not be searched for on subsequent invocations. The commands are found by searching through the directories listed in `$PATH'. The `-p' option inhibits the path search, and FILENAME is used as the location of NAME. The `-r' option causes the shell to forget all remembered locations. If no arguments are given, information about remembered commands is printed. The return status is zero unless a NAME is not found or an invalid option is supplied. `pwd' pwd [-LP] Print the absolute pathname of the current working directory. If the `-P' option is supplied, the pathname printed will not contain symbolic links. If the `-L' option is supplied, the pathname printed may contain symbolic links. The return status is zero unless an error is encountered while determining the name of the current directory or an invalid option is supplied. `readonly' readonly [-apf] [NAME] ... Mark each NAME as readonly. The values of these names may not be changed by subsequent assignment. If the `-f' option is supplied, each NAME refers to a shell function. The `-a' option means each NAME refers to an array variable. If no NAME arguments are given, or if the `-p' option is supplied, a list of all readonly names is printed. The `-p' option causes output to be displayed in a format that may be reused as input. The return status is zero unless an invalid option is supplied, one of the NAME arguments is not a valid shell variable or function name, or the `-f' option is supplied with a name that is not a shell function. `return' return [N] Cause a shell function to exit with the return value N. If N is not supplied, the return value is the exit status of the last command executed in the function. This may also be used to terminate execution of a script being executed with the `.' (or `source') builtin, returning either N or the exit status of the last command executed within the script as the exit status of the script. The return status is false if `return' is used outside a function and not during the execution of a script by `.' or `source'. `shift' shift [N] Shift the positional parameters to the left by N. The positional parameters from N+1 ... `$#' are renamed to `$1' ... `$#'-N+1. Parameters represented by the numbers `$#' to N+1 are unset. N must be a non-negative number less than or equal to `$#'. If N is zero or greater than `$#', the positional parameters are not changed. If N is not supplied, it is assumed to be 1. The return status is zero unless N is greater than `$#' or less than zero, non-zero otherwise. `test' `[' Evaluate a conditional expression EXPR. Each operator and operand must be a separate argument. Expressions are composed of the primaries described below in *Note Bash Conditional Expressions::. When the `[' form is used, the last argument to the command must be a `]'. Expressions may be combined using the following operators, listed in decreasing order of precedence. `! EXPR' True if EXPR is false. `( EXPR )' Returns the value of EXPR. This may be used to override the normal precedence of operators. `EXPR1 -a EXPR2' True if both EXPR1 and EXPR2 are true. `EXPR1 -o EXPR2' True if either EXPR1 or EXPR2 is true. The `test' and `[' builtins evaluate conditional expressions using a set of rules based on the number of arguments. 0 arguments The expression is false. 1 argument The expression is true if and only if the argument is not null. 2 arguments If the first argument is `!', the expression is true if and only if the second argument is null. If the first argument is one of the unary conditional operators (*note Bash Conditional Expressions::), the expression is true if the unary test is true. If the first argument is not a valid unary operator, the expression is false. 3 arguments If the second argument is one of the binary conditional operators (*note Bash Conditional Expressions::), the result of the expression is the result of the binary test using the first and third arguments as operands. If the first argument is `!', the value is the negation of the two-argument test using the second and third arguments. If the first argument is exactly `(' and the third argument is exactly `)', the result is the one-argument test of the second argument. Otherwise, the expression is false. The `-a' and `-o' operators are considered binary operators in this case. 4 arguments If the first argument is `!', the result is the negation of the three-argument expression composed of the remaining arguments. Otherwise, the expression is parsed and evaluated according to precedence using the rules listed above. 5 or more arguments The expression is parsed and evaluated according to precedence using the rules listed above. `times' times Print out the user and system times used by the shell and its children. The return status is zero. `trap' trap [-lp] [ARG] [SIGSPEC ...] The commands in ARG are to be read and executed when the shell receives signal SIGSPEC. If ARG is absent or equal to `-', all specified signals are reset to the values they had when the shell was started. If ARG is the null string, then the signal specified by each SIGSPEC is ignored by the shell and commands it invokes. If ARG is not present and `-p' has been supplied, the shell displays the trap commands associated with each SIGSPEC. If no arguments are supplied, or only `-p' is given, `trap' prints the list of commands associated with each signal number in a form that may be reused as shell input. Each SIGSPEC is either a signal name such as `SIGINT' (with or without the `SIG' prefix) or a signal number. If a SIGSPEC is `0' or `EXIT', ARG is executed when the shell exits. If a SIGSPEC is `DEBUG', the command ARG is executed after every simple command. The `-l' option causes the shell to print a list of signal names and their corresponding numbers. Signals ignored upon entry to the shell cannot be trapped or reset. Trapped signals are reset to their original values in a child process when it is created. The return status is zero unless a SIGSPEC does not specify a valid signal. `umask' umask [-p] [-S] [MODE] Set the shell process's file creation mask to MODE. If MODE begins with a digit, it is interpreted as an octal number; if not, it is interpreted as a symbolic mode mask similar to that accepted by the `chmod' command. If MODE is omitted, the current value of the mask is printed. If the `-S' option is supplied without a MODE argument, the mask is printed in a symbolic format. If the `-p' option is supplied, and MODE is omitted, the output is in a form that may be reused as input. The return status is zero if the mode is successfully changed or if no MODE argument is supplied, and non-zero otherwise. Note that when the mode is interpreted as an octal number, each number of the umask is subtracted from `7'. Thus, a umask of `022' results in permissions of `755'. `unset' unset [-fv] [NAME] Each variable or function NAME is removed. If no options are supplied, or the `-v' option is given, each NAME refers to a shell variable. If the `-f' option is given, the NAMEs refer to shell functions, and the function definition is removed. Readonly variables and functions may not be unset. The return status is zero unless a NAME does not exist or is readonly.  File: bashref.info, Node: Bash Builtins, Next: The Set Builtin, Prev: Bourne Shell Builtins, Up: Shell Builtin Commands Bash Builtin Commands ===================== This section describes builtin commands which are unique to or have been extended in Bash. Some of these commands are specified in the POSIX 1003.2 standard. `alias' alias [`-p'] [NAME[=VALUE] ...] Without arguments or with the `-p' option, `alias' prints the list of aliases on the standard output in a form that allows them to be reused as input. If arguments are supplied, an alias is defined for each NAME whose VALUE is given. If no VALUE is given, the name and value of the alias is printed. Aliases are described in *Note Aliases::. `bind' bind [-m KEYMAP] [-lpsvPSV] bind [-m KEYMAP] [-q FUNCTION] [-u FUNCTION] [-r KEYSEQ] bind [-m KEYMAP] -f FILENAME bind [-m KEYMAP] -x KEYSEQ:SHELL-COMMAND bind [-m KEYMAP] KEYSEQ:FUNCTION-NAME Display current Readline (*note Command Line Editing::) key and function bindings, or bind a key sequence to a Readline function or macro. The binding syntax accepted is identical to that of a Readline initialization file (*note Readline Init File::), but each binding must be passed as a separate argument: e.g., `"\C-x\C-r":re-read-init-file'. Options, if supplied, have the following meanings: `-m KEYMAP' Use KEYMAP as the keymap to be affected by the subsequent bindings. Acceptable KEYMAP names are `emacs', `emacs-standard', `emacs-meta', `emacs-ctlx', `vi', `vi-move', `vi-command', and `vi-insert'. `vi' is equivalent to `vi-command'; `emacs' is equivalent to `emacs-standard'. `-l' List the names of all Readline functions. `-p' Display Readline function names and bindings in such a way that they can be used as input or in a Readline initialization file. `-P' List current Readline function names and bindings. `-v' Display Readline variable names and values in such a way that they can be used as input or in a Readline initialization file. `-V' List current Readline variable names and values. `-s' Display Readline key sequences bound to macros and the strings they output in such a way that they can be used as input or in a Readline initialization file. `-S' Display Readline key sequences bound to macros and the strings they output. `-f FILENAME' Read key bindings from FILENAME. `-q FUNCTION' Query about which keys invoke the named FUNCTION. `-u FUNCTION' Unbind all keys bound to the named FUNCTION. `-r KEYSEQ' Remove any current binding for KEYSEQ. `-x KEYSEQ:SHELL-COMMAND' Cause SHELL-COMMAND to be executed whenever KEYSEQ is entered. The return status is zero unless an invalid option is supplied or an error occurs. `builtin' builtin [SHELL-BUILTIN [ARGS]] Run a shell builtin, passing it ARGS, and return its exit status. This is useful when defining a shell function with the same name as a shell builtin, retaining the functionality of the builtin within the function. The return status is non-zero if SHELL-BUILTIN is not a shell builtin command. `command' command [-pVv] COMMAND [ARGUMENTS ...] Runs COMMAND with ARGUMENTS ignoring any shell function named COMMAND. Only shell builtin commands or commands found by searching the `PATH' are executed. If there is a shell function named `ls', running `command ls' within the function will execute the external command `ls' instead of calling the function recursively. The `-p' option means to use a default value for `PATH' that is guaranteed to find all of the standard utilities. The return status in this case is 127 if COMMAND cannot be found or an error occurred, and the exit status of COMMAND otherwise. If either the `-V' or `-v' option is supplied, a description of COMMAND is printed. The `-v' option causes a single word indicating the command or file name used to invoke COMMAND to be displayed; the `-V' option produces a more verbose description. In this case, the return status is zero if COMMAND is found, and non-zero if not. `declare' declare [-afFrxi] [-p] [NAME[=VALUE]] Declare variables and give them attributes. If no NAMEs are given, then display the values of variables instead. The `-p' option will display the attributes and values of each NAME. When `-p' is used, additional options are ignored. The `-F' option inhibits the display of function definitions; only the function name and attributes are printed. `-F' implies `-f'. The following options can be used to restrict output to variables with the specified attributes or to give variables attributes: `-a' Each NAME is an array variable (*note Arrays::). `-f' Use function names only. `-i' The variable is to be treated as an integer; arithmetic evaluation (*note Shell Arithmetic::) is performed when the variable is assigned a value. `-r' Make NAMEs readonly. These names cannot then be assigned values by subsequent assignment statements or unset. `-x' Mark each NAME for export to subsequent commands via the environment. Using `+' instead of `-' turns off the attribute instead. When used in a function, `declare' makes each NAME local, as with the `local' command. The return status is zero unless an invalid option is encountered, an attempt is made to define a function using `-f foo=bar', an attempt is made to assign a value to a readonly variable, an attempt is made to assign a value to an array variable without using the compound assignment syntax (*note Arrays::), one of the NAMES is not a valid shell variable name, an attempt is made to turn off readonly status for a readonly variable, an attempt is made to turn off array status for an array variable, or an attempt is made to display a non-existent function with `-f'. `echo' echo [-neE] [ARG ...] Output the ARGs, separated by spaces, terminated with a newline. The return status is always 0. If `-n' is specified, the trailing newline is suppressed. If the `-e' option is given, interpretation of the following backslash-escaped characters is enabled. The `-E' option disables the interpretation of these escape characters, even on systems where they are interpreted by default. The `xpg_echo' shell option may be used to dynamically determine whether or not `echo' expands these escape characters by default. `echo' interprets the following escape sequences: `\a' alert (bell) `\b' backspace `\c' suppress trailing newline `\e' escape `\f' form feed `\n' new line `\r' carriage return `\t' horizontal tab `\v' vertical tab `\\' backslash `\NNN' the character whose `ASCII' code is the octal value NNN (one to three digits) `\xNNN' the character whose `ASCII' code is the hexadecimal value NNN (one to three digits) `enable' enable [-n] [-p] [-f FILENAME] [-ads] [NAME ...] Enable and disable builtin shell commands. Disabling a builtin allows a disk command which has the same name as a shell builtin to be executed without specifying a full pathname, even though the shell normally searches for builtins before disk commands. If `-n' is used, the NAMEs become disabled. Otherwise NAMEs are enabled. For example, to use the `test' binary found via `$PATH' instead of the shell builtin version, type `enable -n test'. If the `-p' option is supplied, or no NAME arguments appear, a list of shell builtins is printed. With no other arguments, the list consists of all enabled shell builtins. The `-a' option means to list each builtin with an indication of whether or not it is enabled. The `-f' option means to load the new builtin command NAME from shared object FILENAME, on systems that support dynamic loading. The `-d' option will delete a builtin loaded with `-f'. If there are no options, a list of the shell builtins is displayed. The `-s' option restricts `enable' to the POSIX special builtins. If `-s' is used with `-f', the new builtin becomes a special builtin (*note Special Builtins::). The return status is zero unless a NAME is not a shell builtin or there is an error loading a new builtin from a shared object. `help' help [-s] [PATTERN] Display helpful information about builtin commands. If PATTERN is specified, `help' gives detailed help on all commands matching PATTERN, otherwise a list of the builtins is printed. The `-s' option restricts the information displayed to a short usage synopsis. The return status is zero unless no command matches PATTERN. `let' let EXPRESSION [EXPRESSION] The `let' builtin allows arithmetic to be performed on shell variables. Each EXPRESSION is evaluated according to the rules given below in *Note Shell Arithmetic::. If the last EXPRESSION evaluates to 0, `let' returns 1; otherwise 0 is returned. `local' local [OPTION] NAME[=VALUE] For each argument, a local variable named NAME is created, and assigned VALUE. The OPTION can be any of the options accepted by `declare'. `local' can only be used within a function; it makes the variable NAME have a visible scope restricted to that function and its children. The return status is zero unless `local' is used outside a function, an invalid NAME is supplied, or NAME is a readonly variable. `logout' logout [N] Exit a login shell, returning a status of N to the shell's parent. `printf' `printf' FORMAT [ARGUMENTS] Write the formatted ARGUMENTS to the standard output under the control of the FORMAT. The FORMAT is a character string which contains three types of objects: plain characters, which are simply copied to standard output, character escape sequences, which are converted and copied to the standard output, and format specifications, each of which causes printing of the next successive ARGUMENT. In addition to the standard `printf(1)' formats, `%b' causes `printf' to expand backslash escape sequences in the corresponding ARGUMENT, and `%q' causes `printf' to output the corresponding ARGUMENT in a format that can be reused as shell input. The FORMAT is reused as necessary to consume all of the ARGUMENTS. If the FORMAT requires more ARGUMENTS than are supplied, the extra format specifications behave as if a zero value or null string, as appropriate, had been supplied. The return value is zero on success, non-zero on failure. `read' read [-ers] [-a ANAME] [-p PROMPT] [-t TIMEOUT] [-n NCHARS] [-d DELIM] [NAME ...] One line is read from the standard input, and the first word is assigned to the first NAME, the second word to the second NAME, and so on, with leftover words and their intervening separators assigned to the last NAME. If there are fewer words read from the standard input than names, the remaining names are assigned empty values. The characters in the value of the `IFS' variable are used to split the line into words. The backslash character `\' may be used to remove any special meaning for the next character read and for line continuation. If no names are supplied, the line read is assigned to the variable `REPLY'. The return code is zero, unless end-of-file is encountered or `read' times out. Options, if supplied, have the following meanings: `-a ANAME' The words are assigned to sequential indices of the array variable ANAME, starting at 0. All elements are removed from ANAME before the assignment. Other NAME arguments are ignored. `-d DELIM' The first character of DELIM is used to terminate the input line, rather than newline. `-e' Readline (*note Command Line Editing::) is used to obtain the line. `-n NCHARS' `read' returns after reading NCHARS characters rather than waiting for a complete line of input. `-p PROMPT' Display PROMPT, without a trailing newline, before attempting to read any input. The prompt is displayed only if input is coming from a terminal. `-r' If this option is given, backslash does not act as an escape character. The backslash is considered to be part of the line. In particular, a backslash-newline pair may not be used as a line continuation. `-s' Silent mode. If input is coming from a terminal, characters are not echoed. `-t TIMEOUT' Cause `read' to time out and return failure if a complete line of input is not read within TIMEOUT seconds. This option has no effect if `read' is not reading input from the terminal or a pipe. `shopt' shopt [-pqsu] [-o] [OPTNAME ...] Toggle the values of variables controlling optional shell behavior. With no options, or with the `-p' option, a list of all settable options is displayed, with an indication of whether or not each is set. The `-p' option causes output to be displayed in a form that may be reused as input. Other options have the following meanings: `-s' Enable (set) each OPTNAME. `-u' Disable (unset) each OPTNAME. `-q' Suppresses normal output; the return status indicates whether the OPTNAME is set or unset. If multiple OPTNAME arguments are given with `-q', the return status is zero if all OPTNAMES are enabled; non-zero otherwise. `-o' Restricts the values of OPTNAME to be those defined for the `-o' option to the `set' builtin (*note The Set Builtin::). If either `-s' or `-u' is used with no OPTNAME arguments, the display is limited to those options which are set or unset, respectively. Unless otherwise noted, the `shopt' options are disabled (off) by default. The return status when listing options is zero if all OPTNAMES are enabled, non-zero otherwise. When setting or unsetting options, the return status is zero unless an OPTNAME is not a valid shell option. The list of `shopt' options is: `cdable_vars' If this is set, an argument to the `cd' builtin command that is not a directory is assumed to be the name of a variable whose value is the directory to change to. `cdspell' If set, minor errors in the spelling of a directory component in a `cd' command will be corrected. The errors checked for are transposed characters, a missing character, and a character too many. If a correction is found, the corrected path is printed, and the command proceeds. This option is only used by interactive shells. `checkhash' If this is set, Bash checks that a command found in the hash table exists before trying to execute it. If a hashed command no longer exists, a normal path search is performed. `checkwinsize' If set, Bash checks the window size after each command and, if necessary, updates the values of `LINES' and `COLUMNS'. `cmdhist' If set, Bash attempts to save all lines of a multiple-line command in the same history entry. This allows easy re-editing of multi-line commands. `dotglob' If set, Bash includes filenames beginning with a `.' in the results of filename expansion. `execfail' If this is set, a non-interactive shell will not exit if it cannot execute the file specified as an argument to the `exec' builtin command. An interactive shell does not exit if `exec' fails. `expand_aliases' If set, aliases are expanded as described below under Aliases, *Note Aliases::. This option is enabled by default for interactive shells. `extglob' If set, the extended pattern matching features described above (*note Pattern Matching::) are enabled. `histappend' If set, the history list is appended to the file named by the value of the `HISTFILE' variable when the shell exits, rather than overwriting the file. `histreedit' If set, and Readline is being used, a user is given the opportunity to re-edit a failed history substitution. `histverify' If set, and Readline is being used, the results of history substitution are not immediately passed to the shell parser. Instead, the resulting line is loaded into the Readline editing buffer, allowing further modification. `hostcomplete' If set, and Readline is being used, Bash will attempt to perform hostname completion when a word containing a `@' is being completed (*note Commands For Completion::). This option is enabled by default. `huponexit' If set, Bash will send `SIGHUP' to all jobs when an interactive login shell exits (*note Signals::). `interactive_comments' Allow a word beginning with `#' to cause that word and all remaining characters on that line to be ignored in an interactive shell. This option is enabled by default. `lithist' If enabled, and the `cmdhist' option is enabled, multi-line commands are saved to the history with embedded newlines rather than using semicolon separators where possible. `mailwarn' If set, and a file that Bash is checking for mail has been accessed since the last time it was checked, the message `"The mail in MAILFILE has been read"' is displayed. `no_empty_cmd_completion' If set, and Readline is being used, Bash will not attempt to search the `PATH' for possible completions when completion is attempted on an empty line. `nocaseglob' If set, Bash matches filenames in a case-insensitive fashion when performing filename expansion. `nullglob' If set, Bash allows filename patterns which match no files to expand to a null string, rather than themselves. `progcomp' If set, the programmable completion facilities (*note Programmable Completion::) are enabled. This option is enabled by default. `promptvars' If set, prompt strings undergo variable and parameter expansion after being expanded (*note Printing a Prompt::). This option is enabled by default. `restricted_shell' The shell sets this option if it is started in restricted mode (*note The Restricted Shell::). The value may not be changed. This is not reset when the startup files are executed, allowing the startup files to discover whether or not a shell is restricted. `shift_verbose' If this is set, the `shift' builtin prints an error message when the shift count exceeds the number of positional parameters. `sourcepath' If set, the `source' builtin uses the value of `PATH' to find the directory containing the file supplied as an argument. This option is enabled by default. `xpg_echo' If set, the `echo' builtin expands backslash-escape sequences by default. The return status when listing options is zero if all OPTNAMES are enabled, non-zero otherwise. When setting or unsetting options, the return status is zero unless an OPTNAME is not a valid shell option. `source' source FILENAME A synonym for `.' (*note Bourne Shell Builtins::). `type' type [-atp] [NAME ...] For each NAME, indicate how it would be interpreted if used as a command name. If the `-t' option is used, `type' prints a single word which is one of `alias', `function', `builtin', `file' or `keyword', if NAME is an alias, shell function, shell builtin, disk file, or shell reserved word, respectively. If the NAME is not found, then nothing is printed, and `type' returns a failure status. If the `-p' option is used, `type' either returns the name of the disk file that would be executed, or nothing if `-t' would not return `file'. If the `-a' option is used, `type' returns all of the places that contain an executable named FILE. This includes aliases and functions, if and only if the `-p' option is not also used. The return status is zero if any of the NAMES are found, non-zero if none are found. `typeset' typeset [-afFrxi] [-p] [NAME[=VALUE]] The `typeset' command is supplied for compatibility with the Korn shell; however, it has been deprecated in favor of the `declare' builtin command. `ulimit' ulimit [-acdflmnpstuvSH] [LIMIT] `ulimit' provides control over the resources available to processes started by the shell, on systems that allow such control. If an option is given, it is interpreted as follows: `-S' Change and report the soft limit associated with a resource. `-H' Change and report the hard limit associated with a resource. `-a' All current limits are reported. `-c' The maximum size of core files created. `-d' The maximum size of a process's data segment. `-f' The maximum size of files created by the shell. `-l' The maximum size that may be locked into memory. `-m' The maximum resident set size. `-n' The maximum number of open file descriptors. `-p' The pipe buffer size. `-s' The maximum stack size. `-t' The maximum amount of cpu time in seconds. `-u' The maximum number of processes available to a single user. `-v' The maximum amount of virtual memory available to the process. If LIMIT is given, it is the new value of the specified resource. Otherwise, the current value of the soft limit for the specified resource is printed, unless the `-H' option is supplied. When setting new limits, if neither `-H' nor `-S' is supplied, both the hard and soft limits are set. If no option is given, then `-f' is assumed. Values are in 1024-byte increments, except for `-t', which is in seconds, `-p', which is in units of 512-byte blocks, and `-n' and `-u', which are unscaled values. The return status is zero unless an invalid option is supplied, a non-numeric argument other than `unlimited' is supplied as a LIMIT, or an error occurs while setting a new limit. `unalias' unalias [-a] [NAME ... ] Remove each NAME from the list of aliases. If `-a' is supplied, all aliases are removed. Aliases are described in *Note Aliases::.  File: bashref.info, Node: The Set Builtin, Next: Special Builtins, Prev: Bash Builtins, Up: Shell Builtin Commands The Set Builtin =============== This builtin is so complicated that it deserves its own section. `set' set [--abefhkmnptuvxBCHP] [-o OPTION] [ARGUMENT ...] If no options or arguments are supplied, `set' displays the names and values of all shell variables and functions, sorted according to the current locale, in a format that may be reused as input. When options are supplied, they set or unset shell attributes. Options, if specified, have the following meanings: `-a' Mark variables and function which are modified or created for export to the environment of subsequent commands. `-b' Cause the status of terminated background jobs to be reported immediately, rather than before printing the next primary prompt. `-e' Exit immediately if a simple command (*note Simple Commands::) exits with a non-zero status, unless the command that fails is part of an `until' or `while' loop, part of an `if' statement, part of a `&&' or `||' list, or if the command's return status is being inverted using `!'. `-f' Disable file name generation (globbing). `-h' Locate and remember (hash) commands as they are looked up for execution. This option is enabled by default. `-k' All arguments in the form of assignment statements are placed in the environment for a command, not just those that precede the command name. `-m' Job control is enabled (*note Job Control::). `-n' Read commands but do not execute them; this may be used to check a script for syntax errors. This option is ignored by interactive shells. `-o OPTION-NAME' Set the option corresponding to OPTION-NAME: `allexport' Same as `-a'. `braceexpand' Same as `-B'. `emacs' Use an `emacs'-style line editing interface (*note Command Line Editing::). `errexit' Same as `-e'. `hashall' Same as `-h'. `histexpand' Same as `-H'. `history' Enable command history, as described in *Note Bash History Facilities::. This option is on by default in interactive shells. `ignoreeof' An interactive shell will not exit upon reading EOF. `keyword' Same as `-k'. `monitor' Same as `-m'. `noclobber' Same as `-C'. `noexec' Same as `-n'. `noglob' Same as `-f'. `notify' Same as `-b'. `nounset' Same as `-u'. `onecmd' Same as `-t'. `physical' Same as `-P'. `posix' Change the behavior of Bash where the default operation differs from the POSIX 1003.2 standard to match the standard (*note Bash POSIX Mode::). This is intended to make Bash behave as a strict superset of that standard. `privileged' Same as `-p'. `verbose' Same as `-v'. `vi' Use a `vi'-style line editing interface. `xtrace' Same as `-x'. `-p' Turn on privileged mode. In this mode, the `$BASH_ENV' and `$ENV' files are not processed, shell functions are not inherited from the environment, and the `SHELLOPTS' variable, if it appears in the environment, is ignored. If the shell is started with the effective user (group) id not equal to the real user (group) id, and the `-p' option is not supplied, these actions are taken and the effective user id is set to the real user id. If the `-p' option is supplied at startup, the effective user id is not reset. Turning this option off causes the effective user and group ids to be set to the real user and group ids. `-t' Exit after reading and executing one command. `-u' Treat unset variables as an error when performing parameter expansion. An error message will be written to the standard error, and a non-interactive shell will exit. `-v' Print shell input lines as they are read. `-x' Print a trace of simple commands and their arguments after they are expanded and before they are executed. `-B' The shell will perform brace expansion (*note Brace Expansion::). This option is on by default. `-C' Prevent output redirection using `>', `>&', and `<>' from overwriting existing files. `-H' Enable `!' style history substitution (*note History Interaction::). This option is on by default for interactive shells. `-P' If set, do not follow symbolic links when performing commands such as `cd' which change the current directory. The physical directory is used instead. By default, Bash follows the logical chain of directories when performing commands which change the current directory. For example, if `/usr/sys' is a symbolic link to `/usr/local/sys' then: $ cd /usr/sys; echo $PWD /usr/sys $ cd ..; pwd /usr If `set -P' is on, then: $ cd /usr/sys; echo $PWD /usr/local/sys $ cd ..; pwd /usr/local `--' If no arguments follow this option, then the positional parameters are unset. Otherwise, the positional parameters are set to the ARGUMENTS, even if some of them begin with a `-'. `-' Signal the end of options, cause all remaining ARGUMENTS to be assigned to the positional parameters. The `-x' and `-v' options are turned off. If there are no arguments, the positional parameters remain unchanged. Using `+' rather than `-' causes these options to be turned off. The options can also be used upon invocation of the shell. The current set of options may be found in `$-'. The remaining N ARGUMENTS are positional parameters and are assigned, in order, to `$1', `$2', ... `$N'. The special parameter `#' is set to N. The return status is always zero unless an invalid option is supplied.  File: bashref.info, Node: Special Builtins, Prev: The Set Builtin, Up: Shell Builtin Commands Special Builtins ================ For historical reasons, the POSIX 1003.2 standard has classified several builtin commands as _special_. When Bash is executing in POSIX mode, the special builtins differ from other builtin commands in three respects: 1. Special builtins are found before shell functions during command lookup. 2. If a special builtin returns an error status, a non-interactive shell exits. 3. Assignment statements preceding the command stay in effect in the shell environment after the command completes. When Bash is not executing in POSIX mode, these builtins behave no differently than the rest of the Bash builtin commands. The Bash POSIX mode is described in *Note Bash POSIX Mode::. These are the POSIX special builtins: break : . continue eval exec exit export readonly return set shift trap unset  File: bashref.info, Node: Shell Variables, Next: Bash Features, Prev: Shell Builtin Commands, Up: Top Shell Variables *************** * Menu: * Bourne Shell Variables:: Variables which Bash uses in the same way as the Bourne Shell. * Bash Variables:: List of variables that exist in Bash. This chapter describes the shell variables that Bash uses. Bash automatically assigns default values to a number of variables.  File: bashref.info, Node: Bourne Shell Variables, Next: Bash Variables, Up: Shell Variables Bourne Shell Variables ====================== Bash uses certain shell variables in the same way as the Bourne shell. In some cases, Bash assigns a default value to the variable. `CDPATH' A colon-separated list of directories used as a search path for the `cd' builtin command. `HOME' The current user's home directory; the default for the `cd' builtin command. The value of this variable is also used by tilde expansion (*note Tilde Expansion::). `IFS' A list of characters that separate fields; used when the shell splits words as part of expansion. `MAIL' If this parameter is set to a filename and the `MAILPATH' variable is not set, Bash informs the user of the arrival of mail in the specified file. `MAILPATH' A colon-separated list of filenames which the shell periodically checks for new mail. Each list entry can specify the message that is printed when new mail arrives in the mail file by separating the file name from the message with a `?'. When used in the text of the message, `$_' expands to the name of the current mail file. `OPTARG' The value of the last option argument processed by the `getopts' builtin. `OPTIND' The index of the last option argument processed by the `getopts' builtin. `PATH' A colon-separated list of directories in which the shell looks for commands. `PS1' The primary prompt string. The default value is `\s-\v\$ '. *Note Printing a Prompt::, for the complete list of escape sequences that are expanded before `PS1' is displayed. `PS2' The secondary prompt string. The default value is `> '.  File: bashref.info, Node: Bash Variables, Prev: Bourne Shell Variables, Up: Shell Variables Bash Variables ============== These variables are set or used by Bash, but other shells do not normally treat them specially. A few variables used by Bash are described in different chapters: variables for controlling the job control facilities (*note Job Control Variables::). `BASH' The full pathname used to execute the current instance of Bash. `BASH_ENV' If this variable is set when Bash is invoked to execute a shell script, its value is expanded and used as the name of a startup file to read before executing the script. *Note Bash Startup Files::. `BASH_VERSION' The version number of the current instance of Bash. `BASH_VERSINFO' A readonly array variable (*note Arrays::) whose members hold version information for this instance of Bash. The values assigned to the array members are as follows: `BASH_VERSINFO[0]' The major version number (the RELEASE). `BASH_VERSINFO[1]' The minor version number (the VERSION). `BASH_VERSINFO[2]' The patch level. `BASH_VERSINFO[3]' The build version. `BASH_VERSINFO[4]' The release status (e.g., BETA1). `BASH_VERSINFO[5]' The value of `MACHTYPE'. `COMP_WORDS' An array variable consisting of the individual words in the current command line. This variable is available only in shell functions invoked by the programmable completion facilities (*note Programmable Completion::). `COMP_CWORD' An index into `${COMP_WORDS}' of the word containing the current cursor position. This variable is available only in shell functions invoked by the programmable completion facilities (*note Programmable Completion::). `COMP_LINE' The current command line. This variable is available only in shell functions and external commands invoked by the programmable completion facilities (*note Programmable Completion::). `COMP_POINT' The index of the current cursor position relative to the beginning of the current command. If the current cursor position is at the end of the current command, the value of this variable is equal to `${#COMP_LINE}'. This variable is available only in shell functions and external commands invoked by the programmable completion facilities (*note Programmable Completion::). `COMPREPLY' An array variable from which Bash reads the possible completions generated by a shell function invoked by the programmable completion facility (*note Programmable Completion::). `DIRSTACK' An array variable containing the current contents of the directory stack. Directories appear in the stack in the order they are displayed by the `dirs' builtin. Assigning to members of this array variable may be used to modify directories already in the stack, but the `pushd' and `popd' builtins must be used to add and remove directories. Assignment to this variable will not change the current directory. If `DIRSTACK' is unset, it loses its special properties, even if it is subsequently reset. `EUID' The numeric effective user id of the current user. This variable is readonly. `FCEDIT' The editor used as a default by the `-e' option to the `fc' builtin command. `FIGNORE' A colon-separated list of suffixes to ignore when performing filename completion. A file name whose suffix matches one of the entries in `FIGNORE' is excluded from the list of matched file names. A sample value is `.o:~' `GLOBIGNORE' A colon-separated list of patterns defining the set of filenames to be ignored by filename expansion. If a filename matched by a filename expansion pattern also matches one of the patterns in `GLOBIGNORE', it is removed from the list of matches. `GROUPS' An array variable containing the list of groups of which the current user is a member. Assignments to `GROUPS' have no effect and return an error status. If `GROUPS' is unset, it loses its special properties, even if it is subsequently reset. `histchars' Up to three characters which control history expansion, quick substitution, and tokenization (*note History Interaction::). The first character is the HISTORY EXPANSION character, that is, the character which signifies the start of a history expansion, normally `!'. The second character is the character which signifies `quick substitution' when seen as the first character on a line, normally `^'. The optional third character is the character which indicates that the remainder of the line is a comment when found as the first character of a word, usually `#'. The history comment character causes history substitution to be skipped for the remaining words on the line. It does not necessarily cause the shell parser to treat the rest of the line as a comment. `HISTCMD' The history number, or index in the history list, of the current command. If `HISTCMD' is unset, it loses its special properties, even if it is subsequently reset. `FUNCNAME' The name of any currently-executing shell function. This variable exists only when a shell function is executing. Assignments to `FUNCNAME' have no effect and return an error status. If `FUNCNAME' is unset, it loses its special properties, even if it is subsequently reset. `HISTCONTROL' A value of `ignorespace' means to not enter lines which begin with a space or tab into the history list. A value of `ignoredups' means to not enter lines which match the last entered line. A value of `ignoreboth' combines the two options. Unset, or set to any other value than those above, means to save all lines on the history list. The second and subsequent lines of a multi-line compound command are not tested, and are added to the history regardless of the value of `HISTCONTROL'. `HISTIGNORE' A colon-separated list of patterns used to decide which command lines should be saved on the history list. Each pattern is anchored at the beginning of the line and must match the complete line (no implicit `*' is appended). Each pattern is tested against the line after the checks specified by `HISTCONTROL' are applied. In addition to the normal shell pattern matching characters, `&' matches the previous history line. `&' may be escaped using a backslash; the backslash is removed before attempting a match. The second and subsequent lines of a multi-line compound command are not tested, and are added to the history regardless of the value of `HISTIGNORE'. `HISTIGNORE' subsumes the function of `HISTCONTROL'. A pattern of `&' is identical to `ignoredups', and a pattern of `[ ]*' is identical to `ignorespace'. Combining these two patterns, separating them with a colon, provides the functionality of `ignoreboth'. `HISTFILE' The name of the file to which the command history is saved. The default value is `~/.bash_history'. `HISTSIZE' The maximum number of commands to remember on the history list. The default value is 500. `HISTFILESIZE' The maximum number of lines contained in the history file. When this variable is assigned a value, the history file is truncated, if necessary, to contain no more than that number of lines. The history file is also truncated to this size after writing it when an interactive shell exits. The default value is 500. `HOSTFILE' Contains the name of a file in the same format as `/etc/hosts' that should be read when the shell needs to complete a hostname. The list of possible hostname completions may be changed while the shell is running; the next time hostname completion is attempted after the value is changed, Bash adds the contents of the new file to the existing list. If `HOSTFILE' is set, but has no value, Bash attempts to read `/etc/hosts' to obtain the list of possible hostname completions. When `HOSTFILE' is unset, the hostname list is cleared. `HOSTNAME' The name of the current host. `HOSTTYPE' A string describing the machine Bash is running on. `IGNOREEOF' Controls the action of the shell on receipt of an `EOF' character as the sole input. If set, the value denotes the number of consecutive `EOF' characters that can be read as the first character on an input line before the shell will exit. If the variable exists but does not have a numeric value (or has no value) then the default is 10. If the variable does not exist, then `EOF' signifies the end of input to the shell. This is only in effect for interactive shells. `INPUTRC' The name of the Readline initialization file, overriding the default of `~/.inputrc'. `LANG' Used to determine the locale category for any category not specifically selected with a variable starting with `LC_'. `LC_ALL' This variable overrides the value of `LANG' and any other `LC_' variable specifying a locale category. `LC_COLLATE' This variable determines the collation order used when sorting the results of filename expansion, and determines the behavior of range expressions, equivalence classes, and collating sequences within filename expansion and pattern matching (*note Filename Expansion::). `LC_CTYPE' This variable determines the interpretation of characters and the behavior of character classes within filename expansion and pattern matching (*note Filename Expansion::). `LC_MESSAGES' This variable determines the locale used to translate double-quoted strings preceded by a `$' (*note Locale Translation::). `LC_NUMERIC' This variable determines the locale category used for number formatting. `LINES' Used by the `select' builtin command to determine the column length for printing selection lists. Automatically set upon receipt of a `SIGWINCH'. `COLUMNS' Used by the `select' builtin command to determine the terminal width when printing selection lists. Automatically set upon receipt of a `SIGWINCH'. `LINENO' The line number in the script or shell function currently executing. `MACHTYPE' A string that fully describes the system type on which Bash is executing, in the standard GNU CPU-COMPANY-SYSTEM format. `MAILCHECK' How often (in seconds) that the shell should check for mail in the files specified in the `MAILPATH' or `MAIL' variables. The default is 60 seconds. When it is time to check for mail, the shell does so before displaying the primary prompt. If this variable is unset, or set to a value that is not a number greater than or equal to zero, the shell disables mail checking. `OLDPWD' The previous working directory as set by the `cd' builtin. `OPTERR' If set to the value 1, Bash displays error messages generated by the `getopts' builtin command. `OSTYPE' A string describing the operating system Bash is running on. `PIPESTATUS' An array variable (*note Arrays::) containing a list of exit status values from the processes in the most-recently-executed foreground pipeline (which may contain only a single command). `PPID' The process ID of the shell's parent process. This variable is readonly. `PROMPT_COMMAND' If set, the value is interpreted as a command to execute before the printing of each primary prompt (`$PS1'). `PS3' The value of this variable is used as the prompt for the `select' command. If this variable is not set, the `select' command prompts with `#? ' `PS4' The value is the prompt printed before the command line is echoed when the `-x' option is set (*note The Set Builtin::). The first character of `PS4' is replicated multiple times, as necessary, to indicate multiple levels of indirection. The default is `+ '. `PWD' The current working directory as set by the `cd' builtin. `RANDOM' Each time this parameter is referenced, a random integer between 0 and 32767 is generated. Assigning a value to this variable seeds the random number generator. `REPLY' The default variable for the `read' builtin. `SECONDS' This variable expands to the number of seconds since the shell was started. Assignment to this variable resets the count to the value assigned, and the expanded value becomes the value assigned plus the number of seconds since the assignment. `SHELLOPTS' A colon-separated list of enabled shell options. Each word in the list is a valid argument for the `-o' option to the `set' builtin command (*note The Set Builtin::). The options appearing in `SHELLOPTS' are those reported as `on' by `set -o'. If this variable is in the environment when Bash starts up, each shell option in the list will be enabled before reading any startup files. This variable is readonly. `SHLVL' Incremented by one each time a new instance of Bash is started. This is intended to be a count of how deeply your Bash shells are nested. `TIMEFORMAT' The value of this parameter is used as a format string specifying how the timing information for pipelines prefixed with the `time' reserved word should be displayed. The `%' character introduces an escape sequence that is expanded to a time value or other information. The escape sequences and their meanings are as follows; the braces denote optional portions. `%%' A literal `%'. `%[P][l]R' The elapsed time in seconds. `%[P][l]U' The number of CPU seconds spent in user mode. `%[P][l]S' The number of CPU seconds spent in system mode. `%P' The CPU percentage, computed as (%U + %S) / %R. The optional P is a digit specifying the precision, the number of fractional digits after a decimal point. A value of 0 causes no decimal point or fraction to be output. At most three places after the decimal point may be specified; values of P greater than 3 are changed to 3. If P is not specified, the value 3 is used. The optional `l' specifies a longer format, including minutes, of the form MMmSS.FFs. The value of P determines whether or not the fraction is included. If this variable is not set, Bash acts as if it had the value `$'\nreal\t%3lR\nuser\t%3lU\nsys\t%3lS'' If the value is null, no timing information is displayed. A trailing newline is added when the format string is displayed. `TMOUT' If set to a value greater than zero, the value is interpreted as the number of seconds to wait for input after issuing the primary prompt when the shell is interactive. Bash terminates after that number of seconds if input does not arrive. `UID' The numeric real user id of the current user. This variable is readonly.  File: bashref.info, Node: Bash Features, Next: Job Control, Prev: Shell Variables, Up: Top Bash Features ************* This section describes features unique to Bash. * Menu: * Invoking Bash:: Command line options that you can give to Bash. * Bash Startup Files:: When and how Bash executes scripts. * Interactive Shells:: What an interactive shell is. * Bash Conditional Expressions:: Primitives used in composing expressions for the `test' builtin. * Shell Arithmetic:: Arithmetic on shell variables. * Aliases:: Substituting one command for another. * Arrays:: Array Variables. * The Directory Stack:: History of visited directories. * Printing a Prompt:: Controlling the PS1 string. * The Restricted Shell:: A more controlled mode of shell execution. * Bash POSIX Mode:: Making Bash behave more closely to what the POSIX standard specifies.  File: bashref.info, Node: Invoking Bash, Next: Bash Startup Files, Up: Bash Features Invoking Bash ============= bash [long-opt] [-ir] [-abefhkmnptuvxdBCDHP] [-o OPTION] [ARGUMENT ...] bash [long-opt] [-abefhkmnptuvxdBCDHP] [-o OPTION] -c STRING [ARGUMENT ...] bash [long-opt] -s [-abefhkmnptuvxdBCDHP] [-o OPTION] [ARGUMENT ...] In addition to the single-character shell command-line options (*note The Set Builtin::), there are several multi-character options that you can use. These options must appear on the command line before the single-character options in order for them to be recognized. `--dump-po-strings' A list of all double-quoted strings preceded by `$' is printed on the standard ouput in the GNU `gettext' PO (portable object) file format. Equivalent to `-D' except for the output format. `--dump-strings' Equivalent to `-D'. `--help' Display a usage message on standard output and exit sucessfully. `--init-file FILENAME' `--rcfile FILENAME' Execute commands from FILENAME (instead of `~/.bashrc') in an interactive shell. `--login' Make this shell act as if it had been directly invoked by login. When the shell is interactive, this is equivalent to starting a login shell with `exec -l bash'. When the shell is not interactive, the login shell startup files will be executed. `exec bash --login' will replace the current shell with a Bash login shell. *Note Bash Startup Files::, for a description of the special behavior of a login shell. `--noediting' Do not use the GNU Readline library (*note Command Line Editing::) to read command lines when the shell is interactive. `--noprofile' Don't load the system-wide startup file `/etc/profile' or any of the personal initialization files `~/.bash_profile', `~/.bash_login', or `~/.profile' when Bash is invoked as a login shell. `--norc' Don't read the `~/.bashrc' initialization file in an interactive shell. This is on by default if the shell is invoked as `sh'. `--posix' Change the behavior of Bash where the default operation differs from the POSIX 1003.2 standard to match the standard. This is intended to make Bash behave as a strict superset of that standard. *Note Bash POSIX Mode::, for a description of the Bash POSIX mode. `--restricted' Make the shell a restricted shell (*note The Restricted Shell::). `--verbose' Equivalent to `-v'. Print shell input lines as they're read. `--version' Show version information for this instance of Bash on the standard output and exit successfully. There are several single-character options that may be supplied at invocation which are not available with the `set' builtin. `-c STRING' Read and execute commands from STRING after processing the options, then exit. Any remaining arguments are assigned to the positional parameters, starting with `$0'. `-i' Force the shell to run interactively. Interactive shells are described in *Note Interactive Shells::. `-r' Make the shell a restricted shell (*note The Restricted Shell::). `-s' If this option is present, or if no arguments remain after option processing, then commands are read from the standard input. This option allows the positional parameters to be set when invoking an interactive shell. `-D' A list of all double-quoted strings preceded by `$' is printed on the standard ouput. These are the strings that are subject to language translation when the current locale is not `C' or `POSIX' (*note Locale Translation::). This implies the `-n' option; no commands will be executed. `--' A `--' signals the end of options and disables further option processing. Any arguments after the `--' are treated as filenames and arguments. An _interactive_ shell is one started without non-option arguments, unless `-s' is specified, without specifying the `-c' option, and whose input and output are both connected to terminals (as determined by `isatty(3)'), or one started with the `-i' option. *Note Interactive Shells::, for more information. If arguments remain after option processing, and neither the `-c' nor the `-s' option has been supplied, the first argument is assumed to be the name of a file containing shell commands (*note Shell Scripts::). When Bash is invoked in this fashion, `$0' is set to the name of the file, and the positional parameters are set to the remaining arguments. Bash reads and executes commands from this file, then exits. Bash's exit status is the exit status of the last command executed in the script. If no commands are executed, the exit status is 0.  File: bashref.info, Node: Bash Startup Files, Next: Interactive Shells, Prev: Invoking Bash, Up: Bash Features Bash Startup Files ================== This section describs how Bash executes its startup files. If any of the files exist but cannot be read, Bash reports an error. Tildes are expanded in file names as described above under Tilde Expansion (*note Tilde Expansion::). Interactive shells are described in *Note Interactive Shells::. Invoked as an interactive login shell, or with `--login' ........................................................ When Bash is invoked as an interactive login shell, or as a non-interactive shell with the `--login' option, it first reads and executes commands from the file `/etc/profile', if that file exists. After reading that file, it looks for `~/.bash_profile', `~/.bash_login', and `~/.profile', in that order, and reads and executes commands from the first one that exists and is readable. The `--noprofile' option may be used when the shell is started to inhibit this behavior. When a login shell exits, Bash reads and executes commands from the file `~/.bash_logout', if it exists. Invoked as an interactive non-login shell ......................................... When an interactive shell that is not a login shell is started, Bash reads and executes commands from `~/.bashrc', if that file exists. This may be inhibited by using the `--norc' option. The `--rcfile FILE' option will force Bash to read and execute commands from FILE instead of `~/.bashrc'. So, typically, your `~/.bash_profile' contains the line `if [ -f ~/.bashrc ]; then . ~/.bashrc; fi' after (or before) any login-specific initializations. Invoked non-interactively ......................... When Bash is started non-interactively, to run a shell script, for example, it looks for the variable `BASH_ENV' in the environment, expands its value if it appears there, and uses the expanded value as the name of a file to read and execute. Bash behaves as if the following command were executed: `if [ -n "$BASH_ENV" ]; then . "$BASH_ENV"; fi' but the value of the `PATH' variable is not used to search for the file name. As noted above, if a non-interactive shell is invoked with the `--login' option, Bash attempts to read and execute commands from the login shell startup files. Invoked with name `sh' ...................... If Bash is invoked with the name `sh', it tries to mimic the startup behavior of historical versions of `sh' as closely as possible, while conforming to the POSIX standard as well. When invoked as an interactive login shell, or as a non-interactive shell with the `--login' option, it first attempts to read and execute commands from `/etc/profile' and `~/.profile', in that order. The `--noprofile' option may be used to inhibit this behavior. When invoked as an interactive shell with the name `sh', Bash looks for the variable `ENV', expands its value if it is defined, and uses the expanded value as the name of a file to read and execute. Since a shell invoked as `sh' does not attempt to read and execute commands from any other startup files, the `--rcfile' option has no effect. A non-interactive shell invoked with the name `sh' does not attempt to read any other startup files. When invoked as `sh', Bash enters POSIX mode after the startup files are read. Invoked in POSIX mode ..................... When Bash is started in POSIX mode, as with the `--posix' command line option, it follows the POSIX standard for startup files. In this mode, interactive shells expand the `ENV' variable and commands are read and executed from the file whose name is the expanded value. No other startup files are read. Invoked by remote shell daemon .............................. Bash attempts to determine when it is being run by the remote shell daemon, usually `rshd'. If Bash determines it is being run by rshd, it reads and executes commands from `~/.bashrc', if that file exists and is readable. It will not do this if invoked as `sh'. The `--norc' option may be used to inhibit this behavior, and the `--rcfile' option may be used to force another file to be read, but `rshd' does not generally invoke the shell with those options or allow them to be specified. Invoked with unequal effective and real UID/GIDs ................................................ If Bash is started with the effective user (group) id not equal to the real user (group) id, and the `-p' option is not supplied, no startup files are read, shell functions are not inherited from the environment, the `SHELLOPTS' variable, if it appears in the environment, is ignored, and the effective user id is set to the real user id. If the `-p' option is supplied at invocation, the startup behavior is the same, but the effective user id is not reset.  File: bashref.info, Node: Interactive Shells, Next: Bash Conditional Expressions, Prev: Bash Startup Files, Up: Bash Features Interactive Shells ================== * Menu: * What is an Interactive Shell?:: What determines whether a shell is Interactive. * Is this Shell Interactive?:: How to tell if a shell is interactive. * Interactive Shell Behavior:: What changes in a interactive shell?  File: bashref.info, Node: What is an Interactive Shell?, Next: Is this Shell Interactive?, Up: Interactive Shells What is an Interactive Shell? ----------------------------- An interactive shell is one started without non-option arguments, unless `-s' is specified, without specifiying the `-c' option, and whose input and output are both connected to terminals (as determined by `isatty(3)'), or one started with the `-i' option. An interactive shell generally reads from and writes to a user's terminal. The `-s' invocation option may be used to set the positional parameters when an interactive shell is started.  File: bashref.info, Node: Is this Shell Interactive?, Next: Interactive Shell Behavior, Prev: What is an Interactive Shell?, Up: Interactive Shells Is this Shell Interactive? -------------------------- To determine within a startup script whether or not Bash is running interactively, test the value of the `-' special parameter. It contains `i' when the shell is interactive. For example: case "$-" in *i*) echo This shell is interactive ;; *) echo This shell is not interactive ;; esac Alternatively, startup scripts may examine the variable `PS1'; it is unset in non-interactive shells, and set in interactive shells. Thus: if [ -z "$PS1" ]; then echo This shell is not interactive else echo This shell is interactive fi  File: bashref.info, Node: Interactive Shell Behavior, Prev: Is this Shell Interactive?, Up: Interactive Shells Interactive Shell Behavior -------------------------- When the shell is running interactively, it changes its behavior in several ways. 1. Startup files are read and executed as described in *Note Bash Startup Files::. 2. Job Control (*note Job Control::) is enabled by default. When job control is in effect, Bash ignores the keyboard-generated job control signals `SIGTTIN', `SIGTTOU', and `SIGTSTP'. 3. Bash expands and displays `PS1' before reading the first line of a command, and expands and displays `PS2' before reading the second and subsequent lines of a multi-line command. 4. Bash executes the value of the `PROMPT_COMMAND' variable as a command before printing the primary prompt, `$PS1' (*note Bash Variables::). 5. Readline (*note Command Line Editing::) is used to read commands from the user's terminal. 6. Bash inspects the value of the `ignoreeof' option to `set -o' instead of exiting immediately when it receives an `EOF' on its standard input when reading a command (*note The Set Builtin::). 7. Command history (*note Bash History Facilities::) and history expansion (*note History Interaction::) are enabled by default. Bash will save the command history to the file named by `$HISTFILE' when an interactive shell exits. 8. Alias expansion (*note Aliases::) is performed by default. 9. In the absence of any traps, Bash ignores `SIGTERM' (*note Signals::). 10. In the absence of any traps, `SIGINT' is caught and handled ((*note Signals::). `SIGINT' will interrupt some shell builtins. 11. An interactive login shell sends a `SIGHUP' to all jobs on exit if the `hupoxexit' shell option has been enabled (*note Signals::). 12. The `-n' invocation option is ignored, and `set -n' has no effect (*note The Set Builtin::). 13. Bash will check for mail periodically, depending on the values of the `MAIL', `MAILPATH', and `MAILCHECK' shell variables (*note Bash Variables::). 14. Expansion errors due to references to unbound shell variables after `set -u' has been enabled will not cause the shell to exit (*note The Set Builtin::). 15. The shell will not exit on expansion errors caused by VAR being unset or null in `${VAR:?WORD}' expansions (*note Shell Parameter Expansion::). 16. Redirection errors encountered by shell builtins will not cause the shell to exit. 17. When running in POSIX mode, a special builtin returning an error status will not cause the shell to exit (*note Bash POSIX Mode::). 18. A failed `exec' will not cause the shell to exit (*note Bourne Shell Builtins::). 19. Parser syntax errors will not cause the shell to exit. 20. Simple spelling correction for directory arguments to the `cd' builtin is enabled by default (see the description of the `cdspell' option to the `shopt' builtin in *Note Bash Builtins::). 21. The shell will check the value of the `TMOUT' variable and exit if a command is not read within the specified number of seconds after printing `$PS1' (*note Bash Variables::).  File: bashref.info, Node: Bash Conditional Expressions, Next: Shell Arithmetic, Prev: Interactive Shells, Up: Bash Features Bash Conditional Expressions ============================ Conditional expressions are used by the `[[' compound command and the `test' and `[' builtin commands. Expressions may be unary or binary. Unary expressions are often used to examine the status of a file. There are string operators and numeric comparison operators as well. If the FILE argument to one of the primaries is of the form `/dev/fd/N', then file descriptor N is checked. If the FILE argument to one of the primaries is one of `/dev/stdin', `/dev/stdout', or `/dev/stderr', file descriptor 0, 1, or 2, respectively, is checked. `-a FILE' True if FILE exists. `-b FILE' True if FILE exists and is a block special file. `-c FILE' True if FILE exists and is a character special file. `-d FILE' True if FILE exists and is a directory. `-e FILE' True if FILE exists. `-f FILE' True if FILE exists and is a regular file. `-g FILE' True if FILE exists and its set-group-id bit is set. `-h FILE' True if FILE exists and is a symbolic link. `-k FILE' True if FILE exists and its "sticky" bit is set. `-p FILE' True if FILE exists and is a named pipe (FIFO). `-r FILE' True if FILE exists and is readable. `-s FILE' True if FILE exists and has a size greater than zero. `-t FD' True if file descriptor FD is open and refers to a terminal. `-u FILE' True if FILE exists and its set-user-id bit is set. `-w FILE' True if FILE exists and is writable. `-x FILE' True if FILE exists and is executable. `-O FILE' True if FILE exists and is owned by the effective user id. `-G FILE' True if FILE exists and is owned by the effective group id. `-L FILE' True if FILE exists and is a symbolic link. `-S FILE' True if FILE exists and is a socket. `-N FILE' True if FILE exists and has been modified since it was last read. `FILE1 -nt FILE2' True if FILE1 is newer (according to modification date) than FILE2. `FILE1 -ot FILE2' True if FILE1 is older than FILE2. `FILE1 -ef FILE2' True if FILE1 and FILE2 have the same device and inode numbers. `-o OPTNAME' True if shell option OPTNAME is enabled. The list of options appears in the description of the `-o' option to the `set' builtin (*note The Set Builtin::). `-z STRING' True if the length of STRING is zero. `-n STRING' `STRING' True if the length of STRING is non-zero. `STRING1 == STRING2' True if the strings are equal. `=' may be used in place of `=='. `STRING1 != STRING2' True if the strings are not equal. `STRING1 < STRING2' True if STRING1 sorts before STRING2 lexicographically in the current locale. `STRING1 > STRING2' True if STRING1 sorts after STRING2 lexicographically in the current locale. `ARG1 OP ARG2' `OP' is one of `-eq', `-ne', `-lt', `-le', `-gt', or `-ge'. These arithmetic binary operators return true if ARG1 is equal to, not equal to, less than, less than or equal to, greater than, or greater than or equal to ARG2, respectively. ARG1 and ARG2 may be positive or negative integers.  File: bashref.info, Node: Shell Arithmetic, Next: Aliases, Prev: Bash Conditional Expressions, Up: Bash Features Shell Arithmetic ================ The shell allows arithmetic expressions to be evaluated, as one of the shell expansions or by the `let' builtin. Evaluation is done in long integers with no check for overflow, though division by 0 is trapped and flagged as an error. The operators and their precedence and associativity are the same as in the C language. The following list of operators is grouped into levels of equal-precedence operators. The levels are listed in order of decreasing precedence. `ID++ ID--' variable post-increment and post-decrement `++ID --ID' variable pre-increment and pre-decrement `- +' unary minus and plus `! ~' logical and bitwise negation `**' exponentiation `* / %' multiplication, division, remainder `+ -' addition, subtraction `<< >>' left and right bitwise shifts `<= >= < >' comparison `== !=' equality and inequality `&' bitwise AND `^' bitwise exclusive OR `|' bitwise OR `&&' logical AND `||' logical OR `expr ? expr : expr' conditional evaluation `= *= /= %= += -= <<= >>= &= ^= |=' assignment `expr1 , expr2' comma Shell variables are allowed as operands; parameter expansion is performed before the expression is evaluated. Within an expression, shell variables may also be referenced by name without using the parameter expansion syntax. The value of a variable is evaluated as an arithmetic expression when it is referenced. A shell variable need not have its integer attribute turned on to be used in an expression. Constants with a leading 0 are interpreted as octal numbers. A leading `0x' or `0X' denotes hexadecimal. Otherwise, numbers take the form [BASE`#']N, where BASE is a decimal number between 2 and 64 representing the arithmetic base, and N is a number in that base. If BASE`#' is omitted, then base 10 is used. The digits greater than 9 are represented by the lowercase letters, the uppercase letters, `_', and `@', in that order. If BASE is less than or equal to 36, lowercase and uppercase letters may be used interchangably to represent numbers between 10 and 35. Operators are evaluated in order of precedence. Sub-expressions in parentheses are evaluated first and may override the precedence rules above.  File: bashref.info, Node: Aliases, Next: Arrays, Prev: Shell Arithmetic, Up: Bash Features Aliases ======= ALIASES allow a string to be substituted for a word when it is used as the first word of a simple command. The shell maintains a list of aliases that may be set and unset with the `alias' and `unalias' builtin commands. The first word of each simple command, if unquoted, is checked to see if it has an alias. If so, that word is replaced by the text of the alias. The alias name and the replacement text may contain any valid shell input, including shell metacharacters, with the exception that the alias name may not contain `='. The first word of the replacement text is tested for aliases, but a word that is identical to an alias being expanded is not expanded a second time. This means that one may alias `ls' to `"ls -F"', for instance, and Bash does not try to recursively expand the replacement text. If the last character of the alias value is a space or tab character, then the next command word following the alias is also checked for alias expansion. Aliases are created and listed with the `alias' command, and removed with the `unalias' command. There is no mechanism for using arguments in the replacement text, as in `csh'. If arguments are needed, a shell function should be used (*note Shell Functions::). Aliases are not expanded when the shell is not interactive, unless the `expand_aliases' shell option is set using `shopt' (*note Bash Builtins::). The rules concerning the definition and use of aliases are somewhat confusing. Bash always reads at least one complete line of input before executing any of the commands on that line. Aliases are expanded when a command is read, not when it is executed. Therefore, an alias definition appearing on the same line as another command does not take effect until the next line of input is read. The commands following the alias definition on that line are not affected by the new alias. This behavior is also an issue when functions are executed. Aliases are expanded when a function definition is read, not when the function is executed, because a function definition is itself a compound command. As a consequence, aliases defined in a function are not available until after that function is executed. To be safe, always put alias definitions on a separate line, and do not use `alias' in compound commands. For almost every purpose, shell functions are preferred over aliases.  File: bashref.info, Node: Arrays, Next: The Directory Stack, Prev: Aliases, Up: Bash Features Arrays ====== Bash provides one-dimensional array variables. Any variable may be used as an array; the `declare' builtin will explicitly declare an array. There is no maximum limit on the size of an array, nor any requirement that members be indexed or assigned contiguously. Arrays are zero-based. An array is created automatically if any variable is assigned to using the syntax name[SUBSCRIPT]=VALUE The SUBSCRIPT is treated as an arithmetic expression that must evaluate to a number greater than or equal to zero. To explicitly declare an array, use declare -a NAME The syntax declare -a NAME[SUBSCRIPT] is also accepted; the SUBSCRIPT is ignored. Attributes may be specified for an array variable using the `declare' and `readonly' builtins. Each attribute applies to all members of an array. Arrays are assigned to using compound assignments of the form name=(value1 ... valueN) where each VALUE is of the form `[[SUBSCRIPT]=]'STRING. If the optional subscript is supplied, that index is assigned to; otherwise the index of the element assigned is the last index assigned to by the statement plus one. Indexing starts at zero. This syntax is also accepted by the `declare' builtin. Individual array elements may be assigned to using the `name['SUBSCRIPT`]='VALUE syntax introduced above. Any element of an array may be referenced using `${name['SUBSCRIPT`]}'. The braces are required to avoid conflicts with the shell's filename expansion operators. If the SUBSCRIPT is `@' or `*', the word expands to all members of the array NAME. These subscripts differ only when the word appears within double quotes. If the word is double-quoted, `${name[*]}' expands to a single word with the value of each array member separated by the first character of the `IFS' variable, and `${name[@]}' expands each element of NAME to a separate word. When there are no array members, `${name[@]}' expands to nothing. This is analogous to the expansion of the special parameters `@' and `*'. `${#name['SUBSCRIPT`]}' expands to the length of `${name['SUBSCRIPT`]}'. If SUBSCRIPT is `@' or `*', the expansion is the number of elements in the array. Referencing an array variable without a subscript is equivalent to referencing element zero. The `unset' builtin is used to destroy arrays. `unset' NAME[SUBSCRIPT] destroys the array element at index SUBSCRIPT. `unset' NAME, where NAME is an array, removes the entire array. A subscript of `*' or `@' also removes the entire array. The `declare', `local', and `readonly' builtins each accept a `-a' option to specify an array. The `read' builtin accepts a `-a' option to assign a list of words read from the standard input to an array, and can read values from the standard input into individual array elements. The `set' and `declare' builtins display array values in a way that allows them to be reused as input.  File: bashref.info, Node: The Directory Stack, Next: Printing a Prompt, Prev: Arrays, Up: Bash Features The Directory Stack =================== * Menu: * Directory Stack Builtins:: Bash builtin commands to manipulate the directory stack. The directory stack is a list of recently-visited directories. The `pushd' builtin adds directories to the stack as it changes the current directory, and the `popd' builtin removes specified directories from the stack and changes the current directory to the directory removed. The `dirs' builtin displays the contents of the directory stack. The contents of the directory stack are also visible as the value of the `DIRSTACK' shell variable.  File: bashref.info, Node: Directory Stack Builtins, Up: The Directory Stack Directory Stack Builtins ------------------------ `dirs' dirs [+N | -N] [-clpv] Display the list of currently remembered directories. Directories are added to the list with the `pushd' command; the `popd' command removes directories from the list. `+N' Displays the Nth directory (counting from the left of the list printed by `dirs' when invoked without options), starting with zero. `-N' Displays the Nth directory (counting from the right of the list printed by `dirs' when invoked without options), starting with zero. `-c' Clears the directory stack by deleting all of the elements. `-l' Produces a longer listing; the default listing format uses a tilde to denote the home directory. `-p' Causes `dirs' to print the directory stack with one entry per line. `-v' Causes `dirs' to print the directory stack with one entry per line, prefixing each entry with its index in the stack. `popd' popd [+N | -N] [-n] Remove the top entry from the directory stack, and `cd' to the new top directory. When no arguments are given, `popd' removes the top directory from the stack and performs a `cd' to the new top directory. The elements are numbered from 0 starting at the first directory listed with `dirs'; i.e., `popd' is equivalent to `popd +0'. `+N' Removes the Nth directory (counting from the left of the list printed by `dirs'), starting with zero. `-N' Removes the Nth directory (counting from the right of the list printed by `dirs'), starting with zero. `-n' Suppresses the normal change of directory when removing directories from the stack, so that only the stack is manipulated. `pushd' pushd [DIR | +N | -N] [-n] Save the current directory on the top of the directory stack and then `cd' to DIR. With no arguments, `pushd' exchanges the top two directories. `+N' Brings the Nth directory (counting from the left of the list printed by `dirs', starting with zero) to the top of the list by rotating the stack. `-N' Brings the Nth directory (counting from the right of the list printed by `dirs', starting with zero) to the top of the list by rotating the stack. `-n' Suppresses the normal change of directory when adding directories to the stack, so that only the stack is manipulated. `DIR' Makes the current working directory be the top of the stack, and then executes the equivalent of ``cd' DIR'. `cd's to DIR.  File: bashref.info, Node: Printing a Prompt, Next: The Restricted Shell, Prev: The Directory Stack, Up: Bash Features Controlling the Prompt ====================== The value of the variable `PROMPT_COMMAND' is examined just before Bash prints each primary prompt. If `PROMPT_COMMAND' is set and has a non-null value, then the value is executed just as if it had been typed on the command line. In addition, the following table describes the special characters which can appear in the prompt variables: `\a' A bell character. `\d' The date, in "Weekday Month Date" format (e.g., "Tue May 26"). `\e' An escape character. `\h' The hostname, up to the first `.'. `\H' The hostname. `\j' The number of jobs currently managed by the shell. `\l' The basename of the shell's terminal device name. `\n' A newline. `\r' A carriage return. `\s' The name of the shell, the basename of `$0' (the portion following the final slash). `\t' The time, in 24-hour HH:MM:SS format. `\T' The time, in 12-hour HH:MM:SS format. `\@' The time, in 12-hour am/pm format. `\u' The username of the current user. `\v' The version of Bash (e.g., 2.00) `\V' The release of Bash, version + patchlevel (e.g., 2.00.0) `\w' The current working directory. `\W' The basename of `$PWD'. `\!' The history number of this command. `\#' The command number of this command. `\$' If the effective uid is 0, `#', otherwise `$'. `\NNN' The character whose ASCII code is the octal value NNN. `\\' A backslash. `\[' Begin a sequence of non-printing characters. This could be used to embed a terminal control sequence into the prompt. `\]' End a sequence of non-printing characters. The command number and the history number are usually different: the history number of a command is its position in the history list, which may include commands restored from the history file (*note Bash History Facilities::), while the command number is the position in the sequence of commands executed during the current shell session. After the string is decoded, it is expanded via parameter expansion, command substitution, arithmetic expansion, and quote removal, subject to the value of the `promptvars' shell option (*note Bash Builtins::).  File: bashref.info, Node: The Restricted Shell, Next: Bash POSIX Mode, Prev: Printing a Prompt, Up: Bash Features The Restricted Shell ==================== If Bash is started with the name `rbash', or the `--restricted' option is supplied at invocation, the shell becomes restricted. A restricted shell is used to set up an environment more controlled than the standard shell. A restricted shell behaves identically to `bash' with the exception that the following are disallowed: * Changing directories with the `cd' builtin. * Setting or unsetting the values of the `SHELL', `PATH', `ENV', or `BASH_ENV' variables. * Specifying command names containing slashes. * Specifying a filename containing a slash as an argument to the `.' builtin command. * Specifying a filename containing a slash as an argument to the `-p' option to the `hash' builtin command. * Importing function definitions from the shell environment at startup. * Parsing the value of `SHELLOPTS' from the shell environment at startup. * Redirecting output using the `>', `>|', `<>', `>&', `&>', and `>>' redirection operators. * Using the `exec' builtin to replace the shell with another command. * Adding or deleting builtin commands with the `-f' and `-d' options to the `enable' builtin. * Specifying the `-p' option to the `command' builtin. * Turning off restricted mode with `set +r' or `set +o restricted'.  File: bashref.info, Node: Bash POSIX Mode, Prev: The Restricted Shell, Up: Bash Features Bash POSIX Mode =============== Starting Bash with the `--posix' command-line option or executing `set -o posix' while Bash is running will cause Bash to conform more closely to the POSIX 1003.2 standard by changing the behavior to match that specified by POSIX in areas where the Bash default differs. The following list is what's changed when `POSIX mode' is in effect: 1. When a command in the hash table no longer exists, Bash will re-search `$PATH' to find the new location. This is also available with `shopt -s checkhash'. 2. The message printed by the job control code and builtins when a job exits with a non-zero status is `Done(status)'. 3. The message printed by the job control code and builtins when a job is stopped is `Stopped(SIGNAME)', where SIGNAME is, for example, `SIGTSTP'. 4. Reserved words may not be aliased. 5. The POSIX 1003.2 `PS1' and `PS2' expansions of `!' to the history number and `!!' to `!' are enabled, and parameter expansion is performed on the values of `PS1' and `PS2' regardless of the setting of the `promptvars' option. 6. Interactive comments are enabled by default. (Bash has them on by default anyway.) 7. The POSIX 1003.2 startup files are executed (`$ENV') rather than the normal Bash files. 8. Tilde expansion is only performed on assignments preceding a command name, rather than on all assignment statements on the line. 9. The default history file is `~/.sh_history' (this is the default value of `$HISTFILE'). 10. The output of `kill -l' prints all the signal names on a single line, separated by spaces. 11. Non-interactive shells exit if FILENAME in `.' FILENAME is not found. 12. Non-interactive shells exit if a syntax error in an arithmetic expansion results in an invalid expression. 13. Redirection operators do not perform filename expansion on the word in the redirection unless the shell is interactive. 14. Redirection operators do not perform word splitting on the word in the redirection. 15. Function names must be valid shell `name's. That is, they may not contain characters other than letters, digits, and underscores, and may not start with a digit. Declaring a function with an invalid name causes a fatal syntax error in non-interactive shells. 16. POSIX 1003.2 `special' builtins are found before shell functions during command lookup. 17. If a POSIX 1003.2 special builtin returns an error status, a non-interactive shell exits. The fatal errors are those listed in the POSIX.2 standard, and include things like passing incorrect options, redirection errors, variable assignment errors for assignments preceding the command name, and so on. 18. If the `cd' builtin finds a directory to change to using `$CDPATH', the value it assigns to the `PWD' variable does not contain any symbolic links, as if `cd -P' had been executed. 19. If `CDPATH' is set, the `cd' builtin will not implicitly append the current directory to it. This means that `cd' will fail if no valid directory name can be constructed from any of the entries in `$CDPATH', even if the a directory with the same name as the name given as an argument to `cd' exists in the current directory. 20. A non-interactive shell exits with an error status if a variable assignment error occurs when no command name follows the assignment statements. A variable assignment error occurs, for example, when trying to assign a value to a readonly variable. 21. A non-interactive shell exits with an error status if the iteration variable in a `for' statement or the selection variable in a `select' statement is a readonly variable. 22. Process substitution is not available. 23. Assignment statements preceding POSIX 1003.2 special builtins persist in the shell environment after the builtin completes. 24. Assignment statements preceding shell function calls persist in the shell environment after the function returns, as if a POSIX special builtin command had been executed. 25. The `export' and `readonly' builtin commands display their output in the format required by POSIX 1003.2. 26. The `trap' builtin displays signal names without the leading `SIG'. 27. The `.' and `source' builtins do not search the current directory for the filename argument if it is not found by searching `PATH'. 28. Subshells spawned to execute command substitutions inherit the value of the `-e' option from the parent shell. When not in POSIX mode, Bash clears the `-e' option in such subshells. 29. Alias expansion is always enabled, even in non-interactive shells. 30. When the `set' builtin is invoked without options, it does not display shell function names and definitions. There is other POSIX 1003.2 behavior that Bash does not implement. Specifically: 1. Assignment statements affect the execution environment of all builtins, not just special ones. 2. When a subshell is created to execute a shell script with execute permission, but without a leading `#!', Bash sets `$0' to the full pathname of the script as found by searching `$PATH', rather than the command as typed by the user. 3. When using `.' to source a shell script found in `$PATH', bash checks execute permission bits rather than read permission bits, just as if it were searching for a command.  File: bashref.info, Node: Job Control, Next: Using History Interactively, Prev: Bash Features, Up: Top Job Control *********** This chapter discusses what job control is, how it works, and how Bash allows you to access its facilities. * Menu: * Job Control Basics:: How job control works. * Job Control Builtins:: Bash builtin commands used to interact with job control. * Job Control Variables:: Variables Bash uses to customize job control.  File: bashref.info, Node: Job Control Basics, Next: Job Control Builtins, Up: Job Control Job Control Basics ================== Job control refers to the ability to selectively stop (suspend) the execution of processes and continue (resume) their execution at a later point. A user typically employs this facility via an interactive interface supplied jointly by the system's terminal driver and Bash. The shell associates a JOB with each pipeline. It keeps a table of currently executing jobs, which may be listed with the `jobs' command. When Bash starts a job asynchronously, it prints a line that looks like: [1] 25647 indicating that this job is job number 1 and that the process ID of the last process in the pipeline associated with this job is 25647. All of the processes in a single pipeline are members of the same job. Bash uses the JOB abstraction as the basis for job control. To facilitate the implementation of the user interface to job control, the operating system maintains the notion of a current terminal process group ID. Members of this process group (processes whose process group ID is equal to the current terminal process group ID) receive keyboard-generated signals such as `SIGINT'. These processes are said to be in the foreground. Background processes are those whose process group ID differs from the terminal's; such processes are immune to keyboard-generated signals. Only foreground processes are allowed to read from or write to the terminal. Background processes which attempt to read from (write to) the terminal are sent a `SIGTTIN' (`SIGTTOU') signal by the terminal driver, which, unless caught, suspends the process. If the operating system on which Bash is running supports job control, Bash contains facilities to use it. Typing the SUSPEND character (typically `^Z', Control-Z) while a process is running causes that process to be stopped and returns control to Bash. Typing the DELAYED SUSPEND character (typically `^Y', Control-Y) causes the process to be stopped when it attempts to read input from the terminal, and control to be returned to Bash. The user then manipulates the state of this job, using the `bg' command to continue it in the background, the `fg' command to continue it in the foreground, or the `kill' command to kill it. A `^Z' takes effect immediately, and has the additional side effect of causing pending output and typeahead to be discarded. There are a number of ways to refer to a job in the shell. The character `%' introduces a job name. Job number `n' may be referred to as `%n'. The symbols `%%' and `%+' refer to the shell's notion of the current job, which is the last job stopped while it was in the foreground or started in the background. The previous job may be referenced using `%-'. In output pertaining to jobs (e.g., the output of the `jobs' command), the current job is always flagged with a `+', and the previous job with a `-'. A job may also be referred to using a prefix of the name used to start it, or using a substring that appears in its command line. For example, `%ce' refers to a stopped `ce' job. Using `%?ce', on the other hand, refers to any job containing the string `ce' in its command line. If the prefix or substring matches more than one job, Bash reports an error. Simply naming a job can be used to bring it into the foreground: `%1' is a synonym for `fg %1', bringing job 1 from the background into the foreground. Similarly, `%1 &' resumes job 1 in the background, equivalent to `bg %1' The shell learns immediately whenever a job changes state. Normally, Bash waits until it is about to print a prompt before reporting changes in a job's status so as to not interrupt any other output. If the the `-b' option to the `set' builtin is enabled, Bash reports such changes immediately (*note The Set Builtin::). If an attempt to exit Bash is while jobs are stopped, the shell prints a message warning that there are stopped jobs. The `jobs' command may then be used to inspect their status. If a second attempt to exit is made without an intervening command, Bash does not print another warning, and the stopped jobs are terminated.  File: bashref.info, Node: Job Control Builtins, Next: Job Control Variables, Prev: Job Control Basics, Up: Job Control Job Control Builtins ==================== `bg' bg [JOBSPEC] Resume the suspended job JOBSPEC in the background, as if it had been started with `&'. If JOBSPEC is not supplied, the current job is used. The return status is zero unless it is run when job control is not enabled, or, when run with job control enabled, if JOBSPEC was not found or JOBSPEC specifies a job that was started without job control. `fg' fg [JOBSPEC] Resume the job JOBSPEC in the foreground and make it the current job. If JOBSPEC is not supplied, the current job is used. The return status is that of the command placed into the foreground, or non-zero if run when job control is disabled or, when run with job control enabled, JOBSPEC does not specify a valid job or JOBSPEC specifies a job that was started without job control. `jobs' jobs [-lnprs] [JOBSPEC] jobs -x COMMAND [ARGUMENTS] The first form lists the active jobs. The options have the following meanings: `-l' List process IDs in addition to the normal information. `-n' Display information only about jobs that have changed status since the user was last notified of their status. `-p' List only the process ID of the job's process group leader. `-r' Restrict output to running jobs. `-s' Restrict output to stopped jobs. If JOBSPEC is given, output is restricted to information about that job. If JOBSPEC is not supplied, the status of all jobs is listed. If the `-x' option is supplied, `jobs' replaces any JOBSPEC found in COMMAND or ARGUMENTS with the corresponding process group ID, and executes COMMAND, passing it ARGUMENTs, returning its exit status. `kill' kill [-s SIGSPEC] [-n SIGNUM] [-SIGSPEC] JOBSPEC or PID kill -l [EXIT_STATUS] Send a signal specified by SIGSPEC or SIGNUM to the process named by job specification JOBSPEC or process ID PID. SIGSPEC is either a signal name such as `SIGINT' (with or without the `SIG' prefix) or a signal number; SIGNUM is a signal number. If SIGSPEC and SIGNUM are not present, `SIGTERM' is used. The `-l' option lists the signal names. If any arguments are supplied when `-l' is given, the names of the signals corresponding to the arguments are listed, and the return status is zero. EXIT_STATUS is a number specifying a signal number or the exit status of a process terminated by a signal. The return status is zero if at least one signal was successfully sent, or non-zero if an error occurs or an invalid option is encountered. `wait' wait [JOBSPEC or PID] Wait until the child process specified by process ID PID or job specification JOBSPEC exits and return the exit status of the last command waited for. If a job spec is given, all processes in the job are waited for. If no arguments are given, all currently active child processes are waited for, and the return status is zero. If neither JOBSPEC nor PID specifies an active child process of the shell, the return status is 127. `disown' disown [-ar] [-h] [JOBSPEC ...] Without options, each JOBSPEC is removed from the table of active jobs. If the `-h' option is given, the job is not removed from the table, but is marked so that `SIGHUP' is not sent to the job if the shell receives a `SIGHUP'. If JOBSPEC is not present, and neither the `-a' nor `-r' option is supplied, the current job is used. If no JOBSPEC is supplied, the `-a' option means to remove or mark all jobs; the `-r' option without a JOBSPEC argument restricts operation to running jobs. `suspend' suspend [-f] Suspend the execution of this shell until it receives a `SIGCONT' signal. The `-f' option means to suspend even if the shell is a login shell. When job control is not active, the `kill' and `wait' builtins do not accept JOBSPEC arguments. They must be supplied process IDs.  File: bashref.info, Node: Job Control Variables, Prev: Job Control Builtins, Up: Job Control Job Control Variables ===================== `auto_resume' This variable controls how the shell interacts with the user and job control. If this variable exists then single word simple commands without redirections are treated as candidates for resumption of an existing job. There is no ambiguity allowed; if there is more than one job beginning with the string typed, then the most recently accessed job will be selected. The name of a stopped job, in this context, is the command line used to start it. If this variable is set to the value `exact', the string supplied must match the name of a stopped job exactly; if set to `substring', the string supplied needs to match a substring of the name of a stopped job. The `substring' value provides functionality analogous to the `%?' job ID (*note Job Control Basics::). If set to any other value, the supplied string must be a prefix of a stopped job's name; this provides functionality analogous to the `%' job ID.  File: bashref.info, Node: Command Line Editing, Next: Installing Bash, Prev: Using History Interactively, Up: Top Command Line Editing ******************** This chapter describes the basic features of the GNU command line editing interface. Command line editing is provided by the Readline library, which is used by several different programs, including Bash. * Menu: * Introduction and Notation:: Notation used in this text. * Readline Interaction:: The minimum set of commands for editing a line. * Readline Init File:: Customizing Readline from a user's view. * Bindable Readline Commands:: A description of most of the Readline commands available for binding * Readline vi Mode:: A short description of how to make Readline behave like the vi editor. * Programmable Completion:: How to specify the possible completions for a specific command. * Programmable Completion Builtins:: Builtin commands to specify how to complete arguments for a particular command.  File: bashref.info, Node: Introduction and Notation, Next: Readline Interaction, Up: Command Line Editing Introduction to Line Editing ============================ The following paragraphs describe the notation used to represent keystrokes. The text `C-k' is read as `Control-K' and describes the character produced when the key is pressed while the Control key is depressed. The text `M-k' is read as `Meta-K' and describes the character produced when the Meta key (if you have one) is depressed, and the key is pressed. The Meta key is labeled on many keyboards. On keyboards with two keys labeled (usually to either side of the space bar), the on the left side is generally set to work as a Meta key. The key on the right may also be configured to work as a Meta key or may be configured as some other modifier, such as a Compose key for typing accented characters. If you do not have a Meta or key, or another key working as a Meta key, the identical keystroke can be generated by typing _first_, and then typing . Either process is known as "metafying" the key. The text `M-C-k' is read as `Meta-Control-k' and describes the character produced by "metafying" `C-k'. In addition, several keys have their own names. Specifically, , , , , , and all stand for themselves when seen in this text, or in an init file (*note Readline Init File::). If your keyboard lacks a key, typing will produce the desired character. The key may be labeled or on some keyboards.  File: bashref.info, Node: Readline Interaction, Next: Readline Init File, Prev: Introduction and Notation, Up: Command Line Editing Readline Interaction ==================== Often during an interactive session you type in a long line of text, only to notice that the first word on the line is misspelled. The Readline library gives you a set of commands for manipulating the text as you type it in, allowing you to just fix your typo, and not forcing you to retype the majority of the line. Using these editing commands, you move the cursor to the place that needs correction, and delete or insert the text of the corrections. Then, when you are satisfied with the line, you simply press . You do not have to be at the end of the line to press ; the entire line is accepted regardless of the location of the cursor within the line. * Menu: * Readline Bare Essentials:: The least you need to know about Readline. * Readline Movement Commands:: Moving about the input line. * Readline Killing Commands:: How to delete text, and how to get it back! * Readline Arguments:: Giving numeric arguments to commands. * Searching:: Searching through previous lines.  File: bashref.info, Node: Readline Bare Essentials, Next: Readline Movement Commands, Up: Readline Interaction Readline Bare Essentials ------------------------ In order to enter characters into the line, simply type them. The typed character appears where the cursor was, and then the cursor moves one space to the right. If you mistype a character, you can use your erase character to back up and delete the mistyped character. Sometimes you may mistype a character, and not notice the error until you have typed several other characters. In that case, you can type `C-b' to move the cursor to the left, and then correct your mistake. Afterwards, you can move the cursor to the right with `C-f'. When you add text in the middle of a line, you will notice that characters to the right of the cursor are `pushed over' to make room for the text that you have inserted. Likewise, when you delete text behind the cursor, characters to the right of the cursor are `pulled back' to fill in the blank space created by the removal of the text. A list of the bare essentials for editing the text of an input line follows. `C-b' Move back one character. `C-f' Move forward one character. or Delete the character to the left of the cursor. `C-d' Delete the character underneath the cursor. Printing characters Insert the character into the line at the cursor. `C-_' or `C-x C-u' Undo the last editing command. You can undo all the way back to an empty line. (Depending on your configuration, the key be set to delete the character to the left of the cursor and the key set to delete the character underneath the cursor, like `C-d', rather than the character to the left of the cursor.)  File: bashref.info, Node: Readline Movement Commands, Next: Readline Killing Commands, Prev: Readline Bare Essentials, Up: Readline Interaction Readline Movement Commands -------------------------- The above table describes the most basic keystrokes that you need in order to do editing of the input line. For your convenience, many other commands have been added in addition to `C-b', `C-f', `C-d', and . Here are some commands for moving more rapidly about the line. `C-a' Move to the start of the line. `C-e' Move to the end of the line. `M-f' Move forward a word, where a word is composed of letters and digits. `M-b' Move backward a word. `C-l' Clear the screen, reprinting the current line at the top. Notice how `C-f' moves forward a character, while `M-f' moves forward a word. It is a loose convention that control keystrokes operate on characters while meta keystrokes operate on words.  File: bashref.info, Node: Readline Killing Commands, Next: Readline Arguments, Prev: Readline Movement Commands, Up: Readline Interaction Readline Killing Commands ------------------------- "Killing" text means to delete the text from the line, but to save it away for later use, usually by "yanking" (re-inserting) it back into the line. (`Cut' and `paste' are more recent jargon for `kill' and `yank'.) If the description for a command says that it `kills' text, then you can be sure that you can get the text back in a different (or the same) place later. When you use a kill command, the text is saved in a "kill-ring". Any number of consecutive kills save all of the killed text together, so that when you yank it back, you get it all. The kill ring is not line specific; the text that you killed on a previously typed line is available to be yanked back later, when you are typing another line. Here is the list of commands for killing text. `C-k' Kill the text from the current cursor position to the end of the line. `M-d' Kill from the cursor to the end of the current word, or, if between words, to the end of the next word. Word boundaries are the same as those used by `M-f'. `M-' Kill from the cursor the start of the previous word, or, if between words, to the start of the previous word. Word boundaries are the same as those used by `M-b'. `C-w' Kill from the cursor to the previous whitespace. This is different than `M-' because the word boundaries differ. Here is how to "yank" the text back into the line. Yanking means to copy the most-recently-killed text from the kill buffer. `C-y' Yank the most recently killed text back into the buffer at the cursor. `M-y' Rotate the kill-ring, and yank the new top. You can only do this if the prior command is `C-y' or `M-y'.  File: bashref.info, Node: Readline Arguments, Next: Searching, Prev: Readline Killing Commands, Up: Readline Interaction Readline Arguments ------------------ You can pass numeric arguments to Readline commands. Sometimes the argument acts as a repeat count, other times it is the sign of the argument that is significant. If you pass a negative argument to a command which normally acts in a forward direction, that command will act in a backward direction. For example, to kill text back to the start of the line, you might type `M-- C-k'. The general way to pass numeric arguments to a command is to type meta digits before the command. If the first `digit' typed is a minus sign (`-'), then the sign of the argument will be negative. Once you have typed one meta digit to get the argument started, you can type the remainder of the digits, and then the command. For example, to give the `C-d' command an argument of 10, you could type `M-1 0 C-d', which will delete the next ten characters on the input line.  File: bashref.info, Node: Searching, Prev: Readline Arguments, Up: Readline Interaction Searching for Commands in the History ------------------------------------- Readline provides commands for searching through the command history (*note Bash History Facilities::) for lines containing a specified string. There are two search modes: "incremental" and "non-incremental". Incremental searches begin before the user has finished typing the search string. As each character of the search string is typed, Readline displays the next entry from the history matching the string typed so far. An incremental search requires only as many characters as needed to find the desired history entry. To search backward in the history for a particular string, type `C-r'. Typing `C-s' searches forward through the history. The characters present in the value of the `isearch-terminators' variable are used to terminate an incremental search. If that variable has not been assigned a value, the and `C-J' characters will terminate an incremental search. `C-g' will abort an incremental search and restore the original line. When the search is terminated, the history entry containing the search string becomes the current line. To find other matching entries in the history list, type `C-r' or `C-s' as appropriate. This will search backward or forward in the history for the next entry matching the search string typed so far. Any other key sequence bound to a Readline command will terminate the search and execute that command. For instance, a will terminate the search and accept the line, thereby executing the command from the history list. A movement command will terminate the search, make the last line found the current line, and begin editing. Non-incremental searches read the entire search string before starting to search for matching history lines. The search string may be typed by the user or be part of the contents of the current line.  File: bashref.info, Node: Readline Init File, Next: Bindable Readline Commands, Prev: Readline Interaction, Up: Command Line Editing Readline Init File ================== Although the Readline library comes with a set of Emacs-like keybindings installed by default, it is possible to use a different set of keybindings. Any user can customize programs that use Readline by putting commands in an "inputrc" file, conventionally in his home directory. The name of this file is taken from the value of the shell variable `INPUTRC'. If that variable is unset, the default is `~/.inputrc'. When a program which uses the Readline library starts up, the init file is read, and the key bindings are set. In addition, the `C-x C-r' command re-reads this init file, thus incorporating any changes that you might have made to it. * Menu: * Readline Init File Syntax:: Syntax for the commands in the inputrc file. * Conditional Init Constructs:: Conditional key bindings in the inputrc file. * Sample Init File:: An example inputrc file.  File: bashref.info, Node: Readline Init File Syntax, Next: Conditional Init Constructs, Up: Readline Init File Readline Init File Syntax ------------------------- There are only a few basic constructs allowed in the Readline init file. Blank lines are ignored. Lines beginning with a `#' are comments. Lines beginning with a `$' indicate conditional constructs (*note Conditional Init Constructs::). Other lines denote variable settings and key bindings. Variable Settings You can modify the run-time behavior of Readline by altering the values of variables in Readline using the `set' command within the init file. The syntax is simple: set VARIABLE VALUE Here, for example, is how to change from the default Emacs-like key binding to use `vi' line editing commands: set editing-mode vi Variable names and values, where appropriate, are recognized without regard to case. The `bind -V' command lists the current Readline variable names and values. *Note Bash Builtins::. A great deal of run-time behavior is changeable with the following variables. `bell-style' Controls what happens when Readline wants to ring the terminal bell. If set to `none', Readline never rings the bell. If set to `visible', Readline uses a visible bell if one is available. If set to `audible' (the default), Readline attempts to ring the terminal's bell. `comment-begin' The string to insert at the beginning of the line when the `insert-comment' command is executed. The default value is `"#"'. `completion-ignore-case' If set to `on', Readline performs filename matching and completion in a case-insensitive fashion. The default value is `off'. `completion-query-items' The number of possible completions that determines when the user is asked whether he wants to see the list of possibilities. If the number of possible completions is greater than this value, Readline will ask the user whether or not he wishes to view them; otherwise, they are simply listed. This variable must be set to an integer value greater than or equal to 0. The default limit is `100'. `convert-meta' If set to `on', Readline will convert characters with the eighth bit set to an ASCII key sequence by stripping the eighth bit and prefixing an character, converting them to a meta-prefixed key sequence. The default value is `on'. `disable-completion' If set to `On', Readline will inhibit word completion. Completion characters will be inserted into the line as if they had been mapped to `self-insert'. The default is `off'. `editing-mode' The `editing-mode' variable controls which default set of key bindings is used. By default, Readline starts up in Emacs editing mode, where the keystrokes are most similar to Emacs. This variable can be set to either `emacs' or `vi'. `enable-keypad' When set to `on', Readline will try to enable the application keypad when it is called. Some systems need this to enable the arrow keys. The default is `off'. `expand-tilde' If set to `on', tilde expansion is performed when Readline attempts word completion. The default is `off'. `horizontal-scroll-mode' This variable can be set to either `on' or `off'. Setting it to `on' means that the text of the lines being edited will scroll horizontally on a single screen line when they are longer than the width of the screen, instead of wrapping onto a new screen line. By default, this variable is set to `off'. `input-meta' If set to `on', Readline will enable eight-bit input (it will not clear the eighth bit in the characters it reads), regardless of what the terminal claims it can support. The default value is `off'. The name `meta-flag' is a synonym for this variable. `isearch-terminators' The string of characters that should terminate an incremental search without subsequently executing the character as a command (*note Searching::). If this variable has not been given a value, the characters and `C-J' will terminate an incremental search. `keymap' Sets Readline's idea of the current keymap for key binding commands. Acceptable `keymap' names are `emacs', `emacs-standard', `emacs-meta', `emacs-ctlx', `vi', `vi-move', `vi-command', and `vi-insert'. `vi' is equivalent to `vi-command'; `emacs' is equivalent to `emacs-standard'. The default value is `emacs'. The value of the `editing-mode' variable also affects the default keymap. `mark-directories' If set to `on', completed directory names have a slash appended. The default is `on'. `mark-modified-lines' This variable, when set to `on', causes Readline to display an asterisk (`*') at the start of history lines which have been modified. This variable is `off' by default. `output-meta' If set to `on', Readline will display characters with the eighth bit set directly rather than as a meta-prefixed escape sequence. The default is `off'. `print-completions-horizontally' If set to `on', Readline will display completions with matches sorted horizontally in alphabetical order, rather than down the screen. The default is `off'. `show-all-if-ambiguous' This alters the default behavior of the completion functions. If set to `on', words which have more than one possible completion cause the matches to be listed immediately instead of ringing the bell. The default value is `off'. `visible-stats' If set to `on', a character denoting a file's type is appended to the filename when listing possible completions. The default is `off'. Key Bindings The syntax for controlling key bindings in the init file is simple. First you need to find the name of the command that you want to change. The following sections contain tables of the command name, the default keybinding, if any, and a short description of what the command does. Once you know the name of the command, simply place on a line in the init file the name of the key you wish to bind the command to, a colon, and then the name of the command. The name of the key can be expressed in different ways, depending on what you find most comfortable. In addition to command names, readline allows keys to be bound to a string that is inserted when the key is pressed (a MACRO). The `bind -p' command displays Readline function names and bindings in a format that can put directly into an initialization file. *Note Bash Builtins::. KEYNAME: FUNCTION-NAME or MACRO KEYNAME is the name of a key spelled out in English. For example: Control-u: universal-argument Meta-Rubout: backward-kill-word Control-o: "> output" In the above example, `C-u' is bound to the function `universal-argument', `M-DEL' is bound to the function `backward-kill-word', and `C-o' is bound to run the macro expressed on the right hand side (that is, to insert the text `> output' into the line). A number of symbolic character names are recognized while processing this key binding syntax: DEL, ESC, ESCAPE, LFD, NEWLINE, RET, RETURN, RUBOUT, SPACE, SPC, and TAB. "KEYSEQ": FUNCTION-NAME or MACRO KEYSEQ differs from KEYNAME above in that strings denoting an entire key sequence can be specified, by placing the key sequence in double quotes. Some GNU Emacs style key escapes can be used, as in the following example, but the special character names are not recognized. "\C-u": universal-argument "\C-x\C-r": re-read-init-file "\e[11~": "Function Key 1" In the above example, `C-u' is again bound to the function `universal-argument' (just as it was in the first example), `C-x C-r' is bound to the function `re-read-init-file', and ` <[> <1> <1> <~>' is bound to insert the text `Function Key 1'. The following GNU Emacs style escape sequences are available when specifying key sequences: `\C-' control prefix `\M-' meta prefix `\e' an escape character `\\' backslash `\"' <">, a double quotation mark `\'' <'>, a single quote or apostrophe In addition to the GNU Emacs style escape sequences, a second set of backslash escapes is available: `\a' alert (bell) `\b' backspace `\d' delete `\f' form feed `\n' newline `\r' carriage return `\t' horizontal tab `\v' vertical tab `\NNN' the character whose ASCII code is the octal value NNN (one to three digits) `\xNNN' the character whose ASCII code is the hexadecimal value NNN (one to three digits) When entering the text of a macro, single or double quotes must be used to indicate a macro definition. Unquoted text is assumed to be a function name. In the macro body, the backslash escapes described above are expanded. Backslash will quote any other character in the macro text, including `"' and `''. For example, the following binding will make `C-x \' insert a single `\' into the line: "\C-x\\": "\\"  File: bashref.info, Node: Conditional Init Constructs, Next: Sample Init File, Prev: Readline Init File Syntax, Up: Readline Init File Conditional Init Constructs --------------------------- Readline implements a facility similar in spirit to the conditional compilation features of the C preprocessor which allows key bindings and variable settings to be performed as the result of tests. There are four parser directives used. `$if' The `$if' construct allows bindings to be made based on the editing mode, the terminal being used, or the application using Readline. The text of the test extends to the end of the line; no characters are required to isolate it. `mode' The `mode=' form of the `$if' directive is used to test whether Readline is in `emacs' or `vi' mode. This may be used in conjunction with the `set keymap' command, for instance, to set bindings in the `emacs-standard' and `emacs-ctlx' keymaps only if Readline is starting out in `emacs' mode. `term' The `term=' form may be used to include terminal-specific key bindings, perhaps to bind the key sequences output by the terminal's function keys. The word on the right side of the `=' is tested against both the full name of the terminal and the portion of the terminal name before the first `-'. This allows `sun' to match both `sun' and `sun-cmd', for instance. `application' The APPLICATION construct is used to include application-specific settings. Each program using the Readline library sets the APPLICATION NAME, and you can test for a particular value. This could be used to bind key sequences to functions useful for a specific program. For instance, the following command adds a key sequence that quotes the current or previous word in Bash: $if Bash # Quote the current or previous word "\C-xq": "\eb\"\ef\"" $endif `$endif' This command, as seen in the previous example, terminates an `$if' command. `$else' Commands in this branch of the `$if' directive are executed if the test fails. `$include' This directive takes a single filename as an argument and reads commands and bindings from that file. For example, the following directive reads from `/etc/inputrc': $include /etc/inputrc  File: bashref.info, Node: Sample Init File, Prev: Conditional Init Constructs, Up: Readline Init File Sample Init File ---------------- Here is an example of an INPUTRC file. This illustrates key binding, variable assignment, and conditional syntax. # This file controls the behaviour of line input editing for # programs that use the Gnu Readline library. Existing programs # include FTP, Bash, and Gdb. # # You can re-read the inputrc file with C-x C-r. # Lines beginning with '#' are comments. # # First, include any systemwide bindings and variable assignments from # /etc/Inputrc $include /etc/Inputrc # # Set various bindings for emacs mode. set editing-mode emacs $if mode=emacs Meta-Control-h: backward-kill-word Text after the function name is ignored # # Arrow keys in keypad mode # #"\M-OD": backward-char #"\M-OC": forward-char #"\M-OA": previous-history #"\M-OB": next-history # # Arrow keys in ANSI mode # "\M-[D": backward-char "\M-[C": forward-char "\M-[A": previous-history "\M-[B": next-history # # Arrow keys in 8 bit keypad mode # #"\M-\C-OD": backward-char #"\M-\C-OC": forward-char #"\M-\C-OA": previous-history #"\M-\C-OB": next-history # # Arrow keys in 8 bit ANSI mode # #"\M-\C-[D": backward-char #"\M-\C-[C": forward-char #"\M-\C-[A": previous-history #"\M-\C-[B": next-history C-q: quoted-insert $endif # An old-style binding. This happens to be the default. TAB: complete # Macros that are convenient for shell interaction $if Bash # edit the path "\C-xp": "PATH=${PATH}\e\C-e\C-a\ef\C-f" # prepare to type a quoted word -- insert open and close double quotes # and move to just after the open quote "\C-x\"": "\"\"\C-b" # insert a backslash (testing backslash escapes in sequences and macros) "\C-x\\": "\\" # Quote the current or previous word "\C-xq": "\eb\"\ef\"" # Add a binding to refresh the line, which is unbound "\C-xr": redraw-current-line # Edit variable on current line. "\M-\C-v": "\C-a\C-k$\C-y\M-\C-e\C-a\C-y=" $endif # use a visible bell if one is available set bell-style visible # don't strip characters to 7 bits when reading set input-meta on # allow iso-latin1 characters to be inserted rather than converted to # prefix-meta sequences set convert-meta off # display characters with the eighth bit set directly rather than # as meta-prefixed characters set output-meta on # if there are more than 150 possible completions for a word, ask the # user if he wants to see all of them set completion-query-items 150 # For FTP $if Ftp "\C-xg": "get \M-?" "\C-xt": "put \M-?" "\M-.": yank-last-arg $endif  File: bashref.info, Node: Bindable Readline Commands, Next: Readline vi Mode, Prev: Readline Init File, Up: Command Line Editing Bindable Readline Commands ========================== * Menu: * Commands For Moving:: Moving about the line. * Commands For History:: Getting at previous lines. * Commands For Text:: Commands for changing text. * Commands For Killing:: Commands for killing and yanking. * Numeric Arguments:: Specifying numeric arguments, repeat counts. * Commands For Completion:: Getting Readline to do the typing for you. * Keyboard Macros:: Saving and re-executing typed characters * Miscellaneous Commands:: Other miscellaneous commands. This section describes Readline commands that may be bound to key sequences. You can list your key bindings by executing `bind -P' or, for a more terse format, suitable for an INPUTRC file, `bind -p'. (*Note Bash Builtins::.) Command names without an accompanying key sequence are unbound by default. In the following descriptions, "point" refers to the current cursor position, and "mark" refers to a cursor position saved by the `set-mark' command. The text between the point and mark is referred to as the "region".  File: bashref.info, Node: Commands For Moving, Next: Commands For History, Up: Bindable Readline Commands Commands For Moving ------------------- `beginning-of-line (C-a)' Move to the start of the current line. `end-of-line (C-e)' Move to the end of the line. `forward-char (C-f)' Move forward a character. `backward-char (C-b)' Move back a character. `forward-word (M-f)' Move forward to the end of the next word. Words are composed of letters and digits. `backward-word (M-b)' Move back to the start of the current or previous word. Words are composed of letters and digits. `clear-screen (C-l)' Clear the screen and redraw the current line, leaving the current line at the top of the screen. `redraw-current-line ()' Refresh the current line. By default, this is unbound.  File: bashref.info, Node: Commands For History, Next: Commands For Text, Prev: Commands For Moving, Up: Bindable Readline Commands Commands For Manipulating The History ------------------------------------- `accept-line (Newline or Return)' Accept the line regardless of where the cursor is. If this line is non-empty, add it to the history list according to the setting of the `HISTCONTROL' and `HISTIGNORE' variables. If this line is a modified history line, then restore the history line to its original state. `previous-history (C-p)' Move `back' through the history list, fetching the previous command. `next-history (C-n)' Move `forward' through the history list, fetching the next command. `beginning-of-history (M-<)' Move to the first line in the history. `end-of-history (M->)' Move to the end of the input history, i.e., the line currently being entered. `reverse-search-history (C-r)' Search backward starting at the current line and moving `up' through the history as necessary. This is an incremental search. `forward-search-history (C-s)' Search forward starting at the current line and moving `down' through the the history as necessary. This is an incremental search. `non-incremental-reverse-search-history (M-p)' Search backward starting at the current line and moving `up' through the history as necessary using a non-incremental search for a string supplied by the user. `non-incremental-forward-search-history (M-n)' Search forward starting at the current line and moving `down' through the the history as necessary using a non-incremental search for a string supplied by the user. `history-search-forward ()' Search forward through the history for the string of characters between the start of the current line and the point. This is a non-incremental search. By default, this command is unbound. `history-search-backward ()' Search backward through the history for the string of characters between the start of the current line and the point. This is a non-incremental search. By default, this command is unbound. `yank-nth-arg (M-C-y)' Insert the first argument to the previous command (usually the second word on the previous line) at point. With an argument N, insert the Nth word from the previous command (the words in the previous command begin with word 0). A negative argument inserts the Nth word from the end of the previous command. `yank-last-arg (M-. or M-_)' Insert last argument to the previous command (the last word of the previous history entry). With an argument, behave exactly like `yank-nth-arg'. Successive calls to `yank-last-arg' move back through the history list, inserting the last argument of each line in turn.  File: bashref.info, Node: Commands For Text, Next: Commands For Killing, Prev: Commands For History, Up: Bindable Readline Commands Commands For Changing Text -------------------------- `delete-char (C-d)' Delete the character at point. If point is at the beginning of the line, there are no characters in the line, and the last character typed was not bound to `delete-char', then return EOF. `backward-delete-char (Rubout)' Delete the character behind the cursor. A numeric argument means to kill the characters instead of deleting them. `forward-backward-delete-char ()' Delete the character under the cursor, unless the cursor is at the end of the line, in which case the character behind the cursor is deleted. By default, this is not bound to a key. `quoted-insert (C-q or C-v)' Add the next character typed to the line verbatim. This is how to insert key sequences like `C-q', for example. `self-insert (a, b, A, 1, !, ...)' Insert yourself. `transpose-chars (C-t)' Drag the character before the cursor forward over the character at the cursor, moving the cursor forward as well. If the insertion point is at the end of the line, then this transposes the last two characters of the line. Negative arguments have no effect. `transpose-words (M-t)' Drag the word before point past the word after point, moving point past that word as well. `upcase-word (M-u)' Uppercase the current (or following) word. With a negative argument, uppercase the previous word, but do not move the cursor. `downcase-word (M-l)' Lowercase the current (or following) word. With a negative argument, lowercase the previous word, but do not move the cursor. `capitalize-word (M-c)' Capitalize the current (or following) word. With a negative argument, capitalize the previous word, but do not move the cursor.  File: bashref.info, Node: Commands For Killing, Next: Numeric Arguments, Prev: Commands For Text, Up: Bindable Readline Commands Killing And Yanking ------------------- `kill-line (C-k)' Kill the text from point to the end of the line. `backward-kill-line (C-x Rubout)' Kill backward to the beginning of the line. `unix-line-discard (C-u)' Kill backward from the cursor to the beginning of the current line. `kill-whole-line ()' Kill all characters on the current line, no matter where point is. By default, this is unbound. `kill-word (M-d)' Kill from point to the end of the current word, or if between words, to the end of the next word. Word boundaries are the same as `forward-word'. `backward-kill-word (M-)' Kill the word behind point. Word boundaries are the same as `backward-word'. `unix-word-rubout (C-w)' Kill the word behind point, using white space as a word boundary. The killed text is saved on the kill-ring. `delete-horizontal-space ()' Delete all spaces and tabs around point. By default, this is unbound. `kill-region ()' Kill the text in the current region. By default, this command is unbound. `copy-region-as-kill ()' Copy the text in the region to the kill buffer, so it can be yanked right away. By default, this command is unbound. `copy-backward-word ()' Copy the word before point to the kill buffer. The word boundaries are the same as `backward-word'. By default, this command is unbound. `copy-forward-word ()' Copy the word following point to the kill buffer. The word boundaries are the same as `forward-word'. By default, this command is unbound. `yank (C-y)' Yank the top of the kill ring into the buffer at point. `yank-pop (M-y)' Rotate the kill-ring, and yank the new top. You can only do this if the prior command is `yank' or `yank-pop'.  File: bashref.info, Node: Numeric Arguments, Next: Commands For Completion, Prev: Commands For Killing, Up: Bindable Readline Commands Specifying Numeric Arguments ---------------------------- `digit-argument (M-0, M-1, ... M--)' Add this digit to the argument already accumulating, or start a new argument. `M--' starts a negative argument. `universal-argument ()' This is another way to specify an argument. If this command is followed by one or more digits, optionally with a leading minus sign, those digits define the argument. If the command is followed by digits, executing `universal-argument' again ends the numeric argument, but is otherwise ignored. As a special case, if this command is immediately followed by a character that is neither a digit or minus sign, the argument count for the next command is multiplied by four. The argument count is initially one, so executing this function the first time makes the argument count four, a second time makes the argument count sixteen, and so on. By default, this is not bound to a key.  File: bashref.info, Node: Commands For Completion, Next: Keyboard Macros, Prev: Numeric Arguments, Up: Bindable Readline Commands Letting Readline Type For You ----------------------------- `complete ()' Attempt to perform completion on the text before point. The actual completion performed is application-specific. Bash attempts completion treating the text as a variable (if the text begins with `$'), username (if the text begins with `~'), hostname (if the text begins with `@'), or command (including aliases and functions) in turn. If none of these produces a match, filename completion is attempted. `possible-completions (M-?)' List the possible completions of the text before point. `insert-completions (M-*)' Insert all completions of the text before point that would have been generated by `possible-completions'. `menu-complete ()' Similar to `complete', but replaces the word to be completed with a single match from the list of possible completions. Repeated execution of `menu-complete' steps through the list of possible completions, inserting each match in turn. At the end of the list of completions, the bell is rung (subject to the setting of `bell-style') and the original text is restored. An argument of N moves N positions forward in the list of matches; a negative argument may be used to move backward through the list. This command is intended to be bound to , but is unbound by default. `delete-char-or-list ()' Deletes the character under the cursor if not at the beginning or end of the line (like `delete-char'). If at the end of the line, behaves identically to `possible-completions'. This command is unbound by default. `complete-filename (M-/)' Attempt filename completion on the text before point. `possible-filename-completions (C-x /)' List the possible completions of the text before point, treating it as a filename. `complete-username (M-~)' Attempt completion on the text before point, treating it as a username. `possible-username-completions (C-x ~)' List the possible completions of the text before point, treating it as a username. `complete-variable (M-$)' Attempt completion on the text before point, treating it as a shell variable. `possible-variable-completions (C-x $)' List the possible completions of the text before point, treating it as a shell variable. `complete-hostname (M-@)' Attempt completion on the text before point, treating it as a hostname. `possible-hostname-completions (C-x @)' List the possible completions of the text before point, treating it as a hostname. `complete-command (M-!)' Attempt completion on the text before point, treating it as a command name. Command completion attempts to match the text against aliases, reserved words, shell functions, shell builtins, and finally executable filenames, in that order. `possible-command-completions (C-x !)' List the possible completions of the text before point, treating it as a command name. `dynamic-complete-history (M-)' Attempt completion on the text before point, comparing the text against lines from the history list for possible completion matches. `complete-into-braces (M-{)' Perform filename completion and insert the list of possible completions enclosed within braces so the list is available to the shell (*note Brace Expansion::).  File: bashref.info, Node: Keyboard Macros, Next: Miscellaneous Commands, Prev: Commands For Completion, Up: Bindable Readline Commands Keyboard Macros --------------- `start-kbd-macro (C-x ()' Begin saving the characters typed into the current keyboard macro. `end-kbd-macro (C-x ))' Stop saving the characters typed into the current keyboard macro and save the definition. `call-last-kbd-macro (C-x e)' Re-execute the last keyboard macro defined, by making the characters in the macro appear as if typed at the keyboard.  File: bashref.info, Node: Miscellaneous Commands, Prev: Keyboard Macros, Up: Bindable Readline Commands Some Miscellaneous Commands --------------------------- `re-read-init-file (C-x C-r)' Read in the contents of the INPUTRC file, and incorporate any bindings or variable assignments found there. `abort (C-g)' Abort the current editing command and ring the terminal's bell (subject to the setting of `bell-style'). `do-uppercase-version (M-a, M-b, M-X, ...)' If the metafied character X is lowercase, run the command that is bound to the corresponding uppercase character. `prefix-meta ()' Metafy the next character typed. This is for keyboards without a meta key. Typing ` f' is equivalent to typing `M-f'. `undo (C-_ or C-x C-u)' Incremental undo, separately remembered for each line. `revert-line (M-r)' Undo all changes made to this line. This is like executing the `undo' command enough times to get back to the beginning. `tilde-expand (M-&)' Perform tilde expansion on the current word. `set-mark (C-@)' Set the mark to the point. If a numeric argument is supplied, the mark is set to that position. `exchange-point-and-mark (C-x C-x)' Swap the point with the mark. The current cursor position is set to the saved position, and the old cursor position is saved as the mark. `character-search (C-])' A character is read and point is moved to the next occurrence of that character. A negative count searches for previous occurrences. `character-search-backward (M-C-])' A character is read and point is moved to the previous occurrence of that character. A negative count searches for subsequent occurrences. `insert-comment (M-#)' The value of the `comment-begin' variable is inserted at the beginning of the current line, and the line is accepted as if a newline had been typed. The default value of `comment-begin' causes this command to make the current line a shell comment. `dump-functions ()' Print all of the functions and their key bindings to the Readline output stream. If a numeric argument is supplied, the output is formatted in such a way that it can be made part of an INPUTRC file. This command is unbound by default. `dump-variables ()' Print all of the settable variables and their values to the Readline output stream. If a numeric argument is supplied, the output is formatted in such a way that it can be made part of an INPUTRC file. This command is unbound by default. `dump-macros ()' Print all of the Readline key sequences bound to macros and the strings they output. If a numeric argument is supplied, the output is formatted in such a way that it can be made part of an INPUTRC file. This command is unbound by default. `glob-expand-word (C-x *)' The word before point is treated as a pattern for pathname expansion, and the list of matching file names is inserted, replacing the word. `glob-list-expansions (C-x g)' The list of expansions that would have been generated by `glob-expand-word' is displayed, and the line is redrawn. `display-shell-version (C-x C-v)' Display version information about the current instance of Bash. `shell-expand-line (M-C-e)' Expand the line as the shell does. This performs alias and history expansion as well as all of the shell word expansions (*note Shell Expansions::). `history-expand-line (M-^)' Perform history expansion on the current line. `magic-space ()' Perform history expansion on the current line and insert a space (*note History Interaction::). `alias-expand-line ()' Perform alias expansion on the current line (*note Aliases::). `history-and-alias-expand-line ()' Perform history and alias expansion on the current line. `insert-last-argument (M-. or M-_)' A synonym for `yank-last-arg'. `operate-and-get-next (C-o)' Accept the current line for execution and fetch the next line relative to the current line from the history for editing. Any argument is ignored. `emacs-editing-mode (C-e)' When in `vi' editing mode, this causes a switch back to `emacs' editing mode, as if the command `set -o emacs' had been executed.  File: bashref.info, Node: Readline vi Mode, Next: Programmable Completion, Prev: Bindable Readline Commands, Up: Command Line Editing Readline vi Mode ================ While the Readline library does not have a full set of `vi' editing functions, it does contain enough to allow simple editing of the line. The Readline `vi' mode behaves as specified in the POSIX 1003.2 standard. In order to switch interactively between `emacs' and `vi' editing modes, use the `set -o emacs' and `set -o vi' commands (*note The Set Builtin::). The Readline default is `emacs' mode. When you enter a line in `vi' mode, you are already placed in `insertion' mode, as if you had typed an `i'. Pressing switches you into `command' mode, where you can edit the text of the line with the standard `vi' movement keys, move to previous history lines with `k' and subsequent lines with `j', and so forth.  File: bashref.info, Node: Programmable Completion, Next: Programmable Completion Builtins, Prev: Readline vi Mode, Up: Command Line Editing Programmable Completion ======================= When word completion is attempted for an argument to a command for which a completion specification (a COMPSPEC) has been defined using the `complete' builtin (*note Programmable Completion Builtins::), the programmable completion facilities are invoked. First, the command name is identified. If a compspec has been defined for that command, the compspec is used to generate the list of possible completions for the word. If the command word is a full pathname, a compspec for the full pathname is searched for first. If no compspec is found for the full pathname, an attempt is made to find a compspec for the portion following the final slash. Once a compspec has been found, it is used to generate the list of matching words. If a compspec is not found, the default Bash completion described above (*note Commands For Completion::) is performed. First, the actions specified by the compspec are used. Only matches which are prefixed by the word being completed are returned. When the `-f' or `-d' option is used for filename or directory name completion, the shell variable `FIGNORE' is used to filter the matches. *Note Bash Variables::, for a description of `FIGNORE'. Any completions specified by a filename expansion pattern to the `-G' option are generated next. The words generated by the pattern need not match the word being completed. The `GLOBIGNORE' shell variable is not used to filter the matches, but the `FIGNORE' shell variable is used. Next, the string specified as the argument to the `-W' option is considered. The string is first split using the characters in the `IFS' special variable as delimiters. Shell quoting is honored. Each word is then expanded using brace expansion, tilde expansion, parameter and variable expansion, command substitution, arithmetic expansion, and pathname expansion, as described above (*note Shell Expansions::). The results are split using the rules described above (*note Word Splitting::). The results of the expansion are prefix-matched against the word being completed, and the matching words become the possible completions. After these matches have been generated, any shell function or command specified with the `-F' and `-C' options is invoked. When the command or function is invoked, the `COMP_LINE' and `COMP_POINT' variables are assigned values as described above (*note Bash Variables::). If a shell function is being invoked, the `COMP_WORDS' and `COMP_CWORD' variables are also set. When the function or command is invoked, the first argument is the name of the command whose arguments are being completed, the second argument is the word being completed, and the third argument is the word preceding the word being completed on the current command line. No filtering of the generated completions against the word being completed is performed; the function or command has complete freedom in generating the matches. Any function specified with `-F' is invoked first. The function may use any of the shell facilities, including the `compgen' builtin described below (*note Programmable Completion Builtins::), to generate the matches. It must put the possible completions in the `COMPREPLY' array variable. Next, any command specified with the `-C' option is invoked in an environment equivalent to command substitution. It should print a list of completions, one per line, to the standard output. Backslash may be used to escape a newline, if necessary. After all of the possible completions are generated, any filter specified with the `-X' option is applied to the list. The filter is a pattern as used for pathname expansion; a `&' in the pattern is replaced with the text of the word being completed. A literal `&' may be escaped with a backslash; the backslash is removed before attempting a match. Any completion that matches the pattern will be removed from the list. A leading `!' negates the pattern; in this case any completion not matching the pattern will be removed. Finally, any prefix and suffix specified with the `-P' and `-S' options are added to each member of the completion list, and the result is returned to the Readline completion code as the list of possible completions. If the previously-applied actions do not generate any matches, and the `-o dirnames' option was supplied to `complete' when the compspec was defined, directory name completion is attempted. By default, if a compspec is found, whatever it generates is returned to the completion code as the full set of possible completions. The default Bash completions are not attempted, and the Readline default of filename completion is disabled. If the `-o default' option was supplied to `complete' when the compspec was defined, Readline's default completion will be performed if the compspec generates no matches.  File: bashref.info, Node: Programmable Completion Builtins, Prev: Programmable Completion, Up: Command Line Editing Programmable Completion Builtins ================================ Two builtin commands are available to manipulate the programmable completion facilities. `compgen' `compgen [OPTION] [WORD]' Generate possible completion matches for WORD according to the OPTIONs, which may be any option accepted by the `complete' builtin with the exception of `-p' and `-r', and write the matches to the standard output. When using the `-F' or `-C' options, the various shell variables set by the programmable completion facilities, while available, will not have useful values. The matches will be generated in the same way as if the programmable completion code had generated them directly from a completion specification with the same flags. If WORD is specified, only those completions matching WORD will be displayed. The return value is true unless an invalid option is supplied, or no matches were generated. `complete' `complete [-abcdefjkvu] [-o COMP-OPTION] [-A ACTION] [-G GLOBPAT] [-W WORDLIST] [-P PREFIX] [-S SUFFIX] [-X FILTERPAT] [-F FUNCTION] [-C COMMAND] NAME [NAME ...]' `complete -pr [NAME ...]' Specify how arguments to each NAME should be completed. If the `-p' option is supplied, or if no options are supplied, existing completion specifications are printed in a way that allows them to be reused as input. The `-r' option removes a completion specification for each NAME, or, if no NAMEs are supplied, all completion specifications. The process of applying these completion specifications when word completion is attempted is described above (*note Programmable Completion::). Other options, if specified, have the following meanings. The arguments to the `-G', `-W', and `-X' options (and, if necessary, the `-P' and `-S' options) should be quoted to protect them from expansion before the `complete' builtin is invoked. `-o COMP-OPTION' The COMP-OPTION controls several aspects of the compspec's behavior beyond the simple generation of completions. COMP-OPTION may be one of: `default' Use readline's default completion if the compspec generates no matches. `dirnames' Perform directory name completion if the compspec generates no matches. `filenames' Tell Readline that the compspec generates filenames, so it can perform any filename\-specific processing (like adding a slash to directory names or suppressing trailing spaces). This option is intended to be used with shell functions specified with `-F'. `-A ACTION' The ACTION may be one of the following to generate a list of possible completions: `alias' Alias names. May also be specified as `-a'. `arrayvar' Array variable names. `binding' Readline key binding names (*note Bindable Readline Commands::). `builtin' Names of shell builtin commands. May also be specified as `-b'. `command' Command names. May also be specified as `-c'. `directory' Directory names. May also be specified as `-d'. `disabled' Names of disabled shell builtins. `enabled' Names of enabled shell builtins. `export' Names of exported shell variables. May also be specified as `-e'. `file' File names. May also be specified as `-f'. `function' Names of shell functions. `helptopic' Help topics as accepted by the `help' builtin (*note Bash Builtins::). `hostname' Hostnames, as taken from the file specified by the `HOSTFILE' shell variable (*note Bash Variables::). `job' Job names, if job control is active. May also be specified as `-j'. `keyword' Shell reserved words. May also be specified as `-k'. `running' Names of running jobs, if job control is active. `setopt' Valid arguments for the `-o' option to the `set' builtin (*note The Set Builtin::). `shopt' Shell option names as accepted by the `shopt' builtin (*note Bash Builtins::). `signal' Signal names. `stopped' Names of stopped jobs, if job control is active. `user' User names. May also be specified as `-u'. `variable' Names of all shell variables. May also be specified as `-v'. `-G GLOBPAT' The filename expansion pattern GLOBPAT is expanded to generate the possible completions. `-W WORDLIST' The WORDLIST is split using the characters in the `IFS' special variable as delimiters, and each resultant word is expanded. The possible completions are the members of the resultant list which match the word being completed. `-C COMMAND' COMMAND is executed in a subshell environment, and its output is used as the possible completions. `-F FUNCTION' The shell function FUNCTION is executed in the current shell environment. When it finishes, the possible completions are retrieved from the value of the `COMPREPLY' array variable. `-X FILTERPAT' FILTERPAT is a pattern as used for filename expansion. It is applied to the list of possible completions generated by the preceding options and arguments, and each completion matching FILTERPAT is removed from the list. A leading `!' in FILTERPAT negates the pattern; in this case, any completion not matching FILTERPAT is removed. `-P PREFIX' PREFIX is added at the beginning of each possible completion after all other options have been applied. `-S SUFFIX' SUFFIX is appended to each possible completion after all other options have been applied. The return value is true unless an invalid option is supplied, an option other than `-p' or `-r' is supplied without a NAME argument, an attempt is made to remove a completion specification for a NAME for which no specification exists, or an error occurs adding a completion specification.  File: bashref.info, Node: Using History Interactively, Next: Command Line Editing, Prev: Job Control, Up: Top Using History Interactively *************************** This chapter describes how to use the GNU History Library interactively, from a user's standpoint. It should be considered a user's guide. For information on using the GNU History Library in other programs, see the GNU Readline Library Manual. * Menu: * Bash History Facilities:: How Bash lets you manipulate your command history. * Bash History Builtins:: The Bash builtin commands that manipulate the command history. * History Interaction:: What it feels like using History as a user.  File: bashref.info, Node: Bash History Facilities, Next: Bash History Builtins, Up: Using History Interactively Bash History Facilities ======================= When the `-o history' option to the `set' builtin is enabled (*note The Set Builtin::), the shell provides access to the "command history", the list of commands previously typed. The value of the `HISTSIZE' shell variable is used as the number of commands to save in a history list. The text of the last `$HISTSIZE' commands (default 500) is saved. The shell stores each command in the history list prior to parameter and variable expansion but after history expansion is performed, subject to the values of the shell variables `HISTIGNORE' and `HISTCONTROL'. When the shell starts up, the history is initialized from the file named by the `HISTFILE' variable (default `~/.bash_history'). The file named by the value of `HISTFILE' is truncated, if necessary, to contain no more than the number of lines specified by the value of the `HISTFILESIZE' variable. When an interactive shell exits, the last `$HISTSIZE' lines are copied from the history list to the file named by `$HISTFILE'. If the `histappend' shell option is set (*note Bash Builtins::), the lines are appended to the history file, otherwise the history file is overwritten. If `HISTFILE' is unset, or if the history file is unwritable, the history is not saved. After saving the history, the history file is truncated to contain no more than `$HISTFILESIZE' lines. If `HISTFILESIZE' is not set, no truncation is performed. The builtin command `fc' may be used to list or edit and re-execute a portion of the history list. The `history' builtin may be used to display or modify the history list and manipulate the history file. When using command-line editing, search commands are available in each editing mode that provide access to the history list (*note Commands For History::). The shell allows control over which commands are saved on the history list. The `HISTCONTROL' and `HISTIGNORE' variables may be set to cause the shell to save only a subset of the commands entered. The `cmdhist' shell option, if enabled, causes the shell to attempt to save each line of a multi-line command in the same history entry, adding semicolons where necessary to preserve syntactic correctness. The `lithist' shell option causes the shell to save the command with embedded newlines instead of semicolons. The `shopt' builtin is used to set these options. *Note Bash Builtins::, for a description of `shopt'.  File: bashref.info, Node: Bash History Builtins, Next: History Interaction, Prev: Bash History Facilities, Up: Using History Interactively Bash History Builtins ===================== Bash provides two builtin commands which manipulate the history list and history file. `fc' `fc [-e ENAME] [-nlr] [FIRST] [LAST]' `fc -s [PAT=REP] [COMMAND]' Fix Command. In the first form, a range of commands from FIRST to LAST is selected from the history list. Both FIRST and LAST may be specified as a string (to locate the most recent command beginning with that string) or as a number (an index into the history list, where a negative number is used as an offset from the current command number). If LAST is not specified it is set to FIRST. If FIRST is not specified it is set to the previous command for editing and -16 for listing. If the `-l' flag is given, the commands are listed on standard output. The `-n' flag suppresses the command numbers when listing. The `-r' flag reverses the order of the listing. Otherwise, the editor given by ENAME is invoked on a file containing those commands. If ENAME is not given, the value of the following variable expansion is used: `${FCEDIT:-${EDITOR:-vi}}'. This says to use the value of the `FCEDIT' variable if set, or the value of the `EDITOR' variable if that is set, or `vi' if neither is set. When editing is complete, the edited commands are echoed and executed. In the second form, COMMAND is re-executed after each instance of PAT in the selected command is replaced by REP. A useful alias to use with the `fc' command is `r='fc -s'', so that typing `r cc' runs the last command beginning with `cc' and typing `r' re-executes the last command (*note Aliases::). `history' history [N] history -c history -d OFFSET history [-anrw] [FILENAME] history -ps ARG With no options, display the history list with line numbers. Lines prefixed with a `*' have been modified. An argument of N lists only the last N lines. Options, if supplied, have the following meanings: `-c' Clear the history list. This may be combined with the other options to replace the history list completely. `-d OFFSET' Delete the history entry at position OFFSET. OFFSET should be specified as it appears when the history is displayed. `-a' Append the new history lines (history lines entered since the beginning of the current Bash session) to the history file. `-n' Append the history lines not already read from the history file to the current history list. These are lines appended to the history file since the beginning of the current Bash session. `-r' Read the current history file and append its contents to the history list. `-w' Write out the current history to the history file. `-p' Perform history substitution on the ARGs and display the result on the standard output, without storing the results in the history list. `-s' The ARGs are added to the end of the history list as a single entry. When any of the `-w', `-r', `-a', or `-n' options is used, if FILENAME is given, then it is used as the history file. If not, then the value of the `HISTFILE' variable is used.  File: bashref.info, Node: History Interaction, Prev: Bash History Builtins, Up: Using History Interactively History Expansion ================= The History library provides a history expansion feature that is similar to the history expansion provided by `csh'. This section describes the syntax used to manipulate the history information. History expansions introduce words from the history list into the input stream, making it easy to repeat commands, insert the arguments to a previous command into the current input line, or fix errors in previous commands quickly. History expansion takes place in two parts. The first is to determine which line from the history list should be used during substitution. The second is to select portions of that line for inclusion into the current one. The line selected from the history is called the "event", and the portions of that line that are acted upon are called "words". Various "modifiers" are available to manipulate the selected words. The line is broken into words in the same fashion that Bash does, so that several words surrounded by quotes are considered one word. History expansions are introduced by the appearance of the history expansion character, which is `!' by default. Only `\' and `'' may be used to escape the history expansion character. Several shell options settable with the `shopt' builtin (*note Bash Builtins::) may be used to tailor the behavior of history expansion. If the `histverify' shell option is enabled, and Readline is being used, history substitutions are not immediately passed to the shell parser. Instead, the expanded line is reloaded into the Readline editing buffer for further modification. If Readline is being used, and the `histreedit' shell option is enabled, a failed history expansion will be reloaded into the Readline editing buffer for correction. The `-p' option to the `history' builtin command may be used to see what a history expansion will do before using it. The `-s' option to the `history' builtin may be used to add commands to the end of the history list without actually executing them, so that they are available for subsequent recall. This is most useful in conjunction with Readline. The shell allows control of the various characters used by the history expansion mechanism with the `histchars' variable. * Menu: * Event Designators:: How to specify which history line to use. * Word Designators:: Specifying which words are of interest. * Modifiers:: Modifying the results of substitution.  File: bashref.info, Node: Event Designators, Next: Word Designators, Up: History Interaction Event Designators ----------------- An event designator is a reference to a command line entry in the history list. `!' Start a history substitution, except when followed by a space, tab, the end of the line, `=' or `('. `!N' Refer to command line N. `!-N' Refer to the command N lines back. `!!' Refer to the previous command. This is a synonym for `!-1'. `!STRING' Refer to the most recent command starting with STRING. `!?STRING[?]' Refer to the most recent command containing STRING. The trailing `?' may be omitted if the STRING is followed immediately by a newline. `^STRING1^STRING2^' Quick Substitution. Repeat the last command, replacing STRING1 with STRING2. Equivalent to `!!:s/STRING1/STRING2/'. `!#' The entire command line typed so far.  File: bashref.info, Node: Word Designators, Next: Modifiers, Prev: Event Designators, Up: History Interaction Word Designators ---------------- Word designators are used to select desired words from the event. A `:' separates the event specification from the word designator. It may be omitted if the word designator begins with a `^', `$', `*', `-', or `%'. Words are numbered from the beginning of the line, with the first word being denoted by 0 (zero). Words are inserted into the current line separated by single spaces. For example, `!!' designates the preceding command. When you type this, the preceding command is repeated in toto. `!!:$' designates the last argument of the preceding command. This may be shortened to `!$'. `!fi:2' designates the second argument of the most recent command starting with the letters `fi'. Here are the word designators: `0 (zero)' The `0'th word. For many applications, this is the command word. `N' The Nth word. `^' The first argument; that is, word 1. `$' The last argument. `%' The word matched by the most recent `?STRING?' search. `X-Y' A range of words; `-Y' abbreviates `0-Y'. `*' All of the words, except the `0'th. This is a synonym for `1-$'. It is not an error to use `*' if there is just one word in the event; the empty string is returned in that case. `X*' Abbreviates `X-$' `X-' Abbreviates `X-$' like `X*', but omits the last word. If a word designator is supplied without an event specification, the previous command is used as the event.  File: bashref.info, Node: Modifiers, Prev: Word Designators, Up: History Interaction Modifiers --------- After the optional word designator, you can add a sequence of one or more of the following modifiers, each preceded by a `:'. `h' Remove a trailing pathname component, leaving only the head. `t' Remove all leading pathname components, leaving the tail. `r' Remove a trailing suffix of the form `.SUFFIX', leaving the basename. `e' Remove all but the trailing suffix. `p' Print the new command but do not execute it. `q' Quote the substituted words, escaping further substitutions. `x' Quote the substituted words as with `q', but break into words at spaces, tabs, and newlines. `s/OLD/NEW/' Substitute NEW for the first occurrence of OLD in the event line. Any delimiter may be used in place of `/'. The delimiter may be quoted in OLD and NEW with a single backslash. If `&' appears in NEW, it is replaced by OLD. A single backslash will quote the `&'. The final delimiter is optional if it is the last character on the input line. `&' Repeat the previous substitution. `g' Cause changes to be applied over the entire event line. Used in conjunction with `s', as in `gs/OLD/NEW/', or with `&'.  File: bashref.info, Node: Installing Bash, Next: Reporting Bugs, Prev: Command Line Editing, Up: Top Installing Bash *************** This chapter provides basic instructions for installing Bash on the various supported platforms. The distribution supports the GNU operating systems, nearly every version of Unix, and several non-Unix systems such as BeOS and Interix. Other independent ports exist for MS-DOS, OS/2, Windows 95/98, and Windows NT. * Menu: * Basic Installation:: Installation instructions. * Compilers and Options:: How to set special options for various systems. * Compiling For Multiple Architectures:: How to compile Bash for more than one kind of system from the same source tree. * Installation Names:: How to set the various paths used by the installation. * Specifying the System Type:: How to configure Bash for a particular system. * Sharing Defaults:: How to share default configuration values among GNU programs. * Operation Controls:: Options recognized by the configuration program. * Optional Features:: How to enable and disable optional features when building Bash.  File: bashref.info, Node: Basic Installation, Next: Compilers and Options, Up: Installing Bash Basic Installation ================== These are installation instructions for Bash. The simplest way to compile Bash is: 1. `cd' to the directory containing the source code and type `./configure' to configure Bash for your system. If you're using `csh' on an old version of System V, you might need to type `sh ./configure' instead to prevent `csh' from trying to execute `configure' itself. Running `configure' takes some time. While running, it prints messages telling which features it is checking for. 2. Type `make' to compile Bash and build the `bashbug' bug reporting script. 3. Optionally, type `make tests' to run the Bash test suite. 4. Type `make install' to install `bash' and `bashbug'. This will also install the manual pages and Info file. The `configure' shell script attempts to guess correct values for various system-dependent variables used during compilation. It uses those values to create a `Makefile' in each directory of the package (the top directory, the `builtins', `doc', and `support' directories, each directory under `lib', and several others). It also creates a `config.h' file containing system-dependent definitions. Finally, it creates a shell script named `config.status' that you can run in the future to recreate the current configuration, a file `config.cache' that saves the results of its tests to speed up reconfiguring, and a file `config.log' containing compiler output (useful mainly for debugging `configure'). If at some point `config.cache' contains results you don't want to keep, you may remove or edit it. To find out more about the options and arguments that the `configure' script understands, type bash-2.04$ ./configure --help at the Bash prompt in your Bash source directory. If you need to do unusual things to compile Bash, please try to figure out how `configure' could check whether or not to do them, and mail diffs or instructions to so they can be considered for the next release. The file `configure.in' is used to create `configure' by a program called Autoconf. You only need `configure.in' if you want to change it or regenerate `configure' using a newer version of Autoconf. If you do this, make sure you are using Autoconf version 2.10 or newer. If you need to change `configure.in' or regenerate `configure', you will need to create two files: `_distribution' and `_patchlevel'. `_distribution' should contain the major and minor version numbers of the Bash distribution, for example `2.01'. `_patchlevel' should contain the patch level of the Bash distribution, `0' for example. The script `support/mkconffiles' has been provided to automate the creation of these files. You can remove the program binaries and object files from the source code directory by typing `make clean'. To also remove the files that `configure' created (so you can compile Bash for a different kind of computer), type `make distclean'.  File: bashref.info, Node: Compilers and Options, Next: Compiling For Multiple Architectures, Prev: Basic Installation, Up: Installing Bash Compilers and Options ===================== Some systems require unusual options for compilation or linking that the `configure' script does not know about. You can give `configure' initial values for variables by setting them in the environment. Using a Bourne-compatible shell, you can do that on the command line like this: CC=c89 CFLAGS=-O2 LIBS=-lposix ./configure On systems that have the `env' program, you can do it like this: env CPPFLAGS=-I/usr/local/include LDFLAGS=-s ./configure The configuration process uses GCC to build Bash if it is available.  File: bashref.info, Node: Compiling For Multiple Architectures, Next: Installation Names, Prev: Compilers and Options, Up: Installing Bash Compiling For Multiple Architectures ==================================== You can compile Bash for more than one kind of computer at the same time, by placing the object files for each architecture in their own directory. To do this, you must use a version of `make' that supports the `VPATH' variable, such as GNU `make'. `cd' to the directory where you want the object files and executables to go and run the `configure' script from the source directory. You may need to supply the `--srcdir=PATH' argument to tell `configure' where the source files are. `configure' automatically checks for the source code in the directory that `configure' is in and in `..'. If you have to use a `make' that does not supports the `VPATH' variable, you can compile Bash for one architecture at a time in the source code directory. After you have installed Bash for one architecture, use `make distclean' before reconfiguring for another architecture. Alternatively, if your system supports symbolic links, you can use the `support/mkclone' script to create a build tree which has symbolic links back to each file in the source directory. Here's an example that creates a build directory in the current directory from a source directory `/usr/gnu/src/bash-2.0': bash /usr/gnu/src/bash-2.0/support/mkclone -s /usr/gnu/src/bash-2.0 . The `mkclone' script requires Bash, so you must have already built Bash for at least one architecture before you can create build directories for other architectures.  File: bashref.info, Node: Installation Names, Next: Specifying the System Type, Prev: Compiling For Multiple Architectures, Up: Installing Bash Installation Names ================== By default, `make install' will install into `/usr/local/bin', `/usr/local/man', etc. You can specify an installation prefix other than `/usr/local' by giving `configure' the option `--prefix=PATH'. You can specify separate installation prefixes for architecture-specific files and architecture-independent files. If you give `configure' the option `--exec-prefix=PATH', `make install' will use PATH as the prefix for installing programs and libraries. Documentation and other data files will still use the regular prefix.  File: bashref.info, Node: Specifying the System Type, Next: Sharing Defaults, Prev: Installation Names, Up: Installing Bash Specifying the System Type ========================== There may be some features `configure' can not figure out automatically, but needs to determine by the type of host Bash will run on. Usually `configure' can figure that out, but if it prints a message saying it can not guess the host type, give it the `--host=TYPE' option. `TYPE' can either be a short name for the system type, such as `sun4', or a canonical name with three fields: `CPU-COMPANY-SYSTEM' (e.g., `sparc-sun-sunos4.1.2'). See the file `support/config.sub' for the possible values of each field.  File: bashref.info, Node: Sharing Defaults, Next: Operation Controls, Prev: Specifying the System Type, Up: Installing Bash Sharing Defaults ================ If you want to set default values for `configure' scripts to share, you can create a site shell script called `config.site' that gives default values for variables like `CC', `cache_file', and `prefix'. `configure' looks for `PREFIX/share/config.site' if it exists, then `PREFIX/etc/config.site' if it exists. Or, you can set the `CONFIG_SITE' environment variable to the location of the site script. A warning: the Bash `configure' looks for a site script, but not all `configure' scripts do.  File: bashref.info, Node: Operation Controls, Next: Optional Features, Prev: Sharing Defaults, Up: Installing Bash Operation Controls ================== `configure' recognizes the following options to control how it operates. `--cache-file=FILE' Use and save the results of the tests in FILE instead of `./config.cache'. Set FILE to `/dev/null' to disable caching, for debugging `configure'. `--help' Print a summary of the options to `configure', and exit. `--quiet' `--silent' `-q' Do not print messages saying which checks are being made. `--srcdir=DIR' Look for the Bash source code in directory DIR. Usually `configure' can determine that directory automatically. `--version' Print the version of Autoconf used to generate the `configure' script, and exit. `configure' also accepts some other, not widely used, boilerplate options. `configure --help' prints the complete list.  File: bashref.info, Node: Optional Features, Prev: Operation Controls, Up: Installing Bash Optional Features ================= The Bash `configure' has a number of `--enable-FEATURE' options, where FEATURE indicates an optional part of Bash. There are also several `--with-PACKAGE' options, where PACKAGE is something like `bash-malloc' or `purify'. To turn off the default use of a package, use `--without-PACKAGE'. To configure Bash without a feature that is enabled by default, use `--disable-FEATURE'. Here is a complete list of the `--enable-' and `--with-' options that the Bash `configure' recognizes. `--with-afs' Define if you are using the Andrew File System from Transarc. `--with-bash-malloc' Use the Bash version of `malloc' in `lib/malloc/malloc.c'. This is not the same `malloc' that appears in GNU libc, but an older version derived from the 4.2 BSD `malloc'. This `malloc' is very fast, but wastes some space on each allocation. This option is enabled by default. The `NOTES' file contains a list of systems for which this should be turned off, and `configure' disables this option automatically for a number of systems. `--with-curses' Use the curses library instead of the termcap library. This should be supplied if your system has an inadequate or incomplete termcap database. `--with-glibc-malloc' Use the GNU libc version of `malloc' in `lib/malloc/gmalloc.c'. This is not the version of `malloc' that appears in glibc version 2, but a modified version of the `malloc' from glibc version 1. This is somewhat slower than the default `malloc', but wastes less space on a per-allocation basis, and will return memory to the operating system under certain circumstances. `--with-gnu-malloc' A synonym for `--with-bash-malloc'. `--with-installed-readline' Define this to make Bash link with a locally-installed version of Readline rather than the version in `lib/readline'. This works only with Readline 4.1 and later versions. `--with-purify' Define this to use the Purify memory allocation checker from Rational Software. `--enable-minimal-config' This produces a shell with minimal features, close to the historical Bourne shell. There are several `--enable-' options that alter how Bash is compiled and linked, rather than changing run-time features. `--enable-profiling' This builds a Bash binary that produces profiling information to be processed by `gprof' each time it is executed. `--enable-static-link' This causes Bash to be linked statically, if `gcc' is being used. This could be used to build a version to use as root's shell. The `minimal-config' option can be used to disable all of the following options, but it is processed first, so individual options may be enabled using `enable-FEATURE'. All of the following options except for `disabled-builtins' and `xpg-echo-default' are enabled by default, unless the operating system does not provide the necessary support. `--enable-alias' Allow alias expansion and include the `alias' and `unalias' builtins (*note Aliases::). `--enable-arith-for-command' Include support for the alternate form of the `for' command that behaves like the C language `for' statement (*note Looping Constructs::). `--enable-array-variables' Include support for one-dimensional array shell variables (*note Arrays::). `--enable-bang-history' Include support for `csh'-like history substitution (*note History Interaction::). `--enable-brace-expansion' Include `csh'-like brace expansion ( `b{a,b}c' ==> `bac bbc' ). See *Note Brace Expansion::, for a complete description. `--enable-command-timing' Include support for recognizing `time' as a reserved word and for displaying timing statistics for the pipeline following `time' (*note Pipelines::). This allows pipelines as well as shell builtins and functions to be timed. `--enable-cond-command' Include support for the `[[' conditional command (*note Conditional Constructs::). `--enable-directory-stack' Include support for a `csh'-like directory stack and the `pushd', `popd', and `dirs' builtins (*note The Directory Stack::). `--enable-disabled-builtins' Allow builtin commands to be invoked via `builtin xxx' even after `xxx' has been disabled using `enable -n xxx'. See *Note Bash Builtins::, for details of the `builtin' and `enable' builtin commands. `--enable-dparen-arithmetic' Include support for the `((...))' command (*note Conditional Constructs::). `--enable-extended-glob' Include support for the extended pattern matching features described above under *Note Pattern Matching::. `--enable-help-builtin' Include the `help' builtin, which displays help on shell builtins and variables (*note Bash Builtins::). `--enable-history' Include command history and the `fc' and `history' builtin commands (*note Bash History Facilities::). `--enable-job-control' This enables the job control features (*note Job Control::), if the operating system supports them. `--enable-net-redirections' This enables the special handling of filenames of the form `/dev/tcp/HOST/PORT' and `/dev/udp/HOST/PORT' when used in redirections (*note Redirections::). `--enable-process-substitution' This enables process substitution (*note Process Substitution::) if the operating system provides the necessary support. `--enable-prompt-string-decoding' Turn on the interpretation of a number of backslash-escaped characters in the `$PS1', `$PS2', `$PS3', and `$PS4' prompt strings. See *Note Printing a Prompt::, for a complete list of prompt string escape sequences. `--enable-progcomp' Enable the programmable completion facilities (*note Programmable Completion::). If Readline is not enabled, this option has no effect. `--enable-readline' Include support for command-line editing and history with the Bash version of the Readline library (*note Command Line Editing::). `--enable-restricted' Include support for a "restricted shell". If this is enabled, Bash, when called as `rbash', enters a restricted mode. See *Note The Restricted Shell::, for a description of restricted mode. `--enable-select' Include the `select' builtin, which allows the generation of simple menus (*note Conditional Constructs::). `--enable-usg-echo-default' A synonym for `--enable-xpg-echo-default'. `--enable-xpg-echo-default' Make the `echo' builtin expand backslash-escaped characters by default, without requiring the `-e' option. This sets the default value of the `xpg_echo' shell option to `on', which makes the Bash `echo' behave more like the version specified in the Single Unix Specification, version 2. *Note Bash Builtins::, for a description of the escape sequences that `echo' recognizes. The file `config-top.h' contains C Preprocessor `#define' statements for options which are not settable from `configure'. Some of these are not meant to be changed; beware of the consequences if you do. Read the comments associated with each definition for more information about its effect.  File: bashref.info, Node: Reporting Bugs, Next: Major Differences From The Bourne Shell, Prev: Installing Bash, Up: Top Reporting Bugs ************** Please report all bugs you find in Bash. But first, you should make sure that it really is a bug, and that it appears in the latest version of Bash that you have. Once you have determined that a bug actually exists, use the `bashbug' command to submit a bug report. If you have a fix, you are encouraged to mail that as well! Suggestions and `philosophical' bug reports may be mailed to or posted to the Usenet newsgroup `gnu.bash.bug'. All bug reports should include: * The version number of Bash. * The hardware and operating system. * The compiler used to compile Bash. * A description of the bug behaviour. * A short script or `recipe' which exercises the bug and may be used to reproduce it. `bashbug' inserts the first three items automatically into the template it provides for filing a bug report. Please send all reports concerning this manual to .  File: bashref.info, Node: Major Differences From The Bourne Shell, Next: Builtin Index, Prev: Reporting Bugs, Up: Top Major Differences From The Bourne Shell *************************************** Bash implements essentially the same grammar, parameter and variable expansion, redirection, and quoting as the Bourne Shell. Bash uses the POSIX 1003.2 standard as the specification of how these features are to be implemented. There are some differences between the traditional Bourne shell and Bash; this section quickly details the differences of significance. A number of these differences are explained in greater depth in previous sections. This section uses the version of `sh' included in SVR4.2 as the baseline reference. * Bash is POSIX-conformant, even where the POSIX specification differs from traditional `sh' behavior (*note Bash POSIX Mode::). * Bash has multi-character invocation options (*note Invoking Bash::). * Bash has command-line editing (*note Command Line Editing::) and the `bind' builtin. * Bash provides a programmable word completion mechanism (*note Programmable Completion::), and two builtin commands, `complete' and `compgen', to manipulate it. * Bash has command history (*note Bash History Facilities::) and the `history' and `fc' builtins to manipulate it. * Bash implements `csh'-like history expansion (*note History Interaction::). * Bash has one-dimensional array variables (*note Arrays::), and the appropriate variable expansions and assignment syntax to use them. Several of the Bash builtins take options to act on arrays. Bash provides a number of built-in array variables. * The `$'...'' quoting syntax, which expands ANSI-C backslash-escaped characters in the text between the single quotes, is supported (*note ANSI-C Quoting::). * Bash supports the `$"..."' quoting syntax to do locale-specific translation of the characters between the double quotes. The `-D', `--dump-strings', and `--dump-po-strings' invocation options list the translatable strings found in a script (*note Locale Translation::). * Bash implements the `!' keyword to negate the return value of a pipeline (*note Pipelines::). Very useful when an `if' statement needs to act only if a test fails. * Bash has the `time' reserved word and command timing (*note Pipelines::). The display of the timing statistics may be controlled with the `TIMEFORMAT' variable. * Bash implements the `for (( EXPR1 ; EXPR2 ; EXPR3 ))' arithmetic for command, similar to the C language (*note Looping Constructs::). * Bash includes the `select' compound command, which allows the generation of simple menus (*note Conditional Constructs::). * Bash includes the `[[' compound command, which makes conditional testing part of the shell grammar (*note Conditional Constructs::). * Bash includes brace expansion (*note Brace Expansion::) and tilde expansion (*note Tilde Expansion::). * Bash implements command aliases and the `alias' and `unalias' builtins (*note Aliases::). * Bash provides shell arithmetic, the `((' compound command (*note Conditional Constructs::), and arithmetic expansion (*note Shell Arithmetic::). * Variables present in the shell's initial environment are automatically exported to child processes. The Bourne shell does not normally do this unless the variables are explicitly marked using the `export' command. * Bash includes the POSIX pattern removal `%', `#', `%%' and `##' expansions to remove leading or trailing substrings from variable values (*note Shell Parameter Expansion::). * The expansion `${#xx}', which returns the length of `${xx}', is supported (*note Shell Parameter Expansion::). * The expansion `${var:'OFFSET`[:'LENGTH`]}', which expands to the substring of `var''s value of length LENGTH, beginning at OFFSET, is present (*note Shell Parameter Expansion::). * The expansion `${var/[/]'PATTERN`[/'REPLACEMENT`]}', which matches PATTERN and replaces it with REPLACEMENT in the value of `var', is available (*note Shell Parameter Expansion::). * The expansion `${!PREFIX}*' expansion, which expands to the names of all shell variables whose names begin with PREFIX, is available (*note Shell Parameter Expansion::). * Bash has INDIRECT variable expansion using `${!word}' (*note Shell Parameter Expansion::). * Bash can expand positional parameters beyond `$9' using `${NUM}'. * The POSIX `$()' form of command substitution is implemented (*note Command Substitution::), and preferred to the Bourne shell's ```' (which is also implemented for backwards compatibility). * Bash has process substitution (*note Process Substitution::). * Bash automatically assigns variables that provide information about the current user (`UID', `EUID', and `GROUPS'), the current host (`HOSTTYPE', `OSTYPE', `MACHTYPE', and `HOSTNAME'), and the instance of Bash that is running (`BASH', `BASH_VERSION', and `BASH_VERSINFO'). *Note Bash Variables::, for details. * The `IFS' variable is used to split only the results of expansion, not all words (*note Word Splitting::). This closes a longstanding shell security hole. * Bash implements the full set of POSIX 1003.2 filename expansion operators, including CHARACTER CLASSES, EQUIVALENCE CLASSES, and COLLATING SYMBOLS (*note Filename Expansion::). * Bash implements extended pattern matching features when the `extglob' shell option is enabled (*note Pattern Matching::). * It is possible to have a variable and a function with the same name; `sh' does not separate the two name spaces. * Bash functions are permitted to have local variables using the `local' builtin, and thus useful recursive functions may be written (*note Bash Builtins::). * Variable assignments preceding commands affect only that command, even builtins and functions (*note Environment::). In `sh', all variable assignments preceding commands are global unless the command is executed from the file system. * Bash performs filename expansion on filenames specified as operands to input and output redirection operators (*note Redirections::). * Bash contains the `<>' redirection operator, allowing a file to be opened for both reading and writing, and the `&>' redirection operator, for directing standard output and standard error to the same file (*note Redirections::). * Bash treats a number of filenames specially when they are used in redirection operators (*note Redirections::). * Bash can open network connections to arbitrary machines and services with the redirection operators (*note Redirections::). * The `noclobber' option is available to avoid overwriting existing files with output redirection (*note The Set Builtin::). The `>|' redirection operator may be used to override `noclobber'. * The Bash `cd' and `pwd' builtins (*note Bourne Shell Builtins::) each take `-L' and `-P' options to switch between logical and physical modes. * Bash allows a function to override a builtin with the same name, and provides access to that builtin's functionality within the function via the `builtin' and `command' builtins (*note Bash Builtins::). * The `command' builtin allows selective disabling of functions when command lookup is performed (*note Bash Builtins::). * Individual builtins may be enabled or disabled using the `enable' builtin (*note Bash Builtins::). * The Bash `exec' builtin takes additional options that allow users to control the contents of the environment passed to the executed command, and what the zeroth argument to the command is to be (*note Bourne Shell Builtins::). * Shell functions may be exported to children via the environment using `export -f' (*note Shell Functions::). * The Bash `export', `readonly', and `declare' builtins can take a `-f' option to act on shell functions, a `-p' option to display variables with various attributes set in a format that can be used as shell input, a `-n' option to remove various variable attributes, and `name=value' arguments to set variable attributes and values simultaneously. * The Bash `hash' builtin allows a name to be associated with an arbitrary filename, even when that filename cannot be found by searching the `$PATH', using `hash -p' (*note Bourne Shell Builtins::). * Bash includes a `help' builtin for quick reference to shell facilities (*note Bash Builtins::). * The `printf' builtin is available to display formatted output (*note Bash Builtins::). * The Bash `read' builtin (*note Bash Builtins::) will read a line ending in `\' with the `-r' option, and will use the `REPLY' variable as a default if no non-option arguments are supplied. The Bash `read' builtin also accepts a prompt string with the `-p' option and will use Readline to obtain the line when given the `-e' option. The `read' builtin also has additional options to control input: the `-s' option will turn off echoing of input characters as they are read, the `-t' option will allow `read' to time out if input does not arrive within a specified number of seconds, the `-n' option will allow reading only a specified number of characters rather than a full line, and the `-d' option will read until a particular character rather than newline. * The `return' builtin may be used to abort execution of scripts executed with the `.' or `source' builtins (*note Bourne Shell Builtins::). * Bash includes the `shopt' builtin, for finer control of shell optional capabilities (*note Bash Builtins::). * Bash has much more optional behavior controllable with the `set' builtin (*note The Set Builtin::). * The `test' builtin (*note Bourne Shell Builtins::) is slightly different, as it implements the POSIX algorithm, which specifies the behavior based on the number of arguments. * The `trap' builtin (*note Bourne Shell Builtins::) allows a `DEBUG' pseudo-signal specification, similar to `EXIT'. Commands specified with a `DEBUG' trap are executed after every simple command. The `DEBUG' trap is not inherited by shell functions. * The Bash `type' builtin is more extensive and gives more information about the names it finds (*note Bash Builtins::). * The Bash `umask' builtin permits a `-p' option to cause the output to be displayed in the form of a `umask' command that may be reused as input (*note Bourne Shell Builtins::). * Bash implements a `csh'-like directory stack, and provides the `pushd', `popd', and `dirs' builtins to manipulate it (*note The Directory Stack::). Bash also makes the directory stack visible as the value of the `DIRSTACK' shell variable. * Bash interprets special backslash-escaped characters in the prompt strings when interactive (*note Printing a Prompt::). * The Bash restricted mode is more useful (*note The Restricted Shell::); the SVR4.2 shell restricted mode is too limited. * The `disown' builtin can remove a job from the internal shell job table (*note Job Control Builtins::) or suppress the sending of `SIGHUP' to a job when the shell exits as the result of a `SIGHUP'. * The SVR4.2 shell has two privilege-related builtins (`mldmode' and `priv') not present in Bash. * Bash does not have the `stop' or `newgrp' builtins. * Bash does not use the `SHACCT' variable or perform shell accounting. * The SVR4.2 `sh' uses a `TIMEOUT' variable like Bash uses `TMOUT'. More features unique to Bash may be found in *Note Bash Features::. Implementation Differences From The SVR4.2 Shell ================================================ Since Bash is a completely new implementation, it does not suffer from many of the limitations of the SVR4.2 shell. For instance: * Bash does not fork a subshell when redirecting into or out of a shell control structure such as an `if' or `while' statement. * Bash does not allow unbalanced quotes. The SVR4.2 shell will silently insert a needed closing quote at `EOF' under certain circumstances. This can be the cause of some hard-to-find errors. * The SVR4.2 shell uses a baroque memory management scheme based on trapping `SIGSEGV'. If the shell is started from a process with `SIGSEGV' blocked (e.g., by using the `system()' C library function call), it misbehaves badly. * In a questionable attempt at security, the SVR4.2 shell, when invoked without the `-p' option, will alter its real and effective UID and GID if they are less than some magic threshold value, commonly 100. This can lead to unexpected results. * The SVR4.2 shell does not allow users to trap `SIGSEGV', `SIGALRM', or `SIGCHLD'. * The SVR4.2 shell does not allow the `IFS', `MAILCHECK', `PATH', `PS1', or `PS2' variables to be unset. * The SVR4.2 shell treats `^' as the undocumented equivalent of `|'. * Bash allows multiple option arguments when it is invoked (`-x -v'); the SVR4.2 shell allows only one option argument (`-xv'). In fact, some versions of the shell dump core if the second argument begins with a `-'. * The SVR4.2 shell exits a script if any builtin fails; Bash exits a script only if one of the POSIX 1003.2 special builtins fails, and only for certain failures, as enumerated in the POSIX 1003.2 standard. * The SVR4.2 shell behaves differently when invoked as `jsh' (it turns on job control).  File: bashref.info, Node: Builtin Index, Next: Reserved Word Index, Prev: Major Differences From The Bourne Shell, Up: Top Index of Shell Builtin Commands ******************************* * Menu: * .: Bourne Shell Builtins. * :: Bourne Shell Builtins. * [: Bourne Shell Builtins. * alias: Bash Builtins. * bg: Job Control Builtins. * bind: Bash Builtins. * break: Bourne Shell Builtins. * builtin: Bash Builtins. * cd: Bourne Shell Builtins. * command: Bash Builtins. * compgen: Programmable Completion Builtins. * complete: Programmable Completion Builtins. * continue: Bourne Shell Builtins. * declare: Bash Builtins. * dirs: Directory Stack Builtins. * disown: Job Control Builtins. * echo: Bash Builtins. * enable: Bash Builtins. * eval: Bourne Shell Builtins. * exec: Bourne Shell Builtins. * exit: Bourne Shell Builtins. * export: Bourne Shell Builtins. * fc: Bash History Builtins. * fg: Job Control Builtins. * getopts: Bourne Shell Builtins. * hash: Bourne Shell Builtins. * help: Bash Builtins. * history: Bash History Builtins. * jobs: Job Control Builtins. * kill: Job Control Builtins. * let: Bash Builtins. * local: Bash Builtins. * logout: Bash Builtins. * popd: Directory Stack Builtins. * printf: Bash Builtins. * pushd: Directory Stack Builtins. * pwd: Bourne Shell Builtins. * read: Bash Builtins. * readonly: Bourne Shell Builtins. * return: Bourne Shell Builtins. * set: The Set Builtin. * shift: Bourne Shell Builtins. * shopt: Bash Builtins. * source: Bash Builtins. * suspend: Job Control Builtins. * test: Bourne Shell Builtins. * times: Bourne Shell Builtins. * trap: Bourne Shell Builtins. * type: Bash Builtins. * typeset: Bash Builtins. * ulimit: Bash Builtins. * umask: Bourne Shell Builtins. * unalias: Bash Builtins. * unset: Bourne Shell Builtins. * wait: Job Control Builtins.  File: bashref.info, Node: Reserved Word Index, Next: Variable Index, Prev: Builtin Index, Up: Top Index of Shell Reserved Words ***************************** * Menu: * !: Pipelines. * [[: Conditional Constructs. * ]]: Conditional Constructs. * case: Conditional Constructs. * do: Looping Constructs. * done: Looping Constructs. * elif: Conditional Constructs. * else: Conditional Constructs. * esac: Conditional Constructs. * fi: Conditional Constructs. * for: Looping Constructs. * function: Shell Functions. * if: Conditional Constructs. * in: Conditional Constructs. * select: Conditional Constructs. * then: Conditional Constructs. * time: Pipelines. * until: Looping Constructs. * while: Looping Constructs. * {: Command Grouping. * }: Command Grouping.  File: bashref.info, Node: Variable Index, Next: Function Index, Prev: Reserved Word Index, Up: Top Parameter and Variable Index **************************** * Menu: * !: Special Parameters. * #: Special Parameters. * $: Special Parameters. * *: Special Parameters. * -: Special Parameters. * 0: Special Parameters. * ?: Special Parameters. * @: Special Parameters. * _: Special Parameters. * auto_resume: Job Control Variables. * BASH: Bash Variables. * BASH_ENV: Bash Variables. * BASH_VERSINFO: Bash Variables. * BASH_VERSION: Bash Variables. * bell-style: Readline Init File Syntax. * CDPATH: Bourne Shell Variables. * COLUMNS: Bash Variables. * comment-begin: Readline Init File Syntax. * COMP_CWORD: Bash Variables. * COMP_LINE: Bash Variables. * COMP_POINT: Bash Variables. * COMP_WORDS: Bash Variables. * completion-query-items: Readline Init File Syntax. * COMPREPLY: Bash Variables. * convert-meta: Readline Init File Syntax. * DIRSTACK: Bash Variables. * disable-completion: Readline Init File Syntax. * editing-mode: Readline Init File Syntax. * enable-keypad: Readline Init File Syntax. * EUID: Bash Variables. * expand-tilde: Readline Init File Syntax. * FCEDIT: Bash Variables. * FIGNORE: Bash Variables. * FUNCNAME: Bash Variables. * GLOBIGNORE: Bash Variables. * GROUPS: Bash Variables. * histchars: Bash Variables. * HISTCMD: Bash Variables. * HISTCONTROL: Bash Variables. * HISTFILE: Bash Variables. * HISTFILESIZE: Bash Variables. * HISTIGNORE: Bash Variables. * HISTSIZE: Bash Variables. * HOME: Bourne Shell Variables. * horizontal-scroll-mode: Readline Init File Syntax. * HOSTFILE: Bash Variables. * HOSTNAME: Bash Variables. * HOSTTYPE: Bash Variables. * IFS: Bourne Shell Variables. * IGNOREEOF: Bash Variables. * input-meta: Readline Init File Syntax. * INPUTRC: Bash Variables. * isearch-terminators: Readline Init File Syntax. * keymap: Readline Init File Syntax. * LANG: Bash Variables. * LC_ALL: Bash Variables. * LC_COLLATE: Bash Variables. * LC_CTYPE: Bash Variables. * LC_MESSAGES: Bash Variables. * LC_NUMERIC: Bash Variables. * LINENO: Bash Variables. * LINES: Bash Variables. * MACHTYPE: Bash Variables. * MAIL: Bourne Shell Variables. * MAILCHECK: Bash Variables. * MAILPATH: Bourne Shell Variables. * mark-modified-lines: Readline Init File Syntax. * meta-flag: Readline Init File Syntax. * OLDPWD: Bash Variables. * OPTARG: Bourne Shell Variables. * OPTERR: Bash Variables. * OPTIND: Bourne Shell Variables. * OSTYPE: Bash Variables. * output-meta: Readline Init File Syntax. * PATH: Bourne Shell Variables. * PIPESTATUS: Bash Variables. * PPID: Bash Variables. * PROMPT_COMMAND: Bash Variables. * PS1: Bourne Shell Variables. * PS2: Bourne Shell Variables. * PS3: Bash Variables. * PS4: Bash Variables. * PWD: Bash Variables. * RANDOM: Bash Variables. * REPLY: Bash Variables. * SECONDS: Bash Variables. * SHELLOPTS: Bash Variables. * SHLVL: Bash Variables. * show-all-if-ambiguous: Readline Init File Syntax. * TIMEFORMAT: Bash Variables. * TMOUT: Bash Variables. * UID: Bash Variables. * visible-stats: Readline Init File Syntax.  File: bashref.info, Node: Function Index, Next: Concept Index, Prev: Variable Index, Up: Top Function Index ************** * Menu: * abort (C-g): Miscellaneous Commands. * accept-line (Newline or Return): Commands For History. * backward-char (C-b): Commands For Moving. * backward-delete-char (Rubout): Commands For Text. * backward-kill-line (C-x Rubout): Commands For Killing. * backward-kill-word (M-): Commands For Killing. * backward-word (M-b): Commands For Moving. * beginning-of-history (M-<): Commands For History. * beginning-of-line (C-a): Commands For Moving. * call-last-kbd-macro (C-x e): Keyboard Macros. * capitalize-word (M-c): Commands For Text. * character-search (C-]): Miscellaneous Commands. * character-search-backward (M-C-]): Miscellaneous Commands. * clear-screen (C-l): Commands For Moving. * complete (): Commands For Completion. * copy-backward-word (): Commands For Killing. * copy-forward-word (): Commands For Killing. * copy-region-as-kill (): Commands For Killing. * delete-char (C-d): Commands For Text. * delete-char-or-list (): Commands For Completion. * delete-horizontal-space (): Commands For Killing. * digit-argument (M-0, M-1, ... M--): Numeric Arguments. * do-uppercase-version (M-a, M-b, M-X, ...): Miscellaneous Commands. * downcase-word (M-l): Commands For Text. * dump-functions (): Miscellaneous Commands. * dump-macros (): Miscellaneous Commands. * dump-variables (): Miscellaneous Commands. * end-kbd-macro (C-x )): Keyboard Macros. * end-of-history (M->): Commands For History. * end-of-line (C-e): Commands For Moving. * exchange-point-and-mark (C-x C-x): Miscellaneous Commands. * forward-backward-delete-char (): Commands For Text. * forward-char (C-f): Commands For Moving. * forward-search-history (C-s): Commands For History. * forward-word (M-f): Commands For Moving. * history-search-backward (): Commands For History. * history-search-forward (): Commands For History. * insert-comment (M-#): Miscellaneous Commands. * insert-completions (M-*): Commands For Completion. * kill-line (C-k): Commands For Killing. * kill-region (): Commands For Killing. * kill-whole-line (): Commands For Killing. * kill-word (M-d): Commands For Killing. * menu-complete (): Commands For Completion. * next-history (C-n): Commands For History. * non-incremental-forward-search-history (M-n): Commands For History. * non-incremental-reverse-search-history (M-p): Commands For History. * possible-completions (M-?): Commands For Completion. * prefix-meta (): Miscellaneous Commands. * previous-history (C-p): Commands For History. * quoted-insert (C-q or C-v): Commands For Text. * re-read-init-file (C-x C-r): Miscellaneous Commands. * redraw-current-line (): Commands For Moving. * reverse-search-history (C-r): Commands For History. * revert-line (M-r): Miscellaneous Commands. * self-insert (a, b, A, 1, !, ...): Commands For Text. * set-mark (C-@): Miscellaneous Commands. * start-kbd-macro (C-x (): Keyboard Macros. * transpose-chars (C-t): Commands For Text. * transpose-words (M-t): Commands For Text. * undo (C-_ or C-x C-u): Miscellaneous Commands. * universal-argument (): Numeric Arguments. * unix-line-discard (C-u): Commands For Killing. * unix-word-rubout (C-w): Commands For Killing. * upcase-word (M-u): Commands For Text. * yank (C-y): Commands For Killing. * yank-last-arg (M-. or M-_): Commands For History. * yank-nth-arg (M-C-y): Commands For History. * yank-pop (M-y): Commands For Killing.  File: bashref.info, Node: Concept Index, Prev: Function Index, Up: Top Concept Index ************* * Menu: * alias expansion: Aliases. * arithmetic evaluation: Shell Arithmetic. * arithmetic expansion: Arithmetic Expansion. * arithmetic, shell: Shell Arithmetic. * arrays: Arrays. * background: Job Control Basics. * Bash configuration: Basic Installation. * Bash installation: Basic Installation. * Bourne shell: Basic Shell Features. * brace expansion: Brace Expansion. * builtin: Definitions. * command editing: Readline Bare Essentials. * command execution: Command Search and Execution. * command expansion: Simple Command Expansion. * command history: Bash History Facilities. * command search: Command Search and Execution. * command substitution: Command Substitution. * command timing: Pipelines. * commands, conditional: Conditional Constructs. * commands, grouping: Command Grouping. * commands, lists: Lists. * commands, looping: Looping Constructs. * commands, pipelines: Pipelines. * commands, shell: Shell Commands. * commands, simple: Simple Commands. * comments, shell: Comments. * completion builtins: Programmable Completion Builtins. * configuration: Basic Installation. * control operator: Definitions. * directory stack: The Directory Stack. * editing command lines: Readline Bare Essentials. * environment: Environment. * evaluation, arithmetic: Shell Arithmetic. * event designators: Event Designators. * execution environment: Command Execution Environment. * exit status <1>: Definitions. * exit status: Exit Status. * expansion: Shell Expansions. * expansion, arithmetic: Arithmetic Expansion. * expansion, brace: Brace Expansion. * expansion, filename: Filename Expansion. * expansion, parameter: Shell Parameter Expansion. * expansion, pathname: Filename Expansion. * expansion, tilde: Tilde Expansion. * expressions, arithmetic: Shell Arithmetic. * expressions, conditional: Bash Conditional Expressions. * field: Definitions. * filename: Definitions. * filename expansion: Filename Expansion. * foreground: Job Control Basics. * functions, shell: Shell Functions. * history builtins: Bash History Builtins. * history events: Event Designators. * history expansion: History Interaction. * history list: Bash History Facilities. * History, how to use: Programmable Completion Builtins. * identifier: Definitions. * initialization file, readline: Readline Init File. * installation: Basic Installation. * interaction, readline: Readline Interaction. * interactive shell <1>: Interactive Shells. * interactive shell: Invoking Bash. * job: Definitions. * job control <1>: Definitions. * job control: Job Control Basics. * kill ring: Readline Killing Commands. * killing text: Readline Killing Commands. * localization: Locale Translation. * matching, pattern: Pattern Matching. * metacharacter: Definitions. * name: Definitions. * notation, readline: Readline Bare Essentials. * operator, shell: Definitions. * parameter expansion: Shell Parameter Expansion. * parameters: Shell Parameters. * parameters, positional: Positional Parameters. * parameters, special: Special Parameters. * pathname expansion: Filename Expansion. * pattern matching: Pattern Matching. * pipeline: Pipelines. * POSIX: Definitions. * POSIX Mode: Bash POSIX Mode. * process group: Definitions. * process group ID: Definitions. * process substitution: Process Substitution. * programmable completion: Programmable Completion. * prompting: Printing a Prompt. * quoting: Quoting. * quoting, ANSI: ANSI-C Quoting. * Readline, how to use: Job Control Variables. * redirection: Redirections. * reserved word: Definitions. * restricted shell: The Restricted Shell. * return status: Definitions. * shell arithmetic: Shell Arithmetic. * shell function: Shell Functions. * shell script: Shell Scripts. * shell variable: Shell Parameters. * shell, interactive: Interactive Shells. * signal: Definitions. * signal handling: Signals. * special builtin <1>: Definitions. * special builtin: Special Builtins. * startup files: Bash Startup Files. * suspending jobs: Job Control Basics. * tilde expansion: Tilde Expansion. * token: Definitions. * variable, shell: Shell Parameters. * variables, readline: Readline Init File Syntax. * word: Definitions. * word splitting: Word Splitting. * yanking text: Readline Killing Commands.  Tag Table: Node: Top1157 Node: Introduction3286 Node: What is Bash?3511 Node: What is a shell?4612 Node: Definitions6846 Node: Basic Shell Features9512 Node: Shell Syntax10736 Node: Shell Operation11760 Node: Quoting13045 Node: Escape Character14304 Node: Single Quotes14776 Node: Double Quotes15111 Node: ANSI-C Quoting16012 Node: Locale Translation16915 Node: Comments17690 Node: Shell Commands18295 Node: Simple Commands19176 Node: Pipelines19797 Node: Lists21322 Node: Looping Constructs22835 Node: Conditional Constructs25279 Node: Command Grouping31220 Node: Shell Functions32597 Node: Shell Parameters35134 Node: Positional Parameters36459 Node: Special Parameters37350 Node: Shell Expansions40008 Node: Brace Expansion41928 Node: Tilde Expansion43597 Node: Shell Parameter Expansion45928 Node: Command Substitution52728 Node: Arithmetic Expansion54050 Node: Process Substitution54894 Node: Word Splitting55931 Node: Filename Expansion57383 Node: Pattern Matching59341 Node: Quote Removal62472 Node: Redirections62758 Node: Executing Commands69629 Node: Simple Command Expansion70296 Node: Command Search and Execution72217 Node: Command Execution Environment74214 Node: Environment76667 Node: Exit Status78318 Node: Signals79513 Node: Shell Scripts81405 Node: Shell Builtin Commands83788 Node: Bourne Shell Builtins85218 Node: Bash Builtins100145 Node: The Set Builtin124177 Node: Special Builtins131034 Node: Shell Variables132006 Node: Bourne Shell Variables132442 Node: Bash Variables134221 Node: Bash Features149565 Node: Invoking Bash150447 Node: Bash Startup Files155232 Node: Interactive Shells160102 Node: What is an Interactive Shell?160504 Node: Is this Shell Interactive?161139 Node: Interactive Shell Behavior161945 Node: Bash Conditional Expressions165212 Node: Shell Arithmetic168506 Node: Aliases170937 Node: Arrays173440 Node: The Directory Stack176460 Node: Directory Stack Builtins177166 Node: Printing a Prompt180044 Node: The Restricted Shell182414 Node: Bash POSIX Mode183892 Node: Job Control189520 Node: Job Control Basics189986 Node: Job Control Builtins194200 Node: Job Control Variables198495 Node: Command Line Editing199644 Node: Introduction and Notation200642 Node: Readline Interaction202259 Node: Readline Bare Essentials203445 Node: Readline Movement Commands205225 Node: Readline Killing Commands206181 Node: Readline Arguments208090 Node: Searching209125 Node: Readline Init File211115 Node: Readline Init File Syntax212169 Node: Conditional Init Constructs222372 Node: Sample Init File224896 Node: Bindable Readline Commands228065 Node: Commands For Moving229264 Node: Commands For History230112 Node: Commands For Text233000 Node: Commands For Killing234933 Node: Numeric Arguments236883 Node: Commands For Completion238010 Node: Keyboard Macros241590 Node: Miscellaneous Commands242148 Node: Readline vi Mode246510 Node: Programmable Completion247419 Node: Programmable Completion Builtins252467 Node: Using History Interactively259374 Node: Bash History Facilities260053 Node: Bash History Builtins262613 Node: History Interaction266179 Node: Event Designators268730 Node: Word Designators269657 Node: Modifiers271286 Node: Installing Bash272603 Node: Basic Installation273745 Node: Compilers and Options276863 Node: Compiling For Multiple Architectures277597 Node: Installation Names279254 Node: Specifying the System Type279977 Node: Sharing Defaults280684 Node: Operation Controls281349 Node: Optional Features282300 Node: Reporting Bugs289705 Node: Major Differences From The Bourne Shell290802 Node: Builtin Index304814 Node: Reserved Word Index308405 Node: Variable Index309881 Node: Function Index315667 Node: Concept Index320157  End Tag Table bash/bash-RUN/opt/bash/man/man1/bash.1010064400000000000003000006535200727450616100160570ustar000300000000000000.\" .\" MAN PAGE COMMENTS to .\" .\" Chet Ramey .\" Information Network Services .\" Case Western Reserve University .\" chet@ins.CWRU.Edu .\" .\" Last Change: Mon Mar 5 10:19:14 EST 2001 .\" .\" bash_builtins, strip all but Built-Ins section .if \n(zZ=1 .ig zZ .if \n(zY=1 .ig zY .TH BASH 1 "2001 Mar 5" "GNU Bash-2.05" .\" .\" There's some problem with having a `@' .\" in a tagged paragraph with the BSD man macros. .\" It has to do with `@' appearing in the }1 macro. .\" This is a problem on 4.3 BSD and Ultrix, but Sun .\" appears to have fixed it. .\" If you're seeing the characters .\" `@u-3p' appearing before the lines reading .\" `possible-hostname-completions .\" and `complete-hostname' down in READLINE, .\" then uncomment this redefinition. .\" .de }1 .ds ]X \&\\*(]B\\ .nr )E 0 .if !"\\$1"" .nr )I \\$1n .}f .ll \\n(LLu .in \\n()Ru+\\n(INu+\\n()Iu .ti \\n(INu .ie !\\n()Iu+\\n()Ru-\w\\*(]Xu-3p \{\\*(]X .br\} .el \\*(]X\h|\\n()Iu+\\n()Ru\c .}f .. .\" .\" File Name macro. This used to be `.PN', for Path Name, .\" but Sun doesn't seem to like that very much. .\" .de FN \fI\|\\$1\|\fP .. .SH NAME bash \- GNU Bourne-Again SHell .SH SYNOPSIS .B bash [options] [file] .SH COPYRIGHT .if n Bash is Copyright (C) 1989-2001 by the Free Software Foundation, Inc. .if t Bash is Copyright \(co 1989-2001 by the Free Software Foundation, Inc. .SH DESCRIPTION .B Bash is an \fBsh\fR-compatible command language interpreter that executes commands read from the standard input or from a file. .B Bash also incorporates useful features from the \fIKorn\fP and \fIC\fP shells (\fBksh\fP and \fBcsh\fP). .PP .B Bash is intended to be a conformant implementation of the IEEE POSIX Shell and Tools specification (IEEE Working Group 1003\.2). .SH OPTIONS In addition to the single-character shell options documented in the description of the \fBset\fR builtin command, \fBbash\fR interprets the following options when it is invoked: .PP .PD 0 .TP 10 .BI \-c "\| string\^" If the .B \-c option is present, then commands are read from .IR string . If there are arguments after the .IR string , they are assigned to the positional parameters, starting with .BR $0 . .TP .B \-r If the .B \-r option is present, the shell becomes .I restricted (see .SM .B "RESTRICTED SHELL" below). .TP .B \-i If the .B \-i option is present, the shell is .IR interactive . .TP .B \-s If the .B \-s option is present, or if no arguments remain after option processing, then commands are read from the standard input. This option allows the positional parameters to be set when invoking an interactive shell. .TP .B \-D A list of all double-quoted strings preceded by \fB$\fP is printed on the standard ouput. These are the strings that are subject to language translation when the current locale is not \fBC\fP or \fBPOSIX\fP. This implies the \fB\-n\fP option; no commands will be executed. .TP .B \-\- A .B \-\- signals the end of options and disables further option processing. Any arguments after the .B \-\- are treated as filenames and arguments. An argument of .B \- is equivalent to \fB\-\-\fP. .PD .PP .B Bash also interprets a number of multi-character options. These options must appear on the command line before the single-character options in order for them to be recognized. .PP .PD 0 .TP .B \-\-dump\-po\-strings Equivalent to \fB\-D\fP, but the output is in the GNU \fIgettext\fP \fBpo\fP (portable object) file format. .TP .B \-\-dump\-strings Equivalent to \fB\-D\fP. .TP .B \-\-help Display a usage message on standard output and exit successfully. .TP .PD 0 \fB\-\-init\-file\fP \fIfile\fP .TP \fB\-\-rcfile\fP \fIfile\fP .PD Execute commands from .I file instead of the standard personal initialization file .I ~/.bashrc if the shell is interactive (see .SM .B INVOCATION below). .TP .B \-\-login Make .B bash act as if it had been invoked as a login shell (see .SM .B INVOCATION below). .TP .B \-\-noediting Do not use the GNU .B readline library to read command lines when the shell is interactive. .TP .B \-\-noprofile Do not read either the system-wide startup file .FN /etc/profile or any of the personal initialization files .IR ~/.bash_profile , .IR ~/.bash_login , or .IR ~/.profile . By default, .B bash reads these files when it is invoked as a login shell (see .SM .B INVOCATION below). .TP .B \-\-norc Do not read and execute the personal initialization file .I ~/.bashrc if the shell is interactive. This option is on by default if the shell is invoked as .BR sh . .TP .B \-\-posix Change the behavior of \fBbash\fP where the default operation differs from the POSIX 1003.2 standard to match the standard (\fIposix mode\fP). .TP .B \-\-restricted The shell becomes restricted (see .SM .B "RESTRICTED SHELL" below). .TP .B \-\-verbose Equivalent to \fB\-v\fP. .TP .B \-\-version Show version information for this instance of .B bash on the standard output and exit successfully. .PD .SH ARGUMENTS If arguments remain after option processing, and neither the .B \-c nor the .B \-s option has been supplied, the first argument is assumed to be the name of a file containing shell commands. If .B bash is invoked in this fashion, .B $0 is set to the name of the file, and the positional parameters are set to the remaining arguments. .B Bash reads and executes commands from this file, then exits. \fBBash\fP's exit status is the exit status of the last command executed in the script. If no commands are executed, the exit status is 0. .SH INVOCATION A \fIlogin shell\fP is one whose first character of argument zero is a .BR \- , or one started with the .B \-\-login option. .PP An \fIinteractive\fP shell is one started without non-option arguments and without the .B \-c option whose standard input and output are both connected to terminals (as determined by .IR isatty (3)), or one started with the .B \-i option. .SM .B PS1 is set and .B $\- includes .B i if .B bash is interactive, allowing a shell script or a startup file to test this state. .PP The following paragraphs describe how .B bash executes its startup files. If any of the files exist but cannot be read, .B bash reports an error. Tildes are expanded in file names as described below under .B "Tilde Expansion" in the .SM .B EXPANSION section. .PP When .B bash is invoked as an interactive login shell, or as a non-interactive shell with the \fB\-\-login\fP option, it first reads and executes commands from the file \fI/etc/profile\fP, if that file exists. After reading that file, it looks for \fI~/.bash_profile\fP, \fI~/.bash_login\fP, and \fI~/.profile\fP, in that order, and reads and executes commands from the first one that exists and is readable. The .B \-\-noprofile option may be used when the shell is started to inhibit this behavior. .PP When a login shell exits, .B bash reads and executes commands from the file \fI~/.bash_logout\fP, if it exists. .PP When an interactive shell that is not a login shell is started, .B bash reads and executes commands from \fI~/.bashrc\fP, if that file exists. This may be inhibited by using the .B \-\-norc option. The \fB\-\-rcfile\fP \fIfile\fP option will force .B bash to read and execute commands from \fIfile\fP instead of \fI~/.bashrc\fP. .PP When .B bash is started non-interactively, to run a shell script, for example, it looks for the variable .SM .B BASH_ENV in the environment, expands its value if it appears there, and uses the expanded value as the name of a file to read and execute. .B Bash behaves as if the following command were executed: .sp .5 .RS .if t \f(CWif [ \-n "$BASH_ENV" ]; then . "$BASH_ENV"; fi\fP .if n if [ \-n "$BASH_ENV" ]; then . "$BASH_ENV"; fi .RE .sp .5 but the value of the .SM .B PATH variable is not used to search for the file name. .PP If .B bash is invoked with the name .BR sh , it tries to mimic the startup behavior of historical versions of .B sh as closely as possible, while conforming to the POSIX standard as well. When invoked as an interactive login shell, or a non-interactive shell with the \fB\-\-login\fP option, it first attempts to read and execute commands from .I /etc/profile and .IR ~/.profile , in that order. The .B \-\-noprofile option may be used to inhibit this behavior. When invoked as an interactive shell with the name .BR sh , .B bash looks for the variable .SM .BR ENV , expands its value if it is defined, and uses the expanded value as the name of a file to read and execute. Since a shell invoked as .B sh does not attempt to read and execute commands from any other startup files, the .B \-\-rcfile option has no effect. A non-interactive shell invoked with the name .B sh does not attempt to read any other startup files. When invoked as .BR sh , .B bash enters .I posix mode after the startup files are read. .PP When .B bash is started in .I posix mode, as with the .B \-\-posix command line option, it follows the POSIX standard for startup files. In this mode, interactive shells expand the .SM .B ENV variable and commands are read and executed from the file whose name is the expanded value. No other startup files are read. .PP .B Bash attempts to determine when it is being run by the remote shell daemon, usually \fIrshd\fP. If .B bash determines it is being run by \fIrshd\fP, it reads and executes commands from \fI~/.bashrc\fP, if that file exists and is readable. It will not do this if invoked as \fBsh\fP. The .B \-\-norc option may be used to inhibit this behavior, and the .B \-\-rcfile option may be used to force another file to be read, but \fIrshd\fP does not generally invoke the shell with those options or allow them to be specified. .PP If the shell is started with the effective user (group) id not equal to the real user (group) id, and the \fB\-p\fP option is not supplied, no startup files are read, shell functions are not inherited from the environment, the \fBSHELLOPTS\fP variable, if it appears in the environment, is ignored, and the effective user id is set to the real user id. If the \fB\-p\fP option is supplied at invocation, the startup behavior is the same, but the effective user id is not reset. .SH DEFINITIONS .PP The following definitions are used throughout the rest of this document. .PD 0 .TP .B blank A space or tab. .TP .B word A sequence of characters considered as a single unit by the shell. Also known as a .BR token . .TP .B name A .I word consisting only of alphanumeric characters and underscores, and beginning with an alphabetic character or an underscore. Also referred to as an .BR identifier . .TP .B metacharacter A character that, when unquoted, separates words. One of the following: .br .RS .PP .if t \fB| & ; ( ) < > space tab\fP .if n \fB| & ; ( ) < > space tab\fP .RE .PP .TP .B control operator A \fItoken\fP that performs a control function. It is one of the following symbols: .RS .PP .if t \fB\(bv\(bv & && ; ;; ( ) | \fP .if n \fB|| & && ; ;; ( ) | \fP .RE .PD .SH "RESERVED WORDS" \fIReserved words\fP are words that have a special meaning to the shell. The following words are recognized as reserved when unquoted and either the first word of a simple command (see .SM .B SHELL GRAMMAR below) or the third word of a .B case or .B for command: .if t .RS .PP .B .if n ! case do done elif else esac fi for function if in select then until while { } time [[ ]] .if t ! case do done elif else esac fi for function if in select then until while { } time [[ ]] .if t .RE .RE .SH "SHELL GRAMMAR" .SS Simple Commands .PP A \fIsimple command\fP is a sequence of optional variable assignments followed by \fBblank\fP-separated words and redirections, and terminated by a \fIcontrol operator\fP. The first word specifies the command to be executed. The remaining words are passed as arguments to the invoked command. .PP The return value of a \fIsimple command\fP is its exit status, or 128+\fIn\^\fP if the command is terminated by signal .IR n . .SS Pipelines .PP A \fIpipeline\fP is a sequence of one or more commands separated by the character .BR | . The format for a pipeline is: .RS .PP [\fBtime\fP [\fB\-p\fP]] [ ! ] \fIcommand\fP [ \fB|\fP \fIcommand2\fP ... ] .RE .PP The standard output of .I command is connected to the standard input of .IR command2 . This connection is performed before any redirections specified by the command (see .SM .B REDIRECTION below). .PP If the reserved word .B ! precedes a pipeline, the exit status of that pipeline is the logical NOT of the exit status of the last command. Otherwise, the status of the pipeline is the exit status of the last command. The shell waits for all commands in the pipeline to terminate before returning a value. .PP If the .B time reserved word precedes a pipeline, the elapsed as well as user and system time consumed by its execution are reported when the pipeline terminates. The \fB\-p\fP option changes the output format to that specified by POSIX. The .SM .B TIMEFORMAT variable may be set to a format string that specifies how the timing information should be displayed; see the description of .SM .B TIMEFORMAT under .B "Shell Variables" below. .PP Each command in a pipeline is executed as a separate process (i.e., in a subshell). .SS Lists .PP A \fIlist\fP is a sequence of one or more pipelines separated by one of the operators .BR ; , .BR & , .BR && , or .BR \(bv\(bv , and optionally terminated by one of .BR ; , .BR & , or .BR . .PP Of these list operators, .B && and .B \(bv\(bv have equal precedence, followed by .B ; and .BR &, which have equal precedence. .PP If a command is terminated by the control operator .BR & , the shell executes the command in the \fIbackground\fP in a subshell. The shell does not wait for the command to finish, and the return status is 0. Commands separated by a .B ; are executed sequentially; the shell waits for each command to terminate in turn. The return status is the exit status of the last command executed. .PP The control operators .B && and .B \(bv\(bv denote AND lists and OR lists, respectively. An AND list has the form .RS .PP \fIcommand1\fP \fB&&\fP \fIcommand2\fP .RE .PP .I command2 is executed if, and only if, .I command1 returns an exit status of zero. .PP An OR list has the form .RS .PP \fIcommand1\fP \fB\(bv\(bv\fP \fIcommand2\fP .PP .RE .PP .I command2 is executed if and only if .I command1 returns a non-zero exit status. The return status of AND and OR lists is the exit status of the last command executed in the list. .SS Compound Commands .PP A \fIcompound command\fP is one of the following: .TP (\fIlist\fP) \fIlist\fP is executed in a subshell. Variable assignments and builtin commands that affect the shell's environment do not remain in effect after the command completes. The return status is the exit status of \fIlist\fP. .TP { \fIlist\fP; } \fIlist\fP is simply executed in the current shell environment. \fIlist\fP must be terminated with a newline or semicolon. This is known as a \fIgroup command\fP. The return status is the exit status of \fIlist\fP. .TP ((\fIexpression\fP)) The \fIexpression\fP is evaluated according to the rules described below under .SM .BR "ARITHMETIC EVALUATION" . If the value of the expression is non-zero, the return status is 0; otherwise the return status is 1. This is exactly equivalent to \fBlet "\fIexpression\fP"\fR. .TP \fB[[\fP \fIexpression\fP \fB]]\fP Return a status of 0 or 1 depending on the evaluation of the conditional expression \fIexpression\fP. Expressions are composed of the primaries described below under .SM .BR "CONDITIONAL EXPRESSIONS" . Word splitting and pathname expansion are not performed on the words between the \fB[[\fP and \fB]]\fP; tilde expansion, parameter and variable expansion, arithmetic expansion, command substitution, process substitution, and quote removal are performed. .if t .sp 0.5 .if n .sp 1 When the \fB==\fP and \fB!=\fP operators are used, the string to the right of the operator is considered a pattern and matched according to the rules described below under \fBPattern Matching\fP. The return value is 0 if the string matches or does not match the pattern, respectively, and 1 otherwise. Any part of the pattern may be quoted to force it to be matched as a string. .if t .sp 0.5 .if n .sp 1 Expressions may be combined using the following operators, listed in decreasing order of precedence: .if t .sp 0.5 .if n .sp 1 .RS .PD 0 .TP .B ( \fIexpression\fP ) Returns the value of \fIexpression\fP. This may be used to override the normal precedence of operators. .TP .B ! \fIexpression\fP True if .I expression is false. .TP \fIexpression1\fP \fB&&\fP \fIexpression2\fP True if both .I expression1 and .I expression2 are true. .TP .if t \fIexpression1\fP \fB\(bv\(bv\fP \fIexpression2\fP .if n \fIexpression1\fP \fB||\fP \fIexpression2\fP True if either .I expression1 or .I expression2 is true. .PD .RE .LP The \fB&&\fP and .if t \fB\(bv\(bv\fP .if n \fB||\fP operators do not execute \fIexpression2\fP if the value of \fIexpression1\fP is sufficient to determine the return value of the entire conditional expression. .TP \fBfor\fP \fIname\fP [ \fBin\fP \fIword\fP ] ; \fBdo\fP \fIlist\fP ; \fBdone\fP The list of words following \fBin\fP is expanded, generating a list of items. The variable \fIname\fP is set to each element of this list in turn, and \fIlist\fP is executed each time. If the \fBin\fP \fIword\fP is omitted, the \fBfor\fP command executes \fIlist\fP once for each positional parameter that is set (see .SM .B PARAMETERS below). The return status is the exit status of the last command that executes. If the expansion of the items following \fBin\fP results in an empty list, no commands are executed, and the return status is 0. .TP \fBfor\fP (( \fIexpr1\fP ; \fIexpr2\fP ; \fIexpr3\fP )) ; \fBdo\fP \fIlist\fP ; \fBdone\fP First, the arithmetic expression \fIexpr1\fP is evaluated according to the rules described below under .SM .BR "ARITHMETIC EVALUATION" . The arithmetic expression \fIexpr2\fP is then evaluated repeatedly until it evaluates to zero. Each time \fIexpr2\fP evaluates to a non-zero value, \fIlist\fP is executed and the arithmetic expression \fIexpr3\fP is evaluated. If any expression is omitted, it behaves as if it evaluates to 1. The return value is the exit status of the last command in \fIlist\fP that is executed, or false if any of the expressions is invalid. .TP \fBselect\fP \fIname\fP [ \fBin\fP \fIword\fP ] ; \fBdo\fP \fIlist\fP ; \fBdone\fP The list of words following \fBin\fP is expanded, generating a list of items. The set of expanded words is printed on the standard error, each preceded by a number. If the \fBin\fP \fIword\fP is omitted, the positional parameters are printed (see .SM .B PARAMETERS below). The .B PS3 prompt is then displayed and a line read from the standard input. If the line consists of a number corresponding to one of the displayed words, then the value of .I name is set to that word. If the line is empty, the words and prompt are displayed again. If EOF is read, the command completes. Any other value read causes .I name to be set to null. The line read is saved in the variable .BR REPLY . The .I list is executed after each selection until a .B break or .B return command is executed. The exit status of .B select is the exit status of the last command executed in .IR list , or zero if no commands were executed. .TP \fBcase\fP \fIword\fP \fBin\fP [ [(] \fIpattern\fP [ \fB|\fP \fIpattern\fP ] \ ... ) \fIlist\fP ;; ] ... \fBesac\fP A \fBcase\fP command first expands \fIword\fP, and tries to match it against each \fIpattern\fP in turn, using the same matching rules as for pathname expansion (see .B Pathname Expansion below). When a match is found, the corresponding \fIlist\fP is executed. After the first match, no subsequent matches are attempted. The exit status is zero if no pattern matches. Otherwise, it is the exit status of the last command executed in \fIlist\fP. .TP \fBif\fP \fIlist\fP; \fBthen\fP \fIlist;\fP \ [ \fBelif\fP \fIlist\fP; \fBthen\fP \fIlist\fP; ] ... \ [ \fBelse\fP \fIlist\fP; ] \fBfi\fP The .B if .I list is executed. If its exit status is zero, the \fBthen\fP \fIlist\fP is executed. Otherwise, each \fBelif\fP \fIlist\fP is executed in turn, and if its exit status is zero, the corresponding \fBthen\fP \fIlist\fP is executed and the command completes. Otherwise, the \fBelse\fP \fIlist\fP is executed, if present. The exit status is the exit status of the last command executed, or zero if no condition tested true. .TP .PD 0 \fBwhile\fP \fIlist\fP; \fBdo\fP \fIlist\fP; \fBdone\fP .TP \fBuntil\fP \fIlist\fP; \fBdo\fP \fIlist\fP; \fBdone\fP .PD The \fBwhile\fP command continuously executes the \fBdo\fP \fIlist\fP as long as the last command in \fIlist\fP returns an exit status of zero. The \fBuntil\fP command is identical to the \fBwhile\fP command, except that the test is negated; the .B do .I list is executed as long as the last command in .I list returns a non-zero exit status. The exit status of the \fBwhile\fP and \fBuntil\fP commands is the exit status of the last \fBdo\fP \fIlist\fP command executed, or zero if none was executed. .TP [ \fBfunction\fP ] \fIname\fP () { \fIlist\fP; } This defines a function named \fIname\fP. The \fIbody\fP of the function is the .I list of commands between { and }. This list is executed whenever \fIname\fP is specified as the name of a simple command. The exit status of a function is the exit status of the last command executed in the body. (See .SM .B FUNCTIONS below.) .SH COMMENTS In a non-interactive shell, or an interactive shell in which the .B interactive_comments option to the .B shopt builtin is enabled (see .SM .B "SHELL BUILTIN COMMANDS" below), a word beginning with .B # causes that word and all remaining characters on that line to be ignored. An interactive shell without the .B interactive_comments option enabled does not allow comments. The .B interactive_comments option is on by default in interactive shells. .SH QUOTING \fIQuoting\fP is used to remove the special meaning of certain characters or words to the shell. Quoting can be used to disable special treatment for special characters, to prevent reserved words from being recognized as such, and to prevent parameter expansion. .PP Each of the \fImetacharacters\fP listed above under .SM .B DEFINITIONS has special meaning to the shell and must be quoted if it is to represent itself. .PP When the command history expansion facilities are being used, the \fIhistory expansion\fP character, usually \fB!\fP, must be quoted to prevent history expansion. .PP There are three quoting mechanisms: the .IR "escape character" , single quotes, and double quotes. .PP A non-quoted backslash (\fB\e\fP) is the .IR "escape character" . It preserves the literal value of the next character that follows, with the exception of . If a \fB\e\fP pair appears, and the backslash is not itself quoted, the \fB\e\fP is treated as a line continuation (that is, it is removed from the input stream and effectively ignored). .PP Enclosing characters in single quotes preserves the literal value of each character within the quotes. A single quote may not occur between single quotes, even when preceded by a backslash. .PP Enclosing characters in double quotes preserves the literal value of all characters within the quotes, with the exception of .BR $ , .BR ` , and .BR \e . The characters .B $ and .B ` retain their special meaning within double quotes. The backslash retains its special meaning only when followed by one of the following characters: .BR $ , .BR ` , \^\fB"\fP\^, .BR \e , or .BR . A double quote may be quoted within double quotes by preceding it with a backslash. .PP The special parameters .B * and .B @ have special meaning when in double quotes (see .SM .B PARAMETERS below). .PP Words of the form \fB$\fP'\fIstring\fP' are treated specially. The word expands to \fIstring\fP, with backslash-escaped characters replaced as specifed by the ANSI C standard. Backslash escape sequences, if present, are decoded as follows: .RS .PD 0 .TP .B \ea alert (bell) .TP .B \eb backspace .TP .B \ee an escape character .TP .B \ef form feed .TP .B \en new line .TP .B \er carriage return .TP .B \et horizontal tab .TP .B \ev vertical tab .TP .B \e\e backslash .TP .B \e' single quote .TP .B \e\fInnn\fP the character whose ASCII code is the octal value \fInnn\fP (one to three digits) .TP .B \ex\fInnn\fP the character whose ASCII code is the hexadecimal value \fInnn\fP (one to three digits) .PD .RE .LP The expanded result is single-quoted, as if the dollar sign had not been present. .PP A double-quoted string preceded by a dollar sign (\fB$\fP) will cause the string to be translated according to the current locale. If the current locale is \fBC\fP or \fBPOSIX\fP, the dollar sign is ignored. If the string is translated and replaced, the replacement is double-quoted. .SH PARAMETERS A .I parameter is an entity that stores values. It can be a .IR name , a number, or one of the special characters listed below under .BR "Special Parameters" . For the shell's purposes, a .I variable is a parameter denoted by a .IR name . .PP A parameter is set if it has been assigned a value. The null string is a valid value. Once a variable is set, it may be unset only by using the .B unset builtin command (see .SM .B SHELL BUILTIN COMMANDS below). .PP A .I variable may be assigned to by a statement of the form .RS .PP \fIname\fP=[\fIvalue\fP] .RE .PP If .I value is not given, the variable is assigned the null string. All .I values undergo tilde expansion, parameter and variable expansion, command substitution, arithmetic expansion, and quote removal (see .SM .B EXPANSION below). If the variable has its .B integer attribute set (see .B declare below in .SM .BR "SHELL BUILTIN COMMANDS" ) then .I value is subject to arithmetic expansion even if the $((...)) expansion is not used (see .B "Arithmetic Expansion" below). Word splitting is not performed, with the exception of \fB"$@"\fP as explained below under .BR "Special Parameters" . Pathname expansion is not performed. .SS Positional Parameters .PP A .I positional parameter is a parameter denoted by one or more digits, other than the single digit 0. Positional parameters are assigned from the shell's arguments when it is invoked, and may be reassigned using the .B set builtin command. Positional parameters may not be assigned to with assignment statements. The positional parameters are temporarily replaced when a shell function is executed (see .SM .B FUNCTIONS below). .PP When a positional parameter consisting of more than a single digit is expanded, it must be enclosed in braces (see .SM .B EXPANSION below). .SS Special Parameters .PP The shell treats several parameters specially. These parameters may only be referenced; assignment to them is not allowed. .PD 0 .TP .B * Expands to the positional parameters, starting from one. When the expansion occurs within double quotes, it expands to a single word with the value of each parameter separated by the first character of the .SM .B IFS special variable. That is, "\fB$*\fP" is equivalent to "\fB$1\fP\fIc\fP\fB$2\fP\fIc\fP\fB...\fP", where .I c is the first character of the value of the .SM .B IFS variable. If .SM .B IFS is unset, the parameters are separated by spaces. If .SM .B IFS is null, the parameters are joined without intervening separators. .TP .B @ Expands to the positional parameters, starting from one. When the expansion occurs within double quotes, each parameter expands to a separate word. That is, "\fB$@\fP" is equivalent to "\fB$1\fP" "\fB$2\fP" ... When there are no positional parameters, "\fB$@\fP" and .B $@ expand to nothing (i.e., they are removed). .TP .B # Expands to the number of positional parameters in decimal. .TP .B ? Expands to the status of the most recently executed foreground pipeline. .TP .B \- Expands to the current option flags as specified upon invocation, by the .B set builtin command, or those set by the shell itself (such as the .B \-i option). .TP .B $ Expands to the process ID of the shell. In a () subshell, it expands to the process ID of the current shell, not the subshell. .TP .B ! Expands to the process ID of the most recently executed background (asynchronous) command. .TP .B 0 Expands to the name of the shell or shell script. This is set at shell initialization. If .B bash is invoked with a file of commands, .B $0 is set to the name of that file. If .B bash is started with the .B \-c option, then .B $0 is set to the first argument after the string to be executed, if one is present. Otherwise, it is set to the file name used to invoke .BR bash , as given by argument zero. .TP .B _ At shell startup, set to the absolute file name of the shell or shell script being executed as passed in the argument list. Subsequently, expands to the last argument to the previous command, after expansion. Also set to the full file name of each command executed and placed in the environment exported to that command. When checking mail, this parameter holds the name of the mail file currently being checked. .PD .SS Shell Variables .PP The following variables are set by the shell: .PP .PD 0 .TP .B PPID The process ID of the shell's parent. This variable is readonly. .TP .B PWD The current working directory as set by the .B cd command. .TP .B OLDPWD The previous working directory as set by the .B cd command. .TP .B REPLY Set to the line of input read by the .B read builtin command when no arguments are supplied. .TP .B UID Expands to the user ID of the current user, initialized at shell startup. This variable is readonly. .TP .B EUID Expands to the effective user ID of the current user, initialized at shell startup. This variable is readonly. .TP .B GROUPS An array variable containing the list of groups of which the current user is a member. Assignments to .SM .B GROUPS have no effect and return an error status. If .SM .B GROUPS is unset, it loses its special properties, even if it is subsequently reset. .TP .B BASH Expands to the full file name used to invoke this instance of .BR bash . .TP .B BASH_VERSION Expands to a string describing the version of this instance of .BR bash . .TP .B BASH_VERSINFO A readonly array variable whose members hold version information for this instance of .BR bash . The values assigned to the array members are as follows: .sp .5 .RS .PD 0 .TP 24 .B BASH_VERSINFO[\fR0\fP] The major version number (the \fIrelease\fP). .TP .B BASH_VERSINFO[\fR1\fP] The minor version number (the \fIversion\fP). .TP .B BASH_VERSINFO[\fR2\fP] The patch level. .TP .B BASH_VERSINFO[\fR3\fP] The build version. .TP .B BASH_VERSINFO[\fR4\fP] The release status (e.g., \fIbeta1\fP). .TP .B BASH_VERSINFO[\fR5\fP] The value of \fBMACHTYPE\fP. .PD .RE .TP .B SHLVL Incremented by one each time an instance of .B bash is started. .TP .B RANDOM Each time this parameter is referenced, a random integer between 0 and 32767 is generated. The sequence of random numbers may be initialized by assigning a value to .SM .BR RANDOM . If .SM .B RANDOM is unset, it loses its special properties, even if it is subsequently reset. .TP .B SECONDS Each time this parameter is referenced, the number of seconds since shell invocation is returned. If a value is assigned to .SM .BR SECONDS , the value returned upon subsequent references is the number of seconds since the assignment plus the value assigned. If .SM .B SECONDS is unset, it loses its special properties, even if it is subsequently reset. .TP .B LINENO Each time this parameter is referenced, the shell substitutes a decimal number representing the current sequential line number (starting with 1) within a script or function. When not in a script or function, the value substituted is not guaranteed to be meaningful. If .SM .B LINENO is unset, it loses its special properties, even if it is subsequently reset. .TP .B HISTCMD The history number, or index in the history list, of the current command. If .SM .B HISTCMD is unset, it loses its special properties, even if it is subsequently reset. .TP .B FUNCNAME The name of any currently-executing shell function. This variable exists only when a shell function is executing. Assignments to .SM .B FUNCNAME have no effect and return an error status. If .SM .B FUNCNAME is unset, it loses its special properties, even if it is subsequently reset. .TP .B DIRSTACK An array variable (see .B Arrays below) containing the current contents of the directory stack. Directories appear in the stack in the order they are displayed by the .B dirs builtin. Assigning to members of this array variable may be used to modify directories already in the stack, but the .B pushd and .B popd builtins must be used to add and remove directories. Assignment to this variable will not change the current directory. If .SM .B DIRSTACK is unset, it loses its special properties, even if it is subsequently reset. .TP .B PIPESTATUS An array variable (see .B Arrays below) containing a list of exit status values from the processes in the most-recently-executed foreground pipeline (which may contain only a single command). .TP .B OPTARG The value of the last option argument processed by the .B getopts builtin command (see .SM .B SHELL BUILTIN COMMANDS below). .TP .B OPTIND The index of the next argument to be processed by the .B getopts builtin command (see .SM .B SHELL BUILTIN COMMANDS below). .TP .B HOSTNAME Automatically set to the name of the current host. .TP .B HOSTTYPE Automatically set to a string that uniquely describes the type of machine on which .B bash is executing. The default is system-dependent. .TP .B OSTYPE Automatically set to a string that describes the operating system on which .B bash is executing. The default is system-dependent. .TP .B MACHTYPE Automatically set to a string that fully describes the system type on which .B bash is executing, in the standard GNU \fIcpu-company-system\fP format. The default is system-dependent. .TP .B SHELLOPTS A colon-separated list of enabled shell options. Each word in the list is a valid argument for the .B \-o option to the .B set builtin command (see .SM .B "SHELL BUILTIN COMMANDS" below). The options appearing in .SM .B SHELLOPTS are those reported as .I on by \fBset \-o\fP. If this variable is in the environment when .B bash starts up, each shell option in the list will be enabled before reading any startup files. This variable is read-only. .TP .B COMP_WORDS An array variable (see \fBArrays\fP below) consisting of the individual words in the current command line. This variable is available only in shell functions invoked by the programmable completion facilities (see \fBProgrammable Completion\fP below). .TP .B COMP_CWORD An index into \fB${COMP_WORDS}\fP of the word containing the current cursor position. This variable is available only in shell functions invoked by the programmable completion facilities (see \fBProgrammable Completion\fP below). .TP .B COMP_LINE The current command line. This variable is available only in shell functions and external commands invoked by the programmable completion facilities (see \fBProgrammable Completion\fP below). .TP .B COMP_POINT The index of the current cursor position relative to the beginning of the current command. If the current cursor position is at the end of the current command, the value of this variable is equal to \fB${#COMP_LINE}\fP. This variable is available only in shell functions and external commands invoked by the programmable completion facilities (see \fBProgrammable Completion\fP below). .PD .PP The following variables are used by the shell. In some cases, .B bash assigns a default value to a variable; these cases are noted below. .PP .PD 0 .TP .B IFS The .I Internal Field Separator that is used for word splitting after expansion and to split lines into words with the .B read builtin command. The default value is ``''. .TP .B PATH The search path for commands. It is a colon-separated list of directories in which the shell looks for commands (see .SM .B COMMAND EXECUTION below). The default path is system-dependent, and is set by the administrator who installs .BR bash . A common value is .if t \f(CW/usr/gnu/bin:/usr/local/bin:/usr/ucb:/bin:/usr/bin:.\fP. .if n ``/usr/gnu/bin:/usr/local/bin:/usr/ucb:/bin:/usr/bin:.''. .TP .B HOME The home directory of the current user; the default argument for the \fBcd\fP builtin command. The value of this variable is also used when performing tilde expansion. .TP .B CDPATH The search path for the .B cd command. This is a colon-separated list of directories in which the shell looks for destination directories specified by the .B cd command. A sample value is ``.:~:/usr''. .TP .B BASH_ENV If this parameter is set when \fBbash\fP is executing a shell script, its value is interpreted as a filename containing commands to initialize the shell, as in .IR ~/.bashrc . The value of .SM .B BASH_ENV is subjected to parameter expansion, command substitution, and arithmetic expansion before being interpreted as a file name. .SM .B PATH is not used to search for the resultant file name. .TP .B MAIL If this parameter is set to a file name and the .SM .B MAILPATH variable is not set, .B bash informs the user of the arrival of mail in the specified file. .TP .B MAILCHECK Specifies how often (in seconds) .B bash checks for mail. The default is 60 seconds. When it is time to check for mail, the shell does so before displaying the primary prompt. If this variable is unset, or set to a value that is not a number greater than or equal to zero, the shell disables mail checking. .TP .B MAILPATH A colon-separated list of file names to be checked for mail. The message to be printed when mail arrives in a particular file may be specified by separating the file name from the message with a `?'. When used in the text of the message, \fB$_\fP expands to the name of the current mailfile. Example: .RS .PP \fBMAILPATH\fP='/var/mail/bfox?"You have mail":~/shell\-mail?"$_ has mail!"' .PP .B Bash supplies a default value for this variable, but the location of the user mail files that it uses is system dependent (e.g., /var/mail/\fB$USER\fP). .RE .TP .B PS1 The value of this parameter is expanded (see .SM .B PROMPTING below) and used as the primary prompt string. The default value is ``\fB\es\-\ev\e$ \fP''. .TP .B PS2 The value of this parameter is expanded as with .B PS1 and used as the secondary prompt string. The default is ``\fB> \fP''. .TP .B PS3 The value of this parameter is used as the prompt for the .B select command (see .SM .B SHELL GRAMMAR above). .TP .B PS4 The value of this parameter is expanded as with .B PS1 and the value is printed before each command .B bash displays during an execution trace. The first character of .SM .B PS4 is replicated multiple times, as necessary, to indicate multiple levels of indirection. The default is ``\fB+ \fP''. .TP .B TIMEFORMAT The value of this parameter is used as a format string specifying how the timing information for pipelines prefixed with the .B time reserved word should be displayed. The \fB%\fP character introduces an escape sequence that is expanded to a time value or other information. The escape sequences and their meanings are as follows; the braces denote optional portions. .sp .5 .RS .PD 0 .TP 10 .B %% A literal \fB%\fP. .TP .B %[\fIp\fP][l]R The elapsed time in seconds. .TP .B %[\fIp\fP][l]U The number of CPU seconds spent in user mode. .TP .B %[\fIp\fP][l]S The number of CPU seconds spent in system mode. .TP .B %P The CPU percentage, computed as (%U + %S) / %R. .PD .RE .IP The optional \fIp\fP is a digit specifying the \fIprecision\fP, the number of fractional digits after a decimal point. A value of 0 causes no decimal point or fraction to be output. At most three places after the decimal point may be specified; values of \fIp\fP greater than 3 are changed to 3. If \fIp\fP is not specified, the value 3 is used. .IP The optional \fBl\fP specifies a longer format, including minutes, of the form \fIMM\fPm\fISS\fP.\fIFF\fPs. The value of \fIp\fP determines whether or not the fraction is included. .IP If this variable is not set, \fBbash\fP acts as if it had the value \fB$'\enreal\et%3lR\enuser\et%3lU\ensys\t%3lS'\fP. If the value is null, no timing information is displayed. A trailing newline is added when the format string is displayed. .TP .B HISTSIZE The number of commands to remember in the command history (see .SM .B HISTORY below). The default value is 500. .TP .B HISTFILE The name of the file in which command history is saved (see .SM .B HISTORY below). The default value is \fI~/.bash_history\fP. If unset, the command history is not saved when an interactive shell exits. .TP .B HISTFILESIZE The maximum number of lines contained in the history file. When this variable is assigned a value, the history file is truncated, if necessary, to contain no more than that number of lines. The default value is 500. The history file is also truncated to this size after writing it when an interactive shell exits. .TP .B OPTERR If set to the value 1, .B bash displays error messages generated by the .B getopts builtin command (see .SM .B SHELL BUILTIN COMMANDS below). .SM .B OPTERR is initialized to 1 each time the shell is invoked or a shell script is executed. .TP .B LANG Used to determine the locale category for any category not specifically selected with a variable starting with \fBLC_\fP. .TP .B LC_ALL This variable overrides the value of \fBLANG\fP and any other \fBLC_\fP variable specifying a locale category. .TP .B LC_COLLATE This variable determines the collation order used when sorting the results of pathname expansion, and determines the behavior of range expressions, equivalence classes, and collating sequences within pathname expansion and pattern matching. .TP .B LC_CTYPE This variable determines the interpretation of characters and the behavior of character classes within pathname expansion and pattern matching. .TP .B LC_MESSAGES This variable determines the locale used to translate double-quoted strings preceded by a \fB$\fP. .TP .B LC_NUMERIC This variable determines the locale category used for number formatting. .TP .B LINES Used by the \fBselect\fP builtin command to determine the column length for printing selection lists. Automatically set upon receipt of a SIGWINCH. .TP .B COLUMNS Used by the \fBselect\fP builtin command to determine the terminal width when printing selection lists. Automatically set upon receipt of a SIGWINCH. .TP .B PROMPT_COMMAND If set, the value is executed as a command prior to issuing each primary prompt. .TP .B IGNOREEOF Controls the action of an interactive shell on receipt of an .SM .B EOF character as the sole input. If set, the value is the number of consecutive .SM .B EOF characters which must be typed as the first characters on an input line before .B bash exits. If the variable exists but does not have a numeric value, or has no value, the default value is 10. If it does not exist, .SM .B EOF signifies the end of input to the shell. .TP .B TMOUT If set to a value greater than zero, the value is interpreted as the number of seconds to wait for input after issuing the primary prompt. .B Bash terminates after waiting for that number of seconds if input does not arrive. .TP .B FCEDIT The default editor for the .B fc builtin command. .TP .B FIGNORE A colon-separated list of suffixes to ignore when performing filename completion (see .SM .B READLINE below). A filename whose suffix matches one of the entries in .SM .B FIGNORE is excluded from the list of matched filenames. A sample value is ``.o:~''. .TP .B GLOBIGNORE A colon-separated list of patterns defining the set of filenames to be ignored by pathname expansion. If a filename matched by a pathname expansion pattern also matches one of the patterns in .SM .BR GLOBIGNORE , it is removed from the list of matches. .TP .B INPUTRC The filename for the .B readline startup file, overriding the default of .FN ~/.inputrc (see .SM .B READLINE below). .TP .B HISTCONTROL If set to a value of .IR ignorespace , lines which begin with a .B space character are not entered on the history list. If set to a value of .IR ignoredups , lines matching the last history line are not entered. A value of .I ignoreboth combines the two options. If unset, or if set to any other value than those above, all lines read by the parser are saved on the history list, subject to the value of .BR HISTIGNORE . This variable's function is superseded by .BR HISTIGNORE . The second and subsequent lines of a multi-line compound command are not tested, and are added to the history regardless of the value of .BR HISTCONTROL . .TP .B HISTIGNORE A colon-separated list of patterns used to decide which command lines should be saved on the history list. Each pattern is anchored at the beginning of the line and must match the complete line (no implicit `\fB*\fP' is appended). Each pattern is tested against the line after the checks specified by .B HISTCONTROL are applied. In addition to the normal shell pattern matching characters, `\fB&\fP' matches the previous history line. `\fB&\fP' may be escaped using a backslash; the backslash is removed before attempting a match. The second and subsequent lines of a multi-line compound command are not tested, and are added to the history regardless of the value of .BR HISTIGNORE . .TP .B histchars The two or three characters which control history expansion and tokenization (see .SM .B HISTORY EXPANSION below). The first character is the \fIhistory expansion\fP character, the character which signals the start of a history expansion, normally `\fB!\fP'. The second character is the \fIquick substitution\fP character, which is used as shorthand for re-running the previous command entered, substituting one string for another in the command. The default is `\fB^\fP'. The optional third character is the character which indicates that the remainder of the line is a comment when found as the first character of a word, normally `\fB#\fP'. The history comment character causes history substitution to be skipped for the remaining words on the line. It does not necessarily cause the shell parser to treat the rest of the line as a comment. .TP .B HOSTFILE Contains the name of a file in the same format as .FN /etc/hosts that should be read when the shell needs to complete a hostname. The list of possible hostname completions may be changed while the shell is running; the next time hostname completion is attempted after the value is changed, .B bash adds the contents of the new file to the existing list. If .SM .B HOSTFILE is set, but has no value, \fBbash\fP attempts to read .FN /etc/hosts to obtain the list of possible hostname completions. When .SM .B HOSTFILE is unset, the hostname list is cleared. .TP .B auto_resume This variable controls how the shell interacts with the user and job control. If this variable is set, single word simple commands without redirections are treated as candidates for resumption of an existing stopped job. There is no ambiguity allowed; if there is more than one job beginning with the string typed, the job most recently accessed is selected. The .I name of a stopped job, in this context, is the command line used to start it. If set to the value .IR exact , the string supplied must match the name of a stopped job exactly; if set to .IR substring , the string supplied needs to match a substring of the name of a stopped job. The .I substring value provides functionality analogous to the .B %? job identifier (see .SM .B JOB CONTROL below). If set to any other value, the supplied string must be a prefix of a stopped job's name; this provides functionality analogous to the .B % job identifier. .TP .B COMPREPLY An array variable from which \fBbash\fP reads the possible completions generated by a shell function invoked by the programmable completion facility (see \fBProgrammable Completion\fP below). .PD .SS Arrays .B Bash provides one-dimensional array variables. Any variable may be used as an array; the .B declare builtin will explicitly declare an array. There is no maximum limit on the size of an array, nor any requirement that members be indexed or assigned contiguously. Arrays are indexed using integers and are zero-based. .PP An array is created automatically if any variable is assigned to using the syntax \fIname\fP[\fIsubscript\fP]=\fIvalue\fP. The .I subscript is treated as an arithmetic expression that must evaluate to a number greater than or equal to zero. To explicitly declare an array, use .B declare \-a \fIname\fP (see .SM .B SHELL BUILTIN COMMANDS below). .B declare \-a \fIname\fP[\fIsubscript\fP] is also accepted; the \fIsubscript\fP is ignored. Attributes may be specified for an array variable using the .B declare and .B readonly builtins. Each attribute applies to all members of an array. .PP Arrays are assigned to using compound assignments of the form \fIname\fP=\fB(\fPvalue\fI1\fP ... value\fIn\fP\fB)\fP, where each \fIvalue\fP is of the form [\fIsubscript\fP]=\fIstring\fP. Only \fIstring\fP is required. If the optional brackets and subscript are supplied, that index is assigned to; otherwise the index of the element assigned is the last index assigned to by the statement plus one. Indexing starts at zero. This syntax is also accepted by the .B declare builtin. Individual array elements may be assigned to using the \fIname\fP[\fIsubscript\fP]=\fIvalue\fP syntax introduced above. .PP Any element of an array may be referenced using ${\fIname\fP[\fIsubscript\fP]}. The braces are required to avoid conflicts with pathname expansion. If \fIsubscript\fP is \fB@\fP or \fB*\fP, the word expands to all members of \fIname\fP. These subscripts differ only when the word appears within double quotes. If the word is double-quoted, ${\fIname\fP[*]} expands to a single word with the value of each array member separated by the first character of the .SM .B IFS special variable, and ${\fIname\fP[@]} expands each element of \fIname\fP to a separate word. When there are no array members, ${\fIname\fP[@]} expands to nothing. This is analogous to the expansion of the special parameters \fB*\fP and \fB@\fP (see .B Special Parameters above). ${#\fIname\fP[\fIsubscript\fP]} expands to the length of ${\fIname\fP[\fIsubscript\fP]}. If \fIsubscript\fP is \fB*\fP or \fB@\fP, the expansion is the number of elements in the array. Referencing an array variable without a subscript is equivalent to referencing element zero. .PP The .B unset builtin is used to destroy arrays. \fBunset\fP \fIname\fP[\fIsubscript\fP] destroys the array element at index \fIsubscript\fP. \fBunset\fP \fIname\fP, where \fIname\fP is an array, or \fBunset\fP \fIname\fP[\fIsubscript\fP], where \fIsubscript\fP is \fB*\fP or \fB@\fP, removes the entire array. .PP The .BR declare , .BR local , and .B readonly builtins each accept a .B \-a option to specify an array. The .B read builtin accepts a .B \-a option to assign a list of words read from the standard input to an array. The .B set and .B declare builtins display array values in a way that allows them to be reused as assignments. .SH EXPANSION Expansion is performed on the command line after it has been split into words. There are seven kinds of expansion performed: .IR "brace expansion" , .IR "tilde expansion" , .IR "parameter and variable expansion" , .IR "command substitution" , .IR "arithmetic expansion" , .IR "word splitting" , and .IR "pathname expansion" . .PP The order of expansions is: brace expansion, tilde expansion, parameter, variable and arithmetic expansion and command substitution (done in a left-to-right fashion), word splitting, and pathname expansion. .PP On systems that can support it, there is an additional expansion available: \fIprocess substitution\fP. .PP Only brace expansion, word splitting, and pathname expansion can change the number of words of the expansion; other expansions expand a single word to a single word. The only exceptions to this are the expansions of "\fB$@\fP" and "\fB${\fP\fIname\fP\fB[@]}\fP" as explained above (see .SM .BR PARAMETERS ). .SS Brace Expansion .PP .I "Brace expansion" is a mechanism by which arbitrary strings may be generated. This mechanism is similar to \fIpathname expansion\fP, but the filenames generated need not exist. Patterns to be brace expanded take the form of an optional .IR preamble , followed by a series of comma-separated strings between a pair of braces, followed by an optional .IR postscript . The preamble is prefixed to each string contained within the braces, and the postscript is then appended to each resulting string, expanding left to right. .PP Brace expansions may be nested. The results of each expanded string are not sorted; left to right order is preserved. For example, a\fB{\fPd,c,b\fB}\fPe expands into `ade ace abe'. .PP Brace expansion is performed before any other expansions, and any characters special to other expansions are preserved in the result. It is strictly textual. .B Bash does not apply any syntactic interpretation to the context of the expansion or the text between the braces. .PP A correctly-formed brace expansion must contain unquoted opening and closing braces, and at least one unquoted comma. Any incorrectly formed brace expansion is left unchanged. A \fB{\fP or \fB,\fP may be quoted with a backslash to prevent its being considered part of a brace expression. To avoid conflicts with parameter expansion, the string \fB${\fP is not considered eligible for brace expansion. .PP This construct is typically used as shorthand when the common prefix of the strings to be generated is longer than in the above example: .RS .PP mkdir /usr/local/src/bash/{old,new,dist,bugs} .RE or .RS chown root /usr/{ucb/{ex,edit},lib/{ex?.?*,how_ex}} .RE .PP Brace expansion introduces a slight incompatibility with historical versions of .BR sh . .B sh does not treat opening or closing braces specially when they appear as part of a word, and preserves them in the output. .B Bash removes braces from words as a consequence of brace expansion. For example, a word entered to .B sh as \fIfile{1,2}\fP appears identically in the output. The same word is output as .I file1 file2 after expansion by .BR bash . If strict compatibility with .B sh is desired, start .B bash with the .B +B option or disable brace expansion with the .B +B option to the .B set command (see .SM .B SHELL BUILTIN COMMANDS below). .SS Tilde Expansion .PP If a word begins with an unquoted tilde character (`\fB~\fP'), all of the characters preceding the first unquoted slash (or all characters, if there is no unquoted slash) are considered a \fItilde-prefix\fP. If none of the characters in the tilde-prefix are quoted, the characters in the tilde-prefix following the tilde are treated as a possible \fIlogin name\fP. If this login name is the null string, the tilde is replaced with the value of the shell parameter .SM .BR HOME . If .SM .B HOME is unset, the home directory of the user executing the shell is substituted instead. Otherwise, the tilde-prefix is replaced with the home directory associated with the specified login name. .PP If the tilde-prefix is a `~+', the value of the shell variable .SM .B PWD replaces the tilde-prefix. If the tilde-prefix is a `~\-', the value of the shell variable .SM .BR OLDPWD , if it is set, is substituted. If the characters following the tilde in the tilde-prefix consist of a number \fIN\fP, optionally prefixed by a `+' or a `\-', the tilde-prefix is replaced with the corresponding element from the directory stack, as it would be displayed by the .B dirs builtin invoked with the tilde-prefix as an argument. If the characters following the tilde in the tilde-prefix consist of a number without a leading `+' or `\-', `+' is assumed. .PP If the login name is invalid, or the tilde expansion fails, the word is unchanged. .PP Each variable assignment is checked for unquoted tilde-prefixes immediately following a .B : or .BR = . In these cases, tilde expansion is also performed. Consequently, one may use file names with tildes in assignments to .SM .BR PATH , .SM .BR MAILPATH , and .SM .BR CDPATH , and the shell assigns the expanded value. .SS Parameter Expansion .PP The `\fB$\fP' character introduces parameter expansion, command substitution, or arithmetic expansion. The parameter name or symbol to be expanded may be enclosed in braces, which are optional but serve to protect the variable to be expanded from characters immediately following it which could be interpreted as part of the name. .PP When braces are used, the matching ending brace is the first `\fB}\fP' not escaped by a backslash or within a quoted string, and not within an embedded arithmetic expansion, command substitution, or paramter expansion. .PP .PD 0 .TP ${\fIparameter\fP} The value of \fIparameter\fP is substituted. The braces are required when .I parameter is a positional parameter with more than one digit, or when .I parameter is followed by a character which is not to be interpreted as part of its name. .PD .PP If the first character of \fIparameter\fP is an exclamation point, a level of variable indirection is introduced. \fBBash\fP uses the value of the variable formed from the rest of \fIparameter\fP as the name of the variable; this variable is then expanded and that value is used in the rest of the substitution, rather than the value of \fIparameter\fP itself. This is known as \fIindirect expansion\fP. The exception to this is the expansion of ${!\fIprefix\fP*} described below. .PP In each of the cases below, \fIword\fP is subject to tilde expansion, parameter expansion, command substitution, and arithmetic expansion. When not performing substring expansion, \fBbash\fP tests for a parameter that is unset or null; omitting the colon results in a test only for a parameter that is unset. .PP .PD 0 .TP ${\fIparameter\fP\fB:\-\fP\fIword\fP} \fBUse Default Values\fP. If .I parameter is unset or null, the expansion of .I word is substituted. Otherwise, the value of .I parameter is substituted. .TP ${\fIparameter\fP\fB:=\fP\fIword\fP} \fBAssign Default Values\fP. If .I parameter is unset or null, the expansion of .I word is assigned to .IR parameter . The value of .I parameter is then substituted. Positional parameters and special parameters may not be assigned to in this way. .TP ${\fIparameter\fP\fB:?\fP\fIword\fP} \fBDisplay Error if Null or Unset\fP. If .I parameter is null or unset, the expansion of \fIword\fP (or a message to that effect if .I word is not present) is written to the standard error and the shell, if it is not interactive, exits. Otherwise, the value of \fIparameter\fP is substituted. .TP ${\fIparameter\fP\fB:+\fP\fIword\fP} \fBUse Alternate Value\fP. If .I parameter is null or unset, nothing is substituted, otherwise the expansion of .I word is substituted. .TP .PD 0 ${\fIparameter\fP\fB:\fP\fIoffset\fP} .TP ${\fIparameter\fP\fB:\fP\fIoffset\fP\fB:\fP\fIlength\fP} .PD \fBSubstring Expansion.\fP Expands to up to \fIlength\fP characters of \fIparameter\fP starting at the character specified by \fIoffset\fP. If \fIlength\fP is omitted, expands to the substring of \fIparameter\fP starting at the character specified by \fIoffset\fP. \fIlength\fP and \fIoffset\fP are arithmetic expressions (see .SM .B ARITHMETIC EVALUATION below). \fIlength\fP must evaluate to a number greater than or equal to zero. If \fIoffset\fP evaluates to a number less than zero, the value is used as an offset from the end of the value of \fIparameter\fP. If \fIparameter\fP is \fB@\fP, the result is \fIlength\fP positional parameters beginning at \fIoffset\fP. If \fIparameter\fP is an array name indexed by @ or *, the result is the \fIlength\fP members of the array beginning with ${\fIparameter\fP[\fIoffset\fP]}. Substring indexing is zero-based unless the positional parameters are used, in which case the indexing starts at 1. .TP ${\fB!\fP\fIprefix\fP\fB*\fP} Expands to the names of variables whose names begin with \fIprefix\fP, separated by the first character of the .SM .B IFS special variable. .TP ${\fB#\fP\fIparameter\fP} The length in characters of the value of \fIparameter\fP is substituted. If .I parameter is .B * or .BR @ , the value substituted is the number of positional parameters. If .I parameter is an array name subscripted by .B * or .BR @ , the value substituted is the number of elements in the array. .TP .PD 0 ${\fIparameter\fP\fB#\fP\fIword\fP} .TP ${\fIparameter\fP\fB##\fP\fIword\fP} .PD The .I word is expanded to produce a pattern just as in pathname expansion. If the pattern matches the beginning of the value of .IR parameter , then the result of the expansion is the expanded value of .I parameter with the shortest matching pattern (the ``\fB#\fP'' case) or the longest matching pattern (the ``\fB##\fP'' case) deleted. If .I parameter is .B @ or .BR * , the pattern removal operation is applied to each positional parameter in turn, and the expansion is the resultant list. If .I parameter is an array variable subscripted with .B @ or .BR * , the pattern removal operation is applied to each member of the array in turn, and the expansion is the resultant list. .TP .PD 0 ${\fIparameter\fP\fB%\fP\fIword\fP} .TP ${\fIparameter\fP\fB%%\fP\fIword\fP} .PD The \fIword\fP is expanded to produce a pattern just as in pathname expansion. If the pattern matches a trailing portion of the expanded value of .IR parameter , then the result of the expansion is the expanded value of .I parameter with the shortest matching pattern (the ``\fB%\fP'' case) or the longest matching pattern (the ``\fB%%\fP'' case) deleted. If .I parameter is .B @ or .BR * , the pattern removal operation is applied to each positional parameter in turn, and the expansion is the resultant list. If .I parameter is an array variable subscripted with .B @ or .BR * , the pattern removal operation is applied to each member of the array in turn, and the expansion is the resultant list. .TP .PD 0 ${\fIparameter\fP\fB/\fP\fIpattern\fP\fB/\fP\fIstring\fP} .TP ${\fIparameter\fP\fB//\fP\fIpattern\fP\fB/\fP\fIstring\fP} .PD The \fIpattern\fP is expanded to produce a pattern just as in pathname expansion. \fIParameter\fP is expanded and the longest match of \fIpattern\fP against its value is replaced with \fIstring\fP. In the first form, only the first match is replaced. The second form causes all matches of \fIpattern\fP to be replaced with \fIstring\fP. If \fIpattern\fP begins with \fB#\fP, it must match at the beginning of the expanded value of \fIparameter\fP. If \fIpattern\fP begins with \fB%\fP, it must match at the end of the expanded value of \fIparameter\fP. If \fIstring\fP is null, matches of \fIpattern\fP are deleted and the \fB/\fP following \fIpattern\fP may be omitted. If .I parameter is .B @ or .BR * , the substitution operation is applied to each positional parameter in turn, and the expansion is the resultant list. If .I parameter is an array variable subscripted with .B @ or .BR * , the substitution operation is applied to each member of the array in turn, and the expansion is the resultant list. .SS Command Substitution .PP \fICommand substitution\fP allows the output of a command to replace the command name. There are two forms: .PP .RS .PP \fB$(\fP\fIcommand\fP\|\fB)\fP .RE or .RS \fB`\fP\fIcommand\fP\fB`\fP .RE .PP .B Bash performs the expansion by executing \fIcommand\fP and replacing the command substitution with the standard output of the command, with any trailing newlines deleted. Embedded newlines are not deleted, but they may be removed during word splitting. The command substitution \fB$(cat \fIfile\fP)\fR can be replaced by the equivalent but faster \fB$(< \fIfile\fP)\fR. .PP When the old-style backquote form of substitution is used, backslash retains its literal meaning except when followed by .BR $ , .BR ` , or .BR \e . The first backquote not preceded by a backslash terminates the command substitution. When using the $(\^\fIcommand\fP\|) form, all characters between the parentheses make up the command; none are treated specially. .PP Command substitutions may be nested. To nest when using the backquoted form, escape the inner backquotes with backslashes. .PP If the substitution appears within double quotes, word splitting and pathname expansion are not performed on the results. .SS Arithmetic Expansion .PP Arithmetic expansion allows the evaluation of an arithmetic expression and the substitution of the result. The format for arithmetic expansion is: .RS .PP \fB$((\fP\fIexpression\fP\fB))\fP .RE .PP The .I expression is treated as if it were within double quotes, but a double quote inside the parentheses is not treated specially. All tokens in the expression undergo parameter expansion, string expansion, command substitution, and quote removal. Arithmetic substitutions may be nested. .PP The evaluation is performed according to the rules listed below under .SM .BR "ARITHMETIC EVALUATION" . If .I expression is invalid, .B bash prints a message indicating failure and no substitution occurs. .SS Process Substitution .PP \fIProcess substitution\fP is supported on systems that support named pipes (\fIFIFOs\fP) or the \fB/dev/fd\fP method of naming open files. It takes the form of \fB<(\fP\fIlist\^\fP\fB)\fP or \fB>(\fP\fIlist\^\fP\fB)\fP. The process \fIlist\fP is run with its input or output connected to a \fIFIFO\fP or some file in \fB/dev/fd\fP. The name of this file is passed as an argument to the current command as the result of the expansion. If the \fB>(\fP\fIlist\^\fP\fB)\fP form is used, writing to the file will provide input for \fIlist\fP. If the \fB<(\fP\fIlist\^\fP\fB)\fP form is used, the file passed as an argument should be read to obtain the output of \fIlist\fP. .PP When available, process substitution is performed simultaneously with parameter and variable expansion, command substitution, and arithmetic expansion. .SS Word Splitting .PP The shell scans the results of parameter expansion, command substitution, and arithmetic expansion that did not occur within double quotes for .IR "word splitting" . .PP The shell treats each character of .SM .B IFS as a delimiter, and splits the results of the other expansions into words on these characters. If .SM .B IFS is unset, or its value is exactly .BR , the default, then any sequence of .SM .B IFS characters serves to delimit words. If .SM .B IFS has a value other than the default, then sequences of the whitespace characters .B space and .B tab are ignored at the beginning and end of the word, as long as the whitespace character is in the value of .SM .BR IFS (an .SM .B IFS whitespace character). Any character in .SM .B IFS that is not .SM .B IFS whitespace, along with any adjacent .SM .B IFS whitespace characters, delimits a field. A sequence of .SM .B IFS whitespace characters is also treated as a delimiter. If the value of .SM .B IFS is null, no word splitting occurs. .PP Explicit null arguments (\^\f3"\^"\fP or \^\f3'\^'\fP\^) are retained. Unquoted implicit null arguments, resulting from the expansion of parameters that have no values, are removed. If a parameter with no value is expanded within double quotes, a null argument results and is retained. .PP Note that if no expansion occurs, no splitting is performed. .SS Pathname Expansion .PP After word splitting, unless the .B \-f option has been set, .B bash scans each word for the characters .BR * , .BR ? , and .BR [ . If one of these characters appears, then the word is regarded as a .IR pattern , and replaced with an alphabetically sorted list of file names matching the pattern. If no matching file names are found, and the shell option .B nullglob is disabled, the word is left unchanged. If the .B nullglob option is set, and no matches are found, the word is removed. If the shell option .B nocaseglob is enabled, the match is performed without regard to the case of alphabetic characters. When a pattern is used for pathname expansion, the character .B ``.'' at the start of a name or immediately following a slash must be matched explicitly, unless the shell option .B dotglob is set. When matching a pathname, the slash character must always be matched explicitly. In other cases, the .B ``.'' character is not treated specially. See the description of .B shopt below under .SM .B SHELL BUILTIN COMMANDS for a description of the .BR nocaseglob , .BR nullglob , and .B dotglob shell options. .PP The .SM .B GLOBIGNORE shell variable may be used to restrict the set of file names matching a .IR pattern . If .SM .B GLOBIGNORE is set, each matching file name that also matches one of the patterns in .SM .B GLOBIGNORE is removed from the list of matches. The file names .B ``.'' and .B ``..'' are always ignored, even when .SM .B GLOBIGNORE is set. However, setting .SM .B GLOBIGNORE has the effect of enabling the .B dotglob shell option, so all other file names beginning with a .B ``.'' will match. To get the old behavior of ignoring file names beginning with a .BR ``.'' , make .B ``.*'' one of the patterns in .SM .BR GLOBIGNORE . The .B dotglob option is disabled when .SM .B GLOBIGNORE is unset. .PP \fBPattern Matching\fP .PP Any character that appears in a pattern, other than the special pattern characters described below, matches itself. The NUL character may not occur in a pattern. The special pattern characters must be quoted if they are to be matched literally. .PP The special pattern characters have the following meanings: .PP .PD 0 .TP .B * Matches any string, including the null string. .TP .B ? Matches any single character. .TP .B [...] Matches any one of the enclosed characters. A pair of characters separated by a hyphen denotes a \fIrange expression\fP; any character that sorts between those two characters, inclusive, using the current locale's collating sequence and character set, is matched. If the first character following the .B [ is a .B ! or a .B ^ then any character not enclosed is matched. The sorting order of characters in range expressions is determined by the current locale and the value of the \fBLC_COLLATE\fP shell variable, if set. A .B \- may be matched by including it as the first or last character in the set. A .B ] may be matched by including it as the first character in the set. .br .if t .sp 0.5 .if n .sp 1 Within .B [ and .BR ] , \fIcharacter classes\fP can be specified using the syntax \fB[:\fP\fIclass\fP\fB:]\fP, where \fIclass\fP is one of the following classes defined in the POSIX.2 standard: .PP .RS .B .if n alnum alpha ascii blank cntrl digit graph lower print punct space upper xdigit .if t alnum alpha ascii blank cntrl digit graph lower print punct space upper xdigit .br A character class matches any character belonging to that class. .br .if t .sp 0.5 .if n .sp 1 Within .B [ and .BR ] , an \fIequivalence class\fP can be specified using the syntax \fB[=\fP\fIc\fP\fB=]\fP, which matches all characters with the same collation weight (as defined by the current locale) as the character \fIc\fP. .br .if t .sp 0.5 .if n .sp 1 Within .B [ and .BR ] , the syntax \fB[.\fP\fIsymbol\fP\fB.]\fP matches the collating symbol \fIsymbol\fP. .RE .PD .PP If the \fBextglob\fP shell option is enabled using the \fBshopt\fP builtin, several extended pattern matching operators are recognized. In the following description, a \fIpattern-list\fP is a list of one or more patterns separated by a \fB|\fP. Composite patterns may be formed using one or more of the following sub-patterns: .sp 1 .PD 0 .RS .TP \fB?(\fP\^\fIpattern-list\^\fP\fB)\fP Matches zero or one occurrence of the given patterns .TP \fB*(\fP\^\fIpattern-list\^\fP\fB)\fP Matches zero or more occurrences of the given patterns .TP \fB+(\fP\^\fIpattern-list\^\fP\fB)\fP Matches one or more occurrences of the given patterns .TP \fB@(\fP\^\fIpattern-list\^\fP\fB)\fP Matches exactly one of the given patterns .TP \fB!(\fP\^\fIpattern-list\^\fP\fB)\fP Matches anything except one of the given patterns .RE .PD .SS Quote Removal .PP After the preceding expansions, all unquoted occurrences of the characters .BR \e , .BR ' , and \^\f3"\fP\^ that did not result from one of the above expansions are removed. .SH REDIRECTION Before a command is executed, its input and output may be .I redirected using a special notation interpreted by the shell. Redirection may also be used to open and close files for the current shell execution environment. The following redirection operators may precede or appear anywhere within a .I simple command or may follow a .IR command . Redirections are processed in the order they appear, from left to right. .PP In the following descriptions, if the file descriptor number is omitted, and the first character of the redirection operator is .BR < , the redirection refers to the standard input (file descriptor 0). If the first character of the redirection operator is .BR > , the redirection refers to the standard output (file descriptor 1). .PP The word following the redirection operator in the following descriptions, unless otherwise noted, is subjected to brace expansion, tilde expansion, parameter expansion, command substitution, arithmetic expansion, quote removal, pathname expansion, and word splitting. If it expands to more than one word, .B bash reports an error. .PP Note that the order of redirections is significant. For example, the command .RS .PP ls \fB>\fP dirlist 2\fB>&\fP1 .RE .PP directs both standard output and standard error to the file .IR dirlist , while the command .RS .PP ls 2\fB>&\fP1 \fB>\fP dirlist .RE .PP directs only the standard output to file .IR dirlist , because the standard error was duplicated as standard output before the standard output was redirected to .IR dirlist . .PP \fBBash\fP handles several filenames specially when they are used in redirections, as described in the following table: .RS .PP .PD 0 .TP .B /dev/fd/\fIfd\fP If \fIfd\fP is a valid integer, file descriptor \fIfd\fP is duplicated. .TP .B /dev/stdin File descriptor 0 is duplicated. .TP .B /dev/stdout File descriptor 1 is duplicated. .TP .B /dev/stderr File descriptor 2 is duplicated. .TP .B /dev/tcp/\fIhost\fP/\fIport\fP If \fIhost\fP is a valid hostname or Internet address, and \fIport\fP is an integer port number, \fBbash\fP attempts to open a TCP connection to the corresponding socket. .TP .B /dev/udp/\fIhost\fP/\fIport\fP If \fIhost\fP is a valid hostname or Internet address, and \fIport\fP is an integer port number, \fBbash\fP attempts to open a UDP connection to the corresponding socket. .PD .RE .PP A failure to open or create a file causes the redirection to fail. .SS Redirecting Input .PP Redirection of input causes the file whose name results from the expansion of .I word to be opened for reading on file descriptor .IR n , or the standard input (file descriptor 0) if .I n is not specified. .PP The general format for redirecting input is: .RS .PP [\fIn\fP]\fB<\fP\fIword\fP .RE .SS Redirecting Output .PP Redirection of output causes the file whose name results from the expansion of .I word to be opened for writing on file descriptor .IR n , or the standard output (file descriptor 1) if .I n is not specified. If the file does not exist it is created; if it does exist it is truncated to zero size. .PP The general format for redirecting output is: .RS .PP [\fIn\fP]\fB>\fP\fIword\fP .RE .PP If the redirection operator is .BR > , and the .B noclobber option to the .B set builtin has been enabled, the redirection will fail if the file whose name results from the expansion of \fIword\fP exists and is a regular file. If the redirection operator is .BR >| , or the redirection operator is .B > and the .B noclobber option to the .B set builtin command is not enabled, the redirection is attempted even if the file named by \fIword\fP exists. .SS Appending Redirected Output .PP Redirection of output in this fashion causes the file whose name results from the expansion of .I word to be opened for appending on file descriptor .IR n , or the standard output (file descriptor 1) if .I n is not specified. If the file does not exist it is created. .PP The general format for appending output is: .RS .PP [\fIn\fP]\fB>>\fP\fIword\fP .RE .PP .SS Redirecting Standard Output and Standard Error .PP .B Bash allows both the standard output (file descriptor 1) and the standard error output (file descriptor 2) to be redirected to the file whose name is the expansion of .I word with this construct. .PP There are two formats for redirecting standard output and standard error: .RS .PP \fB&>\fP\fIword\fP .RE and .RS \fB>&\fP\fIword\fP .RE .PP Of the two forms, the first is preferred. This is semantically equivalent to .RS .PP \fB>\fP\fIword\fP 2\fB>&\fP1 .RE .SS Here Documents .PP This type of redirection instructs the shell to read input from the current source until a line containing only .I word (with no trailing blanks) is seen. All of the lines read up to that point are then used as the standard input for a command. .PP The format of here-documents is as follows: .RS .PP .nf \fB<<\fP[\fB\-\fP]\fIword\fP \fIhere\-document\fP \fIdelimiter\fP .fi .RE .PP No parameter expansion, command substitution, arithmetic expansion, or pathname expansion is performed on .IR word . If any characters in .I word are quoted, the .I delimiter is the result of quote removal on .IR word , and the lines in the here-document are not expanded. If \fIword\fP is unquoted, all lines of the here-document are subjected to parameter expansion, command substitution, and arithmetic expansion. In the latter case, the character sequence .B \e is ignored, and .B \e must be used to quote the characters .BR \e , .BR $ , and .BR ` . .PP If the redirection operator is .BR <<\- , then all leading tab characters are stripped from input lines and the line containing .IR delimiter . This allows here-documents within shell scripts to be indented in a natural fashion. .SS "Duplicating File Descriptors" .PP The redirection operator .RS .PP [\fIn\fP]\fB<&\fP\fIword\fP .RE .PP is used to duplicate input file descriptors. If .I word expands to one or more digits, the file descriptor denoted by .I n is made to be a copy of that file descriptor. If the digits in .I word do not specify a file descriptor open for input, a redirection error occurs. If .I word evaluates to .BR \- , file descriptor .I n is closed. If .I n is not specified, the standard input (file descriptor 0) is used. .PP The operator .RS .PP [\fIn\fP]\fB>&\fP\fIword\fP .RE .PP is used similarly to duplicate output file descriptors. If .I n is not specified, the standard output (file descriptor 1) is used. If the digits in .I word do not specify a file descriptor open for output, a redirection error occurs. As a special case, if \fIn\fP is omitted, and \fIword\fP does not expand to one or more digits, the standard output and standard error are redirected as described previously. .SS "Opening File Descriptors for Reading and Writing" .PP The redirection operator .RS .PP [\fIn\fP]\fB<>\fP\fIword\fP .RE .PP causes the file whose name is the expansion of .I word to be opened for both reading and writing on file descriptor .IR n , or on file descriptor 0 if .I n is not specified. If the file does not exist, it is created. .SH ALIASES \fIAliases\fP allow a string to be substituted for a word when it is used as the first word of a simple command. The shell maintains a list of aliases that may be set and unset with the .B alias and .B unalias builtin commands (see .SM .B SHELL BUILTIN COMMANDS below). The first word of each command, if unquoted, is checked to see if it has an alias. If so, that word is replaced by the text of the alias. The alias name and the replacement text may contain any valid shell input, including the .I metacharacters listed above, with the exception that the alias name may not contain \fI=\fP. The first word of the replacement text is tested for aliases, but a word that is identical to an alias being expanded is not expanded a second time. This means that one may alias .B ls to .BR "ls \-F" , for instance, and .B bash does not try to recursively expand the replacement text. If the last character of the alias value is a .IR blank , then the next command word following the alias is also checked for alias expansion. .PP Aliases are created and listed with the .B alias command, and removed with the .B unalias command. .PP There is no mechanism for using arguments in the replacement text. If arguments are needed, a shell function should be used (see .SM .B FUNCTIONS below). .PP Aliases are not expanded when the shell is not interactive, unless the .B expand_aliases shell option is set using .B shopt (see the description of .B shopt under .SM \fBSHELL BUILTIN COMMANDS\fP below). .PP The rules concerning the definition and use of aliases are somewhat confusing. .B Bash always reads at least one complete line of input before executing any of the commands on that line. Aliases are expanded when a command is read, not when it is executed. Therefore, an alias definition appearing on the same line as another command does not take effect until the next line of input is read. The commands following the alias definition on that line are not affected by the new alias. This behavior is also an issue when functions are executed. Aliases are expanded when a function definition is read, not when the function is executed, because a function definition is itself a compound command. As a consequence, aliases defined in a function are not available until after that function is executed. To be safe, always put alias definitions on a separate line, and do not use .B alias in compound commands. .PP For almost every purpose, aliases are superseded by shell functions. .SH FUNCTIONS A shell function, defined as described above under .SM .BR "SHELL GRAMMAR" , stores a series of commands for later execution. When the name of a shell function is used as a simple command name, the list of commands associated with that function name is executed. Functions are executed in the context of the current shell; no new process is created to interpret them (contrast this with the execution of a shell script). When a function is executed, the arguments to the function become the positional parameters during its execution. The special parameter .B # is updated to reflect the change. Positional parameter 0 is unchanged. The .SM .B FUNCNAME variable is set to the name of the function while the function is executing. All other aspects of the shell execution environment are identical between a function and its caller with the exception that the .SM .B DEBUG trap (see the description of the .B trap builtin under .SM .B SHELL BUILTIN COMMANDS below) is not inherited. .PP Variables local to the function may be declared with the .B local builtin command. Ordinarily, variables and their values are shared between the function and its caller. .PP If the builtin command .B return is executed in a function, the function completes and execution resumes with the next command after the function call. When a function completes, the values of the positional parameters and the special parameter .B # are restored to the values they had prior to the function's execution. .PP Function names and definitions may be listed with the .B \-f option to the .B declare or .B typeset builtin commands. The .B \-F option to .B declare or .B typeset will list the function names only. Functions may be exported so that subshells automatically have them defined with the .B \-f option to the .B export builtin. .PP Functions may be recursive. No limit is imposed on the number of recursive calls. .SH "ARITHMETIC EVALUATION" The shell allows arithmetic expressions to be evaluated, under certain circumstances (see the \fBlet\fP builtin command and \fBArithmetic Expansion\fP). Evaluation is done in long integers with no check for overflow, though division by 0 is trapped and flagged as an error. The operators and their precedence and associativity are the same as in the C language. The following list of operators is grouped into levels of equal-precedence operators. The levels are listed in order of decreasing precedence. .PP .PD 0 .TP .B \fIid\fP++ \fIid\fP\-\- variable post-increment and post-decrement .TP .B ++\fIid\fP \-\-\fIid\fP variable pre-increment and pre-decrement .TP .B \- + unary minus and plus .TP .B ! ~ logical and bitwise negation .TP .B ** exponentiation .TP .B * / % multiplication, division, remainder .TP .B + \- addition, subtraction .TP .B << >> left and right bitwise shifts .TP .B <= >= < > comparison .TP .B == != equality and inequality .TP .B & bitwise AND .TP .B ^ bitwise exclusive OR .TP .B | bitwise OR .TP .B && logical AND .TP .B || logical OR .TP .B \fIexpr\fP?\fIexpr\fP:\fIexpr\fP conditional evaluation .TP .B = *= /= %= += \-= <<= >>= &= ^= |= assignment .TP .B \fIexpr1\fP , \fIexpr2\fP comma .PD .PP Shell variables are allowed as operands; parameter expansion is performed before the expression is evaluated. Within an expression, shell variables may also be referenced by name without using the parameter expansion syntax. The value of a variable is evaluated as an arithmetic expression when it is referenced. A shell variable need not have its integer attribute turned on to be used in an expression. .PP Constants with a leading 0 are interpreted as octal numbers. A leading 0x or 0X denotes hexadecimal. Otherwise, numbers take the form [\fIbase#\fP]n, where \fIbase\fP is a decimal number between 2 and 64 representing the arithmetic base, and \fIn\fP is a number in that base. If \fIbase#\fP is omitted, then base 10 is used. The digits greater than 9 are represented by the lowercase letters, the uppercase letters, _, and @, in that order. If \fIbase\fP is less than or equal to 36, lowercase and uppercase letters may be used interchangably to represent numbers between 10 and 35. .PP Operators are evaluated in order of precedence. Sub-expressions in parentheses are evaluated first and may override the precedence rules above. .SH "CONDITIONAL EXPRESSIONS" Conditional expressions are used by the \fB[[\fP compound command and the \fBtest\fP and \fB[\fP builtin commands to test file attributes and perform string and arithmetic comparisons. Expressions are formed from the following unary or binary primaries. If any \fIfile\fP argument to one of the primaries is of the form \fI/dev/fd/n\fP, then file descriptor \fIn\fP is checked. If the \fIfile\fP argument to one of the primaries is one of \fI/dev/stdin\fP, \fI/dev/stdout\fP, or \fI/dev/stderr\fP, file descriptor 0, 1, or 2, respectively, is checked. .sp 1 .PD 0 .TP .B \-a \fIfile\fP True if \fIfile\fP exists. .TP .B \-b \fIfile\fP True if \fIfile\fP exists and is a block special file. .TP .B \-c \fIfile\fP True if \fIfile\fP exists and is a character special file. .TP .B \-d \fIfile\fP True if \fIfile\fP exists and is a directory. .TP .B \-e \fIfile\fP True if \fIfile\fP exists. .TP .B \-f \fIfile\fP True if \fIfile\fP exists and is a regular file. .TP .B \-g \fIfile\fP True if \fIfile\fP exists and is set-group-id. .TP .B \-h \fIfile\fP True if \fIfile\fP exists and is a symbolic link. .TP .B \-k \fIfile\fP True if \fIfile\fP exists and its ``sticky'' bit is set. .TP .B \-p \fIfile\fP True if \fIfile\fP exists and is a named pipe (FIFO). .TP .B \-r \fIfile\fP True if \fIfile\fP exists and is readable. .TP .B \-s \fIfile\fP True if \fIfile\fP exists and has a size greater than zero. .TP .B \-t \fIfd\fP True if file descriptor .I fd is open and refers to a terminal. .TP .B \-u \fIfile\fP True if \fIfile\fP exists and its set-user-id bit is set. .TP .B \-w \fIfile\fP True if \fIfile\fP exists and is writable. .TP .B \-x \fIfile\fP True if \fIfile\fP exists and is executable. .TP .B \-O \fIfile\fP True if \fIfile\fP exists and is owned by the effective user id. .TP .B \-G \fIfile\fP True if \fIfile\fP exists and is owned by the effective group id. .TP .B \-L \fIfile\fP True if \fIfile\fP exists and is a symbolic link. .TP .B \-S \fIfile\fP True if \fIfile\fP exists and is a socket. .TP .B \-N \fIfile\fP True if \fIfile\fP exists and has been modified since it was last read. .TP \fIfile1\fP \-\fBnt\fP \fIfile2\fP True if \fIfile1\fP is newer (according to modification date) than \fIfile2\fP. .TP \fIfile1\fP \-\fBot\fP \fIfile2\fP True if \fIfile1\fP is older than \fIfile2\fP. .TP \fIfile1\fP \fB\-ef\fP \fIfile2\fP True if \fIfile1\fP and \fIfile2\fP have the same device and inode numbers. .TP .B \-o \fIoptname\fP True if shell option .I optname is enabled. See the list of options under the description of the .B \-o option to the .B set builtin below. .TP .B \-z \fIstring\fP True if the length of \fIstring\fP is zero. .TP .B \-n \fIstring\fP .TP \fIstring\fP True if the length of .I string is non-zero. .TP \fIstring1\fP \fB==\fP \fIstring2\fP True if the strings are equal. \fB=\fP may be used in place of \fB==\fP. .TP \fIstring1\fP \fB!=\fP \fIstring2\fP True if the strings are not equal. .TP \fIstring1\fP \fB<\fP \fIstring2\fP True if \fIstring1\fP sorts before \fIstring2\fP lexicographically in the current locale. .TP \fIstring1\fP \fB>\fP \fIstring2\fP True if \fIstring1\fP sorts after \fIstring2\fP lexicographically in the current locale. .TP .I \fIarg1\fP \fBOP\fP \fIarg2\fP .SM .B OP is one of .BR \-eq , .BR \-ne , .BR \-lt , .BR \-le , .BR \-gt , or .BR \-ge . These arithmetic binary operators return true if \fIarg1\fP is equal to, not equal to, less than, less than or equal to, greater than, or greater than or equal to \fIarg2\fP, respectively. .I Arg1 and .I arg2 may be positive or negative integers. .PD .SH "SIMPLE COMMAND EXPANSION" When a simple command is executed, the shell performs the following expansions, assignments, and redirections, from left to right. .IP 1. The words that the parser has marked as variable assignments (those preceding the command name) and redirections are saved for later processing. .IP 2. The words that are not variable assignments or redirections are expanded. If any words remain after expansion, the first word is taken to be the name of the command and the remaining words are the arguments. .IP 3. Redirections are performed as described above under .SM .BR REDIRECTION . .IP 4. The text after the \fB=\fP in each variable assignment undergoes tilde expansion, parameter expansion, command substitution, arithmetic expansion, and quote removal before being assigned to the variable. .PP If no command name results, the variable assignments affect the current shell environment. Otherwise, the variables are added to the environment of the executed command and do not affect the current shell environment. If any of the assignments attempts to assign a value to a readonly variable, an error occurs, and the command exits with a non-zero status. .PP If no command name results, redirections are performed, but do not affect the current shell environment. A redirection error causes the command to exit with a non-zero status. .PP If there is a command name left after expansion, execution proceeds as described below. Otherwise, the command exits. If one of the expansions contained a command substitution, the exit status of the command is the exit status of the last command substitution performed. If there were no command substitutions, the command exits with a status of zero. .SH "COMMAND EXECUTION" After a command has been split into words, if it results in a simple command and an optional list of arguments, the following actions are taken. .PP If the command name contains no slashes, the shell attempts to locate it. If there exists a shell function by that name, that function is invoked as described above in .SM .BR FUNCTIONS . If the name does not match a function, the shell searches for it in the list of shell builtins. If a match is found, that builtin is invoked. .PP If the name is neither a shell function nor a builtin, and contains no slashes, .B bash searches each element of the .SM .B PATH for a directory containing an executable file by that name. .B Bash uses a hash table to remember the full pathnames of executable files (see .B hash under .SM .B "SHELL BUILTIN COMMANDS" below). A full search of the directories in .SM .B PATH is performed only if the command is not found in the hash table. If the search is unsuccessful, the shell prints an error message and returns an exit status of 127. .PP If the search is successful, or if the command name contains one or more slashes, the shell executes the named program in a separate execution environment. Argument 0 is set to the name given, and the remaining arguments to the command are set to the arguments given, if any. .PP If this execution fails because the file is not in executable format, and the file is not a directory, it is assumed to be a \fIshell script\fP, a file containing shell commands. A subshell is spawned to execute it. This subshell reinitializes itself, so that the effect is as if a new shell had been invoked to handle the script, with the exception that the locations of commands remembered by the parent (see .B hash below under .SM \fBSHELL BUILTIN COMMANDS\fP) are retained by the child. .PP If the program is a file beginning with .BR #! , the remainder of the first line specifies an interpreter for the program. The shell executes the specified interpreter on operating systems that do not handle this executable format themselves. The arguments to the interpreter consist of a single optional argument following the interpreter name on the first line of the program, followed by the name of the program, followed by the command arguments, if any. .SH COMMAND EXECUTION ENVIRONMENT The shell has an \fIexecution environment\fP, which consists of the following: .sp 1 .IP \(bu open files inherited by the shell at invocation, as modified by redirections supplied to the \fBexec\fP builtin .IP \(bu the current working directory as set by \fBcd\fP, \fBpushd\fP, or \fBpopd\fP, or inherited by the shell at invocation .IP \(bu the file creation mode mask as set by \fBumask\fP or inherited from the shell's parent .IP \(bu current traps set by \fBtrap\fP .IP \(bu shell parameters that are set by variable assignment or with \fBset\fP or inherited from the shell's parent in the environment .IP \(bu shell functions defined during execution or inherited from the shell's parent in the environment .IP \(bu options enabled at invocation (either by default or with command-line arguments) or by \fBset\fP .IP \(bu options enabled by \fBshopt\fP .IP \(bu shell aliases defined with \fBalias\fP .IP \(bu various process IDs, including those of background jobs, the value of \fB$$\fP, and the value of \fB$PPID\fP .PP When a simple command other than a builtin or shell function is to be executed, it is invoked in a separate execution environment that consists of the following. Unless otherwise noted, the values are inherited from the shell. .sp 1 .IP \(bu the shell's open files, plus any modifications and additions specified by redirections to the command .IP \(bu the current working directory .IP \(bu the file creation mode mask .IP \(bu shell variables marked for export, along with variables exported for the command, passed in the environment .IP \(bu traps caught by the shell are reset to the values the inherited from the shell's parent, and traps ignored by the shell are ignored .PP A command invoked in this separate environment cannot affect the shell's execution environment. .PP Command substitution and asynchronous commands are invoked in a subshell environment that is a duplicate of the shell environment, except that traps caught by the shell are reset to the values that the shell inherited from its parent at invocation. Builtin commands that are invoked as part of a pipeline are also executed in a subshell environment. Changes made to the subshell environment cannot affect the shell's execution environment. .SH ENVIRONMENT When a program is invoked it is given an array of strings called the .IR environment . This is a list of \fIname\fP\-\fIvalue\fP pairs, of the form .IR "name\fR=\fPvalue" . .PP The shell provides several ways to manipulate the environment. On invocation, the shell scans its own environment and creates a parameter for each name found, automatically marking it for .I export to child processes. Executed commands inherit the environment. The .B export and .B declare \-x commands allow parameters and functions to be added to and deleted from the environment. If the value of a parameter in the environment is modified, the new value becomes part of the environment, replacing the old. The environment inherited by any executed command consists of the shell's initial environment, whose values may be modified in the shell, less any pairs removed by the .B unset command, plus any additions via the .B export and .B declare \-x commands. .PP The environment for any .I simple command or function may be augmented temporarily by prefixing it with parameter assignments, as described above in .SM .BR PARAMETERS . These assignment statements affect only the environment seen by that command. .PP If the .B \-k option is set (see the .B set builtin command below), then .I all parameter assignments are placed in the environment for a command, not just those that precede the command name. .PP When .B bash invokes an external command, the variable .B _ is set to the full file name of the command and passed to that command in its environment. .SH "EXIT STATUS" For the shell's purposes, a command which exits with a zero exit status has succeeded. An exit status of zero indicates success. A non-zero exit status indicates failure. When a command terminates on a fatal signal \fIN\fP, \fBbash\fP uses the value of 128+\fIN\fP as the exit status. .PP If a command is not found, the child process created to execute it returns a status of 127. If a command is found but is not executable, the return status is 126. .PP If a command fails because of an error during expansion or redirection, the exit status is greater than zero. .PP Shell builtin commands return a status of 0 (\fItrue\fP) if successful, and non-zero (\fIfalse\fP) if an error occurs while they execute. All builtins return an exit status of 2 to indicate incorrect usage. .PP \fBBash\fP itself returns the exit status of the last command executed, unless a syntax error occurs, in which case it exits with a non-zero value. See also the \fBexit\fP builtin command below. .SH SIGNALS When \fBbash\fP is interactive, in the absence of any traps, it ignores .SM .B SIGTERM (so that \fBkill 0\fP does not kill an interactive shell), and .SM .B SIGINT is caught and handled (so that the \fBwait\fP builtin is interruptible). In all cases, \fBbash\fP ignores .SM .BR SIGQUIT . If job control is in effect, .B bash ignores .SM .BR SIGTTIN , .SM .BR SIGTTOU , and .SM .BR SIGTSTP . .PP Synchronous jobs started by \fBbash\fP have signal handlers set to the values inherited by the shell from its parent. When job control is not in effect, asynchronous commands ignore .SM .B SIGINT and .SM .B SIGQUIT as well. Commands run as a result of command substitution ignore the keyboard-generated job control signals .SM .BR SIGTTIN , .SM .BR SIGTTOU , and .SM .BR SIGTSTP . .PP The shell exits by default upon receipt of a .SM .BR SIGHUP . Before exiting, it resends the .SM .B SIGHUP to all jobs, running or stopped. Stopped jobs are sent .SM .B SIGCONT to ensure that they receive the .SM .BR SIGHUP . To prevent the shell from sending the signal to a particular job, it should be removed from the jobs table with the .B disown builtin (see .SM .B "SHELL BUILTIN COMMANDS" below) or marked to not receive .SM .B SIGHUP using .BR "disown \-h" . .PP If the .B huponexit shell option has been set with .BR shopt , .B bash sends a .SM .B SIGHUP to all jobs when an interactive login shell exits. .PP When \fBbash\fP receives a signal for which a trap has been set while waiting for a command to complete, the trap will not be executed until the command completes. When \fBbash\fP is waiting for an asynchronous command via the \fBwait\fP builtin, the reception of a signal for which a trap has been set will cause the \fBwait\fP builtin to return immediately with an exit status greater than 128, immediately after which the trap is executed. .SH "JOB CONTROL" .I Job control refers to the ability to selectively stop (\fIsuspend\fP) the execution of processes and continue (\fIresume\fP) their execution at a later point. A user typically employs this facility via an interactive interface supplied jointly by the system's terminal driver and .BR bash . .PP The shell associates a .I job with each pipeline. It keeps a table of currently executing jobs, which may be listed with the .B jobs command. When .B bash starts a job asynchronously (in the .IR background ), it prints a line that looks like: .RS .PP [1] 25647 .RE .PP indicating that this job is job number 1 and that the process ID of the last process in the pipeline associated with this job is 25647. All of the processes in a single pipeline are members of the same job. .B Bash uses the .I job abstraction as the basis for job control. .PP To facilitate the implementation of the user interface to job control, the operating system maintains the notion of a \fIcurrent terminal process group ID\fP. Members of this process group (processes whose process group ID is equal to the current terminal process group ID) receive keyboard-generated signals such as .SM .BR SIGINT . These processes are said to be in the .IR foreground . .I Background processes are those whose process group ID differs from the terminal's; such processes are immune to keyboard-generated signals. Only foreground processes are allowed to read from or write to the terminal. Background processes which attempt to read from (write to) the terminal are sent a .SM .B SIGTTIN (SIGTTOU) signal by the terminal driver, which, unless caught, suspends the process. .PP If the operating system on which .B bash is running supports job control, .B bash contains facilities to use it. Typing the .I suspend character (typically .BR ^Z , Control-Z) while a process is running causes that process to be stopped and returns control to .BR bash . Typing the .I "delayed suspend" character (typically .BR ^Y , Control-Y) causes the process to be stopped when it attempts to read input from the terminal, and control to be returned to .BR bash . The user may then manipulate the state of this job, using the .B bg command to continue it in the background, the .B fg command to continue it in the foreground, or the .B kill command to kill it. A \fB^Z\fP takes effect immediately, and has the additional side effect of causing pending output and typeahead to be discarded. .PP There are a number of ways to refer to a job in the shell. The character .B % introduces a job name. Job number .I n may be referred to as .BR %n . A job may also be referred to using a prefix of the name used to start it, or using a substring that appears in its command line. For example, .B %ce refers to a stopped .B ce job. If a prefix matches more than one job, .B bash reports an error. Using .BR %?ce , on the other hand, refers to any job containing the string .B ce in its command line. If the substring matches more than one job, .B bash reports an error. The symbols .B %% and .B %+ refer to the shell's notion of the .IR "current job" , which is the last job stopped while it was in the foreground or started in the background. The .I "previous job" may be referenced using .BR %\- . In output pertaining to jobs (e.g., the output of the .B jobs command), the current job is always flagged with a .BR + , and the previous job with a .BR \- . .PP Simply naming a job can be used to bring it into the foreground: .B %1 is a synonym for \fB``fg %1''\fP, bringing job 1 from the background into the foreground. Similarly, .B ``%1 &'' resumes job 1 in the background, equivalent to \fB``bg %1''\fP. .PP The shell learns immediately whenever a job changes state. Normally, .B bash waits until it is about to print a prompt before reporting changes in a job's status so as to not interrupt any other output. If the .B \-b option to the .B set builtin command is enabled, .B bash reports such changes immediately. .PP If an attempt to exit .B bash is made while jobs are stopped, the shell prints a warning message. The .B jobs command may then be used to inspect their status. If a second attempt to exit is made without an intervening command, the shell does not print another warning, and the stopped jobs are terminated. .SH PROMPTING When executing interactively, .B bash displays the primary prompt .SM .B PS1 when it is ready to read a command, and the secondary prompt .SM .B PS2 when it needs more input to complete a command. .B Bash allows these prompt strings to be customized by inserting a number of backslash-escaped special characters that are decoded as follows: .RS .PD 0 .TP .B \ea an ASCII bell character (07) .TP .B \ed the date in "Weekday Month Date" format (e.g., "Tue May 26") .TP .B \ee an ASCII escape character (033) .TP .B \eh the hostname up to the first `.' .TP .B \eH the hostname .TP .B \ej the number of jobs currently managed by the shell .TP .B \el the basename of the shell's terminal device name .TP .B \en newline .TP .B \er carriage return .TP .B \es the name of the shell, the basename of .B $0 (the portion following the final slash) .TP .B \et the current time in 24-hour HH:MM:SS format .TP .B \eT the current time in 12-hour HH:MM:SS format .TP .B \e@ the current time in 12-hour am/pm format .TP .B \eu the username of the current user .TP .B \ev the version of \fBbash\fP (e.g., 2.00) .TP .B \eV the release of \fBbash\fP, version + patchlevel (e.g., 2.00.0) .TP .B \ew the current working directory .TP .B \eW the basename of the current working directory .TP .B \e! the history number of this command .TP .B \e# the command number of this command .TP .B \e$ if the effective UID is 0, a .BR # , otherwise a .B $ .TP .B \e\fInnn\fP the character corresponding to the octal number \fInnn\fP .TP .B \e\e a backslash .TP .B \e[ begin a sequence of non-printing characters, which could be used to embed a terminal control sequence into the prompt .TP .B \e] end a sequence of non-printing characters .PD .RE .PP The command number and the history number are usually different: the history number of a command is its position in the history list, which may include commands restored from the history file (see .SM .B HISTORY below), while the command number is the position in the sequence of commands executed during the current shell session. After the string is decoded, it is expanded via parameter expansion, command substitution, arithmetic expansion, and quote removal, subject to the value of the .B promptvars shell option (see the description of the .B shopt command under .SM .B "SHELL BUILTIN COMMANDS" below). .SH READLINE This is the library that handles reading input when using an interactive shell, unless the .B \-\-noediting option is given at shell invocation. By default, the line editing commands are similar to those of emacs. A vi-style line editing interface is also available. To turn off line editing after the shell is running, use the .B +o emacs or .B +o vi options to the .B set builtin (see .SM .B SHELL BUILTIN COMMANDS below). .SS "Readline Notation" .PP In this section, the emacs-style notation is used to denote keystrokes. Control keys are denoted by C\-\fIkey\fR, e.g., C\-n means Control\-N. Similarly, .I meta keys are denoted by M\-\fIkey\fR, so M\-x means Meta\-X. (On keyboards without a .I meta key, M\-\fIx\fP means ESC \fIx\fP, i.e., press the Escape key then the .I x key. This makes ESC the \fImeta prefix\fP. The combination M\-C\-\fIx\fP means ESC\-Control\-\fIx\fP, or press the Escape key then hold the Control key while pressing the .I x key.) .PP Readline commands may be given numeric .IR arguments , which normally act as a repeat count. Sometimes, however, it is the sign of the argument that is significant. Passing a negative argument to a command that acts in the forward direction (e.g., \fBkill\-line\fP) causes that command to act in a backward direction. Commands whose behavior with arguments deviates from this are noted below. .PP When a command is described as \fIkilling\fP text, the text deleted is saved for possible future retrieval (\fIyanking\fP). The killed text is saved in a \fIkill ring\fP. Consecutive kills cause the text to be accumulated into one unit, which can be yanked all at once. Commands which do not kill text separate the chunks of text on the kill ring. .SS "Readline Initialization" .PP Readline is customized by putting commands in an initialization file (the \fIinputrc\fP file). The name of this file is taken from the value of the .SM .B INPUTRC variable. If that variable is unset, the default is .IR ~/.inputrc . When a program which uses the readline library starts up, the initialization file is read, and the key bindings and variables are set. There are only a few basic constructs allowed in the readline initialization file. Blank lines are ignored. Lines beginning with a \fB#\fP are comments. Lines beginning with a \fB$\fP indicate conditional constructs. Other lines denote key bindings and variable settings. .PP The default key-bindings may be changed with an .I inputrc file. Other programs that use this library may add their own commands and bindings. .PP For example, placing .RS .PP M\-Control\-u: universal\-argument .RE or .RS C\-Meta\-u: universal\-argument .RE into the .I inputrc would make M\-C\-u execute the readline command .IR universal\-argument . .PP The following symbolic character names are recognized: .IR RUBOUT , .IR DEL , .IR ESC , .IR LFD , .IR NEWLINE , .IR RET , .IR RETURN , .IR SPC , .IR SPACE , and .IR TAB . .PP In addition to command names, readline allows keys to be bound to a string that is inserted when the key is pressed (a \fImacro\fP). .SS "Readline Key Bindings" .PP The syntax for controlling key bindings in the .I inputrc file is simple. All that is required is the name of the command or the text of a macro and a key sequence to which it should be bound. The name may be specified in one of two ways: as a symbolic key name, possibly with \fIMeta\-\fP or \fIControl\-\fP prefixes, or as a key sequence. .PP When using the form \fBkeyname\fP:\^\fIfunction\-name\fP or \fImacro\fP, .I keyname is the name of a key spelled out in English. For example: .sp .RS Control-u: universal\-argument .br Meta-Rubout: backward-kill-word .br Control-o: "> output" .RE .LP In the above example, .I C\-u is bound to the function .BR universal\-argument , .I M\-DEL is bound to the function .BR backward\-kill\-word , and .I C\-o is bound to run the macro expressed on the right hand side (that is, to insert the text .if t \f(CW> output\fP .if n ``> output'' into the line). .PP In the second form, \fB"keyseq"\fP:\^\fIfunction\-name\fP or \fImacro\fP, .B keyseq differs from .B keyname above in that strings denoting an entire key sequence may be specified by placing the sequence within double quotes. Some GNU Emacs style key escapes can be used, as in the following example, but the symbolic character names are not recognized. .sp .RS "\eC\-u": universal\-argument .br "\eC\-x\eC\-r": re\-read\-init\-file .br "\ee[11~": "Function Key 1" .RE .PP In this example, .I C\-u is again bound to the function .BR universal\-argument . .I "C\-x C\-r" is bound to the function .BR re\-read\-init\-file , and .I "ESC [ 1 1 ~" is bound to insert the text .if t \f(CWFunction Key 1\fP. .if n ``Function Key 1''. .PP The full set of GNU Emacs style escape sequences is .RS .PD 0 .TP .B \eC\- control prefix .TP .B \eM\- meta prefix .TP .B \ee an escape character .TP .B \e\e backslash .TP .B \e" literal " .TP .B \e' literal ' .RE .PD .PP In addition to the GNU Emacs style escape sequences, a second set of backslash escapes is available: .RS .PD 0 .TP .B \ea alert (bell) .TP .B \eb backspace .TP .B \ed delete .TP .B \ef form feed .TP .B \en newline .TP .B \er carriage return .TP .B \et horizontal tab .TP .B \ev vertical tab .TP .B \e\fInnn\fP the character whose ASCII code is the octal value \fInnn\fP (one to three digits) .TP .B \ex\fInnn\fP the character whose ASCII code is the hexadecimal value \fInnn\fP (one to three digits) .RE .PD .PP When entering the text of a macro, single or double quotes must be used to indicate a macro definition. Unquoted text is assumed to be a function name. In the macro body, the backslash escapes described above are expanded. Backslash will quote any other character in the macro text, including " and '. .PP .B Bash allows the current readline key bindings to be displayed or modified with the .B bind builtin command. The editing mode may be switched during interactive use by using the .B \-o option to the .B set builtin command (see .SM .B SHELL BUILTIN COMMANDS below). .SS "Readline Variables" .PP Readline has variables that can be used to further customize its behavior. A variable may be set in the .I inputrc file with a statement of the form .RS .PP \fBset\fP \fIvariable\-name\fP \fIvalue\fP .RE .PP Except where noted, readline variables can take the values .B On or .BR Off . The variables and their default values are: .PP .PD 0 .TP .B bell\-style (audible) Controls what happens when readline wants to ring the terminal bell. If set to \fBnone\fP, readline never rings the bell. If set to \fBvisible\fP, readline uses a visible bell if one is available. If set to \fBaudible\fP, readline attempts to ring the terminal's bell. .TP .B comment\-begin (``#'') The string that is inserted when the readline .B insert\-comment command is executed. This command is bound to .B M\-# in emacs mode and to .B # in vi command mode. .TP .B completion\-ignore\-case (Off) If set to \fBOn\fP, readline performs filename matching and completion in a case\-insensitive fashion. .TP .B completion\-query\-items (100) This determines when the user is queried about viewing the number of possible completions generated by the \fBpossible\-completions\fP command. It may be set to any integer value greater than or equal to zero. If the number of possible completions is greater than or equal to the value of this variable, the user is asked whether or not he wishes to view them; otherwise they are simply listed on the terminal. .TP .B convert\-meta (On) If set to \fBOn\fP, readline will convert characters with the eighth bit set to an ASCII key sequence by stripping the eighth bit and prefixing an escape character (in effect, using escape as the \fImeta prefix\fP). .TP .B disable\-completion (Off) If set to \fBOn\fP, readline will inhibit word completion. Completion characters will be inserted into the line as if they had been mapped to \fBself-insert\fP. .TP .B editing\-mode (emacs) Controls whether readline begins with a set of key bindings similar to \fIemacs\fP or \fIvi\fP. .B editing\-mode can be set to either .B emacs or .BR vi . .TP .B enable\-keypad (Off) When set to \fBOn\fP, readline will try to enable the application keypad when it is called. Some systems need this to enable the arrow keys. .TP .B expand\-tilde (Off) If set to \fBon\fP, tilde expansion is performed when readline attempts word completion. .TP .B horizontal\-scroll\-mode (Off) When set to \fBOn\fP, makes readline use a single line for display, scrolling the input horizontally on a single screen line when it becomes longer than the screen width rather than wrapping to a new line. .TP .B input\-meta (Off) If set to \fBOn\fP, readline will enable eight-bit input (that is, it will not strip the high bit from the characters it reads), regardless of what the terminal claims it can support. The name .B meta\-flag is a synonym for this variable. .TP .B isearch\-terminators (``C\-[C\-J'') The string of characters that should terminate an incremental search without subsequently executing the character as a command. If this variable has not been given a value, the characters \fIESC\fP and \fIC\-J\fP will terminate an incremental search. .TP .B keymap (emacs) Set the current readline keymap. The set of valid keymap names is \fIemacs, emacs\-standard, emacs\-meta, emacs\-ctlx, vi, vi\-command\fP, and .IR vi\-insert . \fIvi\fP is equivalent to \fIvi\-command\fP; \fIemacs\fP is equivalent to \fIemacs\-standard\fP. The default value is .IR emacs ; the value of .B editing\-mode also affects the default keymap. .TP .B mark\-directories (On) If set to \fBOn\fP, completed directory names have a slash appended. .TP .B mark\-modified\-lines (Off) If set to \fBOn\fP, history lines that have been modified are displayed with a preceding asterisk (\fB*\fP). .TP .B output\-meta (Off) If set to \fBOn\fP, readline will display characters with the eighth bit set directly rather than as a meta-prefixed escape sequence. .TP .B print\-completions\-horizontally (Off) If set to \fBOn\fP, readline will display completions with matches sorted horizontally in alphabetical order, rather than down the screen. .TP .B show\-all\-if\-ambiguous (Off) This alters the default behavior of the completion functions. If set to .BR on , words which have more than one possible completion cause the matches to be listed immediately instead of ringing the bell. .TP .B visible\-stats (Off) If set to \fBOn\fP, a character denoting a file's type as reported by \fIstat\fP(2) is appended to the filename when listing possible completions. .PD .SS "Readline Conditional Constructs" .PP Readline implements a facility similar in spirit to the conditional compilation features of the C preprocessor which allows key bindings and variable settings to be performed as the result of tests. There are four parser directives used. .IP \fB$if\fP The .B $if construct allows bindings to be made based on the editing mode, the terminal being used, or the application using readline. The text of the test extends to the end of the line; no characters are required to isolate it. .RS .IP \fBmode\fP The \fBmode=\fP form of the \fB$if\fP directive is used to test whether readline is in emacs or vi mode. This may be used in conjunction with the \fBset keymap\fP command, for instance, to set bindings in the \fIemacs\-standard\fP and \fIemacs\-ctlx\fP keymaps only if readline is starting out in emacs mode. .IP \fBterm\fP The \fBterm=\fP form may be used to include terminal-specific key bindings, perhaps to bind the key sequences output by the terminal's function keys. The word on the right side of the .B = is tested against the both full name of the terminal and the portion of the terminal name before the first \fB\-\fP. This allows .I sun to match both .I sun and .IR sun\-cmd , for instance. .IP \fBapplication\fP The \fBapplication\fP construct is used to include application-specific settings. Each program using the readline library sets the \fIapplication name\fP, and an initialization file can test for a particular value. This could be used to bind key sequences to functions useful for a specific program. For instance, the following command adds a key sequence that quotes the current or previous word in Bash: .sp 1 .RS .nf \fB$if\fP Bash # Quote the current or previous word "\eC\-xq": "\eeb\e"\eef\e"" \fB$endif\fP .fi .RE .RE .IP \fB$endif\fP This command, as seen in the previous example, terminates an \fB$if\fP command. .IP \fB$else\fP Commands in this branch of the \fB$if\fP directive are executed if the test fails. .IP \fB$include\fP This directive takes a single filename as an argument and reads commands and bindings from that file. For example, the following directive would read \fI/etc/inputrc\fP: .sp 1 .RS .nf \fB$include\fP \^ \fI/etc/inputrc\fP .fi .RE .SS Searching .PP Readline provides commands for searching through the command history (see .SM .B HISTORY below) for lines containing a specified string. There are two search modes: .I incremental and .IR non-incremental . .PP Incremental searches begin before the user has finished typing the search string. As each character of the search string is typed, readline displays the next entry from the history matching the string typed so far. An incremental search requires only as many characters as needed to find the desired history entry. The characters present in the value of the \fBisearch-terminators\fP variable are used to terminate an incremental search. If that variable has not been assigned a value the Escape and Control-J characters will terminate an incremental search. Control-G will abort an incremental search and restore the original line. When the search is terminated, the history entry containing the search string becomes the current line. .PP To find other matching entries in the history list, type Control-S or Control-R as appropriate. This will search backward or forward in the history for the next entry matching the search string typed so far. Any other key sequence bound to a readline command will terminate the search and execute that command. For instance, a \fInewline\fP will terminate the search and accept the line, thereby executing the command from the history list. .PP Non-incremental searches read the entire search string before starting to search for matching history lines. The search string may be typed by the user or be part of the contents of the current line. .SS "Readline Command Names" .PP The following is a list of the names of the commands and the default key sequences to which they are bound. Command names without an accompanying key sequence are unbound by default. In the following descriptions, \fIpoint\fP refers to the current cursor position, and \fImark\fP refers to a cursor position saved by the \fBset\-mark\fP command. The text between the point and mark is referred to as the \fIregion\fP. .SS Commands for Moving .PP .PD 0 .TP .B beginning\-of\-line (C\-a) Move to the start of the current line. .TP .B end\-of\-line (C\-e) Move to the end of the line. .TP .B forward\-char (C\-f) Move forward a character. .TP .B backward\-char (C\-b) Move back a character. .TP .B forward\-word (M\-f) Move forward to the end of the next word. Words are composed of alphanumeric characters (letters and digits). .TP .B backward\-word (M\-b) Move back to the start of the current or previous word. Words are composed of alphanumeric characters (letters and digits). .TP .B clear\-screen (C\-l) Clear the screen leaving the current line at the top of the screen. With an argument, refresh the current line without clearing the screen. .TP .B redraw\-current\-line Refresh the current line. .PD .SS Commands for Manipulating the History .PP .PD 0 .TP .B accept\-line (Newline, Return) Accept the line regardless of where the cursor is. If this line is non-empty, add it to the history list according to the state of the .SM .B HISTCONTROL variable. If the line is a modified history line, then restore the history line to its original state. .TP .B previous\-history (C\-p) Fetch the previous command from the history list, moving back in the list. .TP .B next\-history (C\-n) Fetch the next command from the history list, moving forward in the list. .TP .B beginning\-of\-history (M\-<) Move to the first line in the history. .TP .B end\-of\-history (M\->) Move to the end of the input history, i.e., the line currently being entered. .TP .B reverse\-search\-history (C\-r) Search backward starting at the current line and moving `up' through the history as necessary. This is an incremental search. .TP .B forward\-search\-history (C\-s) Search forward starting at the current line and moving `down' through the history as necessary. This is an incremental search. .TP .B non\-incremental\-reverse\-search\-history (M\-p) Search backward through the history starting at the current line using a non-incremental search for a string supplied by the user. .TP .B non\-incremental\-forward\-search\-history (M\-n) Search forward through the history using a non-incremental search for a string supplied by the user. .TP .B history\-search\-forward Search forward through the history for the string of characters between the start of the current line and the point. This is a non-incremental search. .TP .B history\-search\-backward Search backward through the history for the string of characters between the start of the current line and the point. This is a non-incremental search. .TP .B yank\-nth\-arg (M\-C\-y) Insert the first argument to the previous command (usually the second word on the previous line) at point. With an argument .IR n , insert the \fIn\fPth word from the previous command (the words in the previous command begin with word 0). A negative argument inserts the \fIn\fPth word from the end of the previous command. .TP .B yank\-last\-arg (M\-.\^, M\-_\^) Insert the last argument to the previous command (the last word of the previous history entry). With an argument, behave exactly like \fByank\-nth\-arg\fP. Successive calls to \fByank\-last\-arg\fP move back through the history list, inserting the last argument of each line in turn. .TP .B shell\-expand\-line (M\-C\-e) Expand the line as the shell does. This performs alias and history expansion as well as all of the shell word expansions. See .SM .B HISTORY EXPANSION below for a description of history expansion. .TP .B history\-expand\-line (M\-^) Perform history expansion on the current line. See .SM .B HISTORY EXPANSION below for a description of history expansion. .TP .B magic\-space Perform history expansion on the current line and insert a space. See .SM .B HISTORY EXPANSION below for a description of history expansion. .TP .B alias\-expand\-line Perform alias expansion on the current line. See .SM .B ALIASES above for a description of alias expansion. .TP .B history\-and\-alias\-expand\-line Perform history and alias expansion on the current line. .TP .B insert\-last\-argument (M\-.\^, M\-_\^) A synonym for \fByank\-last\-arg\fP. .TP .B operate\-and\-get\-next (C\-o) Accept the current line for execution and fetch the next line relative to the current line from the history for editing. Any argument is ignored. .PD .SS Commands for Changing Text .PP .PD 0 .TP .B delete\-char (C\-d) Delete the character at point. If point is at the beginning of the line, there are no characters in the line, and the last character typed was not bound to \fBdelete\-char\fP, then return .SM .BR EOF . .TP .B backward\-delete\-char (Rubout) Delete the character behind the cursor. When given a numeric argument, save the deleted text on the kill ring. .TP .B forward\-backward\-delete\-char Delete the character under the cursor, unless the cursor is at the end of the line, in which case the character behind the cursor is deleted. By default, this is not bound to a key. .TP .B quoted\-insert (C\-q, C\-v) Add the next character typed to the line verbatim. This is how to insert characters like \fBC\-q\fP, for example. .TP .B tab\-insert (C\-v TAB) Insert a tab character. .TP .B self\-insert (a,\ b,\ A,\ 1,\ !,\ ...) Insert the character typed. .TP .B transpose\-chars (C\-t) Drag the character before point forward over the character at point, moving point forward as well. If point is at the end of the line, then this transposes the two characters before point. Negative arguments have no effect. .TP .B transpose\-words (M\-t) Drag the word before point past the word after point, moving point over that word as well. .TP .B upcase\-word (M\-u) Uppercase the current (or following) word. With a negative argument, uppercase the previous word, but do not move point. .TP .B downcase\-word (M\-l) Lowercase the current (or following) word. With a negative argument, lowercase the previous word, but do not move point. .TP .B capitalize\-word (M\-c) Capitalize the current (or following) word. With a negative argument, capitalize the previous word, but do not move point. .PD .SS Killing and Yanking .PP .PD 0 .TP .B kill\-line (C\-k) Kill the text from point to the end of the line. .TP .B backward\-kill\-line (C\-x Rubout) Kill backward to the beginning of the line. .TP .B unix\-line\-discard (C\-u) Kill backward from point to the beginning of the line. The killed text is saved on the kill-ring. .\" There is no real difference between this and backward-kill-line .TP .B kill\-whole\-line Kill all characters on the current line, no matter where point is. .TP .B kill\-word (M\-d) Kill from point to the end of the current word, or if between words, to the end of the next word. Word boundaries are the same as those used by \fBforward\-word\fP. .TP .B backward\-kill\-word (M\-Rubout) Kill the word behind point. Word boundaries are the same as those used by \fBbackward\-word\fP. .TP .B unix\-word\-rubout (C\-w) Kill the word behind point, using white space as a word boundary. The killed text is saved on the kill-ring. .TP .B delete\-horizontal\-space (M\-\e) Delete all spaces and tabs around point. .TP .B kill\-region Kill the text in the current region. .TP .B copy\-region\-as\-kill Copy the text in the region to the kill buffer. .TP .B copy\-backward\-word Copy the word before point to the kill buffer. The word boundaries are the same as \fBbackward\-word\fP. .TP .B copy\-forward\-word Copy the word following point to the kill buffer. The word boundaries are the same as \fBforward\-word\fP. .TP .B yank (C\-y) Yank the top of the kill ring into the buffer at point. .TP .B yank\-pop (M\-y) Rotate the kill ring, and yank the new top. Only works following .B yank or .BR yank\-pop . .PD .SS Numeric Arguments .PP .PD 0 .TP .B digit\-argument (M\-0, M\-1, ..., M\-\-) Add this digit to the argument already accumulating, or start a new argument. M\-\- starts a negative argument. .TP .B universal\-argument This is another way to specify an argument. If this command is followed by one or more digits, optionally with a leading minus sign, those digits define the argument. If the command is followed by digits, executing .B universal\-argument again ends the numeric argument, but is otherwise ignored. As a special case, if this command is immediately followed by a character that is neither a digit or minus sign, the argument count for the next command is multiplied by four. The argument count is initially one, so executing this function the first time makes the argument count four, a second time makes the argument count sixteen, and so on. .PD .SS Completing .PP .PD 0 .TP .B complete (TAB) Attempt to perform completion on the text before point. .B Bash attempts completion treating the text as a variable (if the text begins with \fB$\fP), username (if the text begins with \fB~\fP), hostname (if the text begins with \fB@\fP), or command (including aliases and functions) in turn. If none of these produces a match, filename completion is attempted. .TP .B possible\-completions (M\-?) List the possible completions of the text before point. .TP .B insert\-completions (M\-*) Insert all completions of the text before point that would have been generated by \fBpossible\-completions\fP. .TP .B menu\-complete Similar to \fBcomplete\fP, but replaces the word to be completed with a single match from the list of possible completions. Repeated execution of \fBmenu\-complete\fP steps through the list of possible completions, inserting each match in turn. At the end of the list of completions, the bell is rung (subject to the setting of \Bbell\-style\fP) and the original text is restored. An argument of \fIn\fP moves \fIn\fP positions forward in the list of matches; a negative argument may be used to move backward through the list. This command is intended to be bound to \fBTAB\fP, but is unbound by default. .TP .B delete\-char\-or\-list Deletes the character under the cursor if not at the beginning or end of the line (like \fBdelete\-char\fP). If at the end of the line, behaves identically to \fBpossible\-completions\fP. This command is unbound by default. .TP .B complete\-filename (M\-/) Attempt filename completion on the text before point. .TP .B possible\-filename\-completions (C\-x /) List the possible completions of the text before point, treating it as a filename. .TP .B complete\-username (M\-~) Attempt completion on the text before point, treating it as a username. .TP .B possible\-username\-completions (C\-x ~) List the possible completions of the text before point, treating it as a username. .TP .B complete\-variable (M\-$) Attempt completion on the text before point, treating it as a shell variable. .TP .B possible\-variable\-completions (C\-x $) List the possible completions of the text before point, treating it as a shell variable. .TP .B complete\-hostname (M\-@) Attempt completion on the text before point, treating it as a hostname. .TP .B possible\-hostname\-completions (C\-x @) List the possible completions of the text before point, treating it as a hostname. .TP .B complete\-command (M\-!) Attempt completion on the text before point, treating it as a command name. Command completion attempts to match the text against aliases, reserved words, shell functions, shell builtins, and finally executable filenames, in that order. .TP .B possible\-command\-completions (C\-x !) List the possible completions of the text before point, treating it as a command name. .TP .B dynamic\-complete\-history (M\-TAB) Attempt completion on the text before point, comparing the text against lines from the history list for possible completion matches. .TP .B complete\-into\-braces (M\-{) Perform filename completion and insert the list of possible completions enclosed within braces so the list is available to the shell (see .B Brace Expansion above). .PD .SS Keyboard Macros .PP .PD 0 .TP .B start\-kbd\-macro (C\-x (\^) Begin saving the characters typed into the current keyboard macro. .TP .B end\-kbd\-macro (C\-x )\^) Stop saving the characters typed into the current keyboard macro and store the definition. .TP .B call\-last\-kbd\-macro (C\-x e) Re-execute the last keyboard macro defined, by making the characters in the macro appear as if typed at the keyboard. .PD .SS Miscellaneous .PP .PD 0 .TP .B re\-read\-init\-file (C\-x C\-r) Read in the contents of the \fIinputrc\fP file, and incorporate any bindings or variable assignments found there. .TP .B abort (C\-g) Abort the current editing command and ring the terminal's bell (subject to the setting of .BR bell\-style ). .TP .B do\-uppercase\-version (M\-a, M\-b, M\-\fIx\fP, ...) If the metafied character \fIx\fP is lowercase, run the command that is bound to the corresponding uppercase character. .TP .B prefix\-meta (ESC) Metafy the next character typed. .SM .B ESC .B f is equivalent to .BR Meta\-f . .TP .B undo (C\-_, C\-x C\-u) Incremental undo, separately remembered for each line. .TP .B revert\-line (M\-r) Undo all changes made to this line. This is like executing the .B undo command enough times to return the line to its initial state. .TP .B tilde\-expand (M\-&) Perform tilde expansion on the current word. .TP .B set\-mark (C\-@, M\-) Set the mark to the point. If a numeric argument is supplied, the mark is set to that position. .TP .B exchange\-point\-and\-mark (C\-x C\-x) Swap the point with the mark. The current cursor position is set to the saved position, and the old cursor position is saved as the mark. .TP .B character\-search (C\-]) A character is read and point is moved to the next occurrence of that character. A negative count searches for previous occurrences. .TP .B character\-search\-backward (M\-C\-]) A character is read and point is moved to the previous occurrence of that character. A negative count searches for subsequent occurrences. .TP .B insert\-comment (M\-#) The value of the readline .B comment\-begin variable is inserted at the beginning of the current line, and the line is accepted as if a newline had been typed. The default value of \fBcomment\-begin\fP causes this command to make the current line a shell comment. .TP .B glob\-expand\-word (C\-x *) The word before point is treated as a pattern for pathname expansion, and the list of matching file names is inserted, replacing the word. .TP .B glob\-list\-expansions (C\-x g) The list of expansions that would have been generated by .B glob\-expand\-word is displayed, and the line is redrawn. .TP .B dump\-functions Print all of the functions and their key bindings to the readline output stream. If a numeric argument is supplied, the output is formatted in such a way that it can be made part of an \fIinputrc\fP file. .TP .B dump\-variables Print all of the settable readline variables and their values to the readline output stream. If a numeric argument is supplied, the output is formatted in such a way that it can be made part of an \fIinputrc\fP file. .TP .B dump\-macros Print all of the readline key sequences bound to macros and the strings they ouput. If a numeric argument is supplied, the output is formatted in such a way that it can be made part of an \fIinputrc\fP file. .TP .B display\-shell\-version (C\-x C\-v) Display version information about the current instance of .BR bash . .PD .SS Programmable Completion .PP When word completion is attempted for an argument to a command for which a completion specification (a \fIcompspec\fP) has been defined using the \fBcomplete\fP builtin (see .SM .B "SHELL BUILTIN COMMANDS" below), the programmable completion facilities are invoked. .PP First, the command name is identified. If a compspec has been defined for that command, the compspec is used to generate the list of possible completions for the word. If the command word is a full pathname, a compspec for the full pathname is searched for first. If no compspec is found for the full pathname, an attempt is made to find a compspec for the portion following the final slash. .PP Once a compspec has been found, it is used to generate the list of matching words. If a compspec is not found, the default \fBbash\fP completion as described above under \fBCompleting\fP is performed. .PP First, the actions specified by the compspec are used. Only matches which are prefixed by the word being completed are returned. When the .B \-f or .B \-d option is used for filename or directory name completion, the shell variable .SM .B FIGNORE is used to filter the matches. .PP Any completions specified by a filename expansion pattern to the \fB\-G\fP option are generated next. The words generated by the pattern need not match the word being completed. The .SM .B GLOBIGNORE shell variable is not used to filter the matches, but the .SM .B FIGNORE variable is used. .PP Next, the string specified as the argument to the \fB\-W\fP option is considered. The string is first split using the characters in the .SM .B IFS special variable as delimiters. Shell quoting is honored. Each word is then expanded using brace expansion, tilde expansion, parameter and variable expansion, command substitution, arithmetic expansion, and pathname expansion, as described above under .SM .BR EXPANSION . The results are split using the rules described above under \fBWord Splitting\fP. The results of the expansion are prefix-matched against the word being completed, and the matching words become the possible completions. .PP After these matches have been generated, any shell function or command specified with the \fB\-F\fP and \fB\-C\fP options is invoked. When the command or function is invoked, the .SM .B COMP_LINE and .SM .B COMP_POINT variables are assigned values as described above under \fBShell Variables\fP. If a shell function is being invoked, the .SM .B COMP_WORDS and .SM .B COMP_CWORD variables are also set. When the function or command is invoked, the first argument is the name of the command whose arguments are being completed, the second argument is the word being completed, and the third argument is the word preceding the word being completed on the current command line. No filtering of the generated completions against the word being completed is performed; the function or command has complete freedom in generating the matches. .PP Any function specified with \fB\-F\fP is invoked first. The function may use any of the shell facilities, including the \fBcompgen\fP builtin described below, to generate the matches. It must put the possible completions in the .SM .B COMPREPLY array variable. .PP Next, any command specified with the \fB\-C\fP option is invoked in an environment equivalent to command substitution. It should print a list of completions, one per line, to the standard output. Backslash may be used to escape a newline, if necessary. .PP After all of the possible completions are generated, any filter specified with the \fB\-X\fP option is applied to the list. The filter is a pattern as used for pathname expansion; a \fB&\fP in the pattern is replaced with the text of the word being completed. A literal \fB&\fP may be escaped with a backslash; the backslash is removed before attempting a match. Any completion that matches the pattern will be removed from the list. A leading \fB!\fP negates the pattern; in this case any completion not matching the pattern will be removed. .PP Finally, any prefix and suffix specified with the \fB\-P\fP and \fB\-S\fP options are added to each member of the completion list, and the result is returned to the readline completion code as the list of possible completions. .PP If the previously-applied actions do not generate any matches, and the \fB\-o dirnames\fP option was supplied to \fBcomplete\fP when the compspec was defined, directory name completion is attempted. .PP By default, if a compspec is found, whatever it generates is returned to the completion code as the full set of possible completions. The default \fBbash\fP completions are not attempted, and the readline default of filename completion is disabled. If the \fB-o default\fP option was supplied to \fBcomplete\fP when the compspec was defined, readline's default completion will be performed if the compspec generates no matches. .SH HISTORY When the .B \-o history option to the .B set builtin is enabled, the shell provides access to the \fIcommand history\fP, the list of commands previously typed. The value of the \fBHISTSIZE\fP variable is used as the number of commands to save in a history list. The text of the last .SM .B HISTSIZE commands (default 500) is saved. The shell stores each command in the history list prior to parameter and variable expansion (see .SM .B EXPANSION above) but after history expansion is performed, subject to the values of the shell variables .SM .B HISTIGNORE and .SM .BR HISTCONTROL . .PP On startup, the history is initialized from the file named by the variable .SM .B HISTFILE (default \fI~/.bash_history\fP). The file named by the value of .SM .B HISTFILE is truncated, if necessary, to contain no more than the number of lines specified by the value of .SM .BR HISTFILESIZE . When an interactive shell exits, the last .SM .B $HISTSIZE lines are copied from the history list to .SM .BR $HISTFILE . If the .B histappend shell option is enabled (see the description of .B shopt under .SM .B "SHELL BUILTIN COMMANDS" below), the lines are appended to the history file, otherwise the history file is overwritten. If .SM .B HISTFILE is unset, or if the history file is unwritable, the history is not saved. After saving the history, the history file is truncated to contain no more than .SM .B HISTFILESIZE lines. If .SM .B HISTFILESIZE is not set, no truncation is performed. .PP The builtin command .B fc (see .SM .B SHELL BUILTIN COMMANDS below) may be used to list or edit and re-execute a portion of the history list. The .B history builtin may be used to display or modify the history list and manipulate the history file. When using command-line editing, search commands are available in each editing mode that provide access to the history list. .PP The shell allows control over which commands are saved on the history list. The .SM .B HISTCONTROL and .SM .B HISTIGNORE variables may be set to cause the shell to save only a subset of the commands entered. The .B cmdhist shell option, if enabled, causes the shell to attempt to save each line of a multi-line command in the same history entry, adding semicolons where necessary to preserve syntactic correctness. The .B lithist shell option causes the shell to save the command with embedded newlines instead of semicolons. See the description of the .B shopt builtin below under .SM .B "SHELL BUILTIN COMMANDS" for information on setting and unsetting shell options. .SH "HISTORY EXPANSION" .PP The shell supports a history expansion feature that is similar to the history expansion in .BR csh. This section describes what syntax features are available. This feature is enabled by default for interactive shells, and can be disabled using the .B \+H option to the .B set builtin command (see .SM .B SHELL BUILTIN COMMANDS below). Non-interactive shells do not perform history expansion by default. .PP History expansions introduce words from the history list into the input stream, making it easy to repeat commands, insert the arguments to a previous command into the current input line, or fix errors in previous commands quickly. .PP History expansion is performed immediately after a complete line is read, before the shell breaks it into words. It takes place in two parts. The first is to determine which line from the history list to use during substitution. The second is to select portions of that line for inclusion into the current one. The line selected from the history is the \fIevent\fP, and the portions of that line that are acted upon are \fIwords\fP. Various \fImodifiers\fP are available to manipulate the selected words. The line is broken into words in the same fashion as when reading input, so that several \fImetacharacter\fP-separated words surrounded by quotes are considered one word. History expansions are introduced by the appearance of the history expansion character, which is \^\fB!\fP\^ by default. Only backslash (\^\fB\e\fP\^) and single quotes can quote the history expansion character. .PP Several shell options settable with the .B shopt builtin may be used to tailor the behavior of history expansion. If the .B histverify shell option is enabled (see the description of the .B shopt builtin), and .B readline is being used, history substitutions are not immediately passed to the shell parser. Instead, the expanded line is reloaded into the .B readline editing buffer for further modification. If .B readline is being used, and the .B histreedit shell option is enabled, a failed history substitution will be reloaded into the .B readline editing buffer for correction. The .B \-p option to the .B history builtin command may be used to see what a history expansion will do before using it. The .B \-s option to the .B history builtin may be used to add commands to the end of the history list without actually executing them, so that they are available for subsequent recall. .PP The shell allows control of the various characters used by the history expansion mechanism (see the description of .B histchars above under .BR "Shell Variables" ). .SS Event Designators .PP An event designator is a reference to a command line entry in the history list. .PP .PD 0 .TP .B ! Start a history substitution, except when followed by a .BR blank , newline, = or (. .TP .B !\fIn\fR Refer to command line .IR n . .TP .B !\-\fIn\fR Refer to the current command line minus .IR n . .TP .B !! Refer to the previous command. This is a synonym for `!\-1'. .TP .B !\fIstring\fR Refer to the most recent command starting with .IR string . .TP .B !?\fIstring\fR\fB[?]\fR Refer to the most recent command containing .IR string . The trailing \fB?\fP may be omitted if .I string is followed immediately by a newline. .TP .B \d\s+2^\s-2\u\fIstring1\fP\d\s+2^\s-2\u\fIstring2\fP\d\s+2^\s-2\u Quick substitution. Repeat the last command, replacing .I string1 with .IR string2 . Equivalent to ``!!:s/\fIstring1\fP/\fIstring2\fP/'' (see \fBModifiers\fP below). .TP .B !# The entire command line typed so far. .PD .SS Word Designators .PP Word designators are used to select desired words from the event. A .B : separates the event specification from the word designator. It may be omitted if the word designator begins with a .BR ^ , .BR $ , .BR * , .BR \- , or .BR % . Words are numbered from the beginning of the line, with the first word being denoted by 0 (zero). Words are inserted into the current line separated by single spaces. .PP .PD 0 .TP .B 0 (zero) The zeroth word. For the shell, this is the command word. .TP .I n The \fIn\fRth word. .TP .B ^ The first argument. That is, word 1. .TP .B $ The last argument. .TP .B % The word matched by the most recent `?\fIstring\fR?' search. .TP .I x\fB\-\fPy A range of words; `\-\fIy\fR' abbreviates `0\-\fIy\fR'. .TP .B * All of the words but the zeroth. This is a synonym for `\fI1\-$\fP'. It is not an error to use .B * if there is just one word in the event; the empty string is returned in that case. .TP .B x* Abbreviates \fIx\-$\fP. .TP .B x\- Abbreviates \fIx\-$\fP like \fBx*\fP, but omits the last word. .PD .PP If a word designator is supplied without an event specification, the previous command is used as the event. .SS Modifiers .PP After the optional word designator, there may appear a sequence of one or more of the following modifiers, each preceded by a `:'. .PP .PD 0 .PP .TP .B h Remove a trailing file name component, leaving only the head. .TP .B t Remove all leading file name components, leaving the tail. .TP .B r Remove a trailing suffix of the form \fI.xxx\fP, leaving the basename. .TP .B e Remove all but the trailing suffix. .TP .B p Print the new command but do not execute it. .TP .B q Quote the substituted words, escaping further substitutions. .TP .B x Quote the substituted words as with .BR q , but break into words at .B blanks and newlines. .TP .B s/\fIold\fP/\fInew\fP/ Substitute .I new for the first occurrence of .I old in the event line. Any delimiter can be used in place of /. The final delimiter is optional if it is the last character of the event line. The delimiter may be quoted in .I old and .I new with a single backslash. If & appears in .IR new , it is replaced by .IR old . A single backslash will quote the &. If .I old is null, it is set to the last .I old substituted, or, if no previous history substitutions took place, the last .I string in a .B !?\fIstring\fR\fB[?]\fR search. .TP .B & Repeat the previous substitution. .TP .B g Cause changes to be applied over the entire event line. This is used in conjunction with `\fB:s\fP' (e.g., `\fB:gs/\fIold\fP/\fInew\fP/\fR') or `\fB:&\fP'. If used with `\fB:s\fP', any delimiter can be used in place of /, and the final delimiter is optional if it is the last character of the event line. .PD .SH "SHELL BUILTIN COMMANDS" .\" start of bash_builtins .zZ .PP Unless otherwise noted, each builtin command documented in this section as accepting options preceded by .B \- accepts .B \-\- to signify the end of the options. .sp .5 .PD 0 .TP \fB:\fP [\fIarguments\fP] .PD No effect; the command does nothing beyond expanding .I arguments and performing any specified redirections. A zero exit code is returned. .TP .PD 0 \fB .\| \fP \fIfilename\fP [\fIarguments\fP] .TP \fBsource\fP \fIfilename\fP [\fIarguments\fP] .PD Read and execute commands from .I filename in the current shell environment and return the exit status of the last command executed from .IR filename . If .I filename does not contain a slash, file names in .SM .B PATH are used to find the directory containing .IR filename . The file searched for in .SM .B PATH need not be executable. When \fBbash\fP is not in \fIposix mode\fP, the current directory is searched if no file is found in .SM .BR PATH . If the .B sourcepath option to the .B shopt builtin command is turned off, the .SM .B PATH is not searched. If any \fIarguments\fP are supplied, they become the positional parameters when \fIfilename\fP is executed. Otherwise the positional parameters are unchanged. The return status is the status of the last command exited within the script (0 if no commands are executed), and false if .I filename is not found or cannot be read. .TP \fBalias\fP [\fB\-p\fP] [\fIname\fP[=\fIvalue\fP] ...] \fBAlias\fP with no arguments or with the .B \-p option prints the list of aliases in the form \fBalias\fP \fIname\fP=\fIvalue\fP on standard output. When arguments are supplied, an alias is defined for each \fIname\fP whose \fIvalue\fP is given. A trailing space in \fIvalue\fP causes the next word to be checked for alias substitution when the alias is expanded. For each \fIname\fP in the argument list for which no \fIvalue\fP is supplied, the name and value of the alias is printed. \fBAlias\fP returns true unless a \fIname\fP is given for which no alias has been defined. .TP \fBbg\fP [\fIjobspec\fP] Resume the suspended job \fIjobspec\fP in the background, as if it had been started with .BR & . If \fIjobspec\fP is not present, the shell's notion of the \fIcurrent job\fP is used. .B bg .I jobspec returns 0 unless run when job control is disabled or, when run with job control enabled, if \fIjobspec\fP was not found or started without job control. .TP .PD 0 \fBbind\fP [\fB\-m\fP \fIkeymap\fP] [\fB\-lpsvPSV\fP] .TP \fBbind\fP [\fB\-m\fP \fIkeymap\fP] [\fB\-q\fP \fIfunction\fP] [\fB\-u\fP \fIfunction\fP] [\fB\-r\fP \fIkeyseq\fP] .TP \fBbind\fP [\fB\-m\fP \fIkeymap\fP] \fB\-f\fP \fIfilename\fP .TP \fBbind\fP [\fB\-m\fP \fIkeymap\fP] \fB\-x\fP \fIkeyseq\fP:\fIshell\-command\fP .TP \fBbind\fP [\fB\-m\fP \fIkeymap\fP] \fIkeyseq\fP:\fIfunction\-name\fP .PD Display current .B readline key and function bindings, or bind a key sequence to a .B readline function or macro. The binding syntax accepted is identical to that of .IR .inputrc , but each binding must be passed as a separate argument; e.g., '"\eC\-x\eC\-r": re\-read\-init\-file'. Options, if supplied, have the following meanings: .RS .PD 0 .TP .B \-m \fIkeymap\fP Use .I keymap as the keymap to be affected by the subsequent bindings. Acceptable .I keymap names are \fIemacs, emacs\-standard, emacs\-meta, emacs\-ctlx, vi, vi\-move, vi\-command\fP, and .IR vi\-insert . \fIvi\fP is equivalent to \fIvi\-command\fP; \fIemacs\fP is equivalent to \fIemacs\-standard\fP. .TP .B \-l List the names of all \fBreadline\fP functions. .TP .B \-p Display \fBreadline\fP function names and bindings in such a way that they can be re-read. .TP .B \-P List current \fBreadline\fP function names and bindings. .TP .B \-v Display \fBreadline\fP variable names and values in such a way that they can be re-read. .TP .B \-V List current \fBreadline\fP variable names and values. .TP .B \-s Display \fBreadline\fP key sequences bound to macros and the strings they output in such a way that they can be re-read. .TP .B \-S Display \fBreadline\fP key sequences bound to macros and the strings they output. .TP .B \-f \fIfilename\fP Read key bindings from \fIfilename\fP. .TP .B \-q \fIfunction\fP Query about which keys invoke the named \fIfunction\fP. .TP .B \-u \fIfunction\fP Unbind all keys bound to the named \fIfunction\fP. .TP .B \-r \fIkeyseq\fP Remove any current binding for \fIkeyseq\fP. .TP .B \-x \fIkeyseq\fP:\fIshell\-command\fP Cause \fIshell\-command\fP to be executed whenever \fIkeyseq\fP is entered. .PD .PP The return value is 0 unless an unrecognized option is given or an error occurred. .RE .TP \fBbreak\fP [\fIn\fP] Exit from within a .BR for , .BR while , .BR until , or .B select loop. If \fIn\fP is specified, break \fIn\fP levels. .I n must be \(>= 1. If .I n is greater than the number of enclosing loops, all enclosing loops are exited. The return value is 0 unless the shell is not executing a loop when .B break is executed. .TP \fBbuiltin\fP \fIshell\-builtin\fP [\fIarguments\fP] Execute the specified shell builtin, passing it .IR arguments , and return its exit status. This is useful when defining a function whose name is the same as a shell builtin, retaining the functionality of the builtin within the function. The \fBcd\fP builtin is commonly redefined this way. The return status is false if .I shell\-builtin is not a shell builtin command. .TP \fBcd\fP [\fB\-LP\fP] [\fIdir\fP] Change the current directory to \fIdir\fP. The variable .SM .B HOME is the default .IR dir . The variable .SM .B CDPATH defines the search path for the directory containing .IR dir . Alternative directory names in .SM .B CDPATH are separated by a colon (:). A null directory name in .SM .B CDPATH is the same as the current directory, i.e., ``\fB.\fP''. If .I dir begins with a slash (/), then .SM .B CDPATH is not used. The .B \-P option says to use the physical directory structure instead of following symbolic links (see also the .B \-P option to the .B set builtin command); the .B \-L option forces symbolic links to be followed. An argument of .B \- is equivalent to .SM .BR $OLDPWD . The return value is true if the directory was successfully changed; false otherwise. .TP \fBcommand\fP [\fB\-pVv\fP] \fIcommand\fP [\fIarg\fP ...] Run .I command with .I args suppressing the normal shell function lookup. Only builtin commands or commands found in the .SM .B PATH are executed. If the .B \-p option is given, the search for .I command is performed using a default value for .B PATH that is guaranteed to find all of the standard utilities. If either the .B \-V or .B \-v option is supplied, a description of .I command is printed. The .B \-v option causes a single word indicating the command or file name used to invoke .I command to be displayed; the .B \-V option produces a more verbose description. If the .B \-V or .B \-v option is supplied, the exit status is 0 if .I command was found, and 1 if not. If neither option is supplied and an error occurred or .I command cannot be found, the exit status is 127. Otherwise, the exit status of the .B command builtin is the exit status of .IR command . .TP \fBcompgen\fP [\fIoption\fP] [\fIword\fP] Generate possible completion matches for \fIword\fP according to the \fIoption\fPs, which may be any option accepted by the .B complete builtin with the exception of \fB\-p\fP and \fB\-r\fP, and write the matches to the standard output. When using the \fB\-F\fP or \fB\-C\fP options, the various shell variables set by the programmable completion facilities, while available, will not have useful values. .sp 1 The matches will be generated in the same way as if the programmable completion code had generated them directly from a completion specification with the same flags. If \fIword\fP is specified, only those completions matching \fIword\fP will be displayed. .sp 1 The return value is true unless an invalid option is supplied, or no matches were generated. .TP .PD 0 \fBcomplete\fP [\fB\-abcdefjkvu\fP] [\fB\-o\fP \fIcomp-option\fP] [\fB\-A\fP \fIaction\fP] [\fB\-G\fP \fIglobpat\fP] [\fB\-W\fP \fIwordlist\fP] [\fB\-P\fP \fIprefix\fP] [\fB\-S\fP \fIsuffix\fP] .br [\fB\-X\fP \fIfilterpat\fP] [\fB\-F\fP \fIfunction\fP] [\fB\-C\fP \fIcommand\fP] \fIname\fP [\fIname ...\fP] .TP \fBcomplete\fP \fB\-pr\fP [\fIname\fP ...] .PD Specify how arguments to each \fIname\fP should be completed. If the \fB\-p\fP option is supplied, or if no options are supplied, existing completion specifications are printed in a way that allows them to be reused as input. The \fB\-r\fP option removes a completion specification for each \fIname\fP, or, if no \fIname\fPs are supplied, all completion specifications. .sp 1 The process of applying these completion specifications when word completion is attempted is described above under \fBProgrammable Completion\fP. .sp 1 Other options, if specified, have the following meanings. The arguments to the \fB\-G\fP, \fB\-W\fP, and \fB\-X\fP options (and, if necessary, the \fB\-P\fP and \fB\-S\fP options) should be quoted to protect them from expansion before the .B complete builtin is invoked. .RS .PD 0 .TP 8 \fB\-o\fP \fIcomp-option\fP The \fIcomp-option\fP controls several aspects of the compspec's behavior beyond the simple generation of completions. \fIcomp-option\fP may be one of: .RS .TP 8 .B default Use readline's default completion if the compspec generates no matches. .TP 8 .B dirnames Perform directory name completion if the compspec generates no matches. .TP 8 .B filenames Tell readline that the compspec generates filenames, so it can perform any filename\-specific processing (like adding a slash to directory names or suppressing trailing spaces). Intended to be used with shell functions. .RE .TP 8 \fB\-A\fP \fIaction\fP The \fIaction\fP may be one of the following to generate a list of possible completions: .RS .TP 8 .B alias Alias names. May also be specified as \fB\-a\fP. .TP 8 .B arrayvar Array variable names. .TP 8 .B binding \fBReadline\fP key binding names. .TP 8 .B builtin Names of shell builtin commands. May also be specified as \fB\-b\fP. .TP 8 .B command Command names. May also be specified as \fB\-c\fP. .TP 8 .B directory Directory names. May also be specified as \fB\-d\fP. .TP 8 .B disabled Names of disabled shell builtins. .TP 8 .B enabled Names of enabled shell builtins. .TP 8 .B export Names of exported shell variables. May also be specified as \fB\-e\fP. .TP 8 .B file File names. May also be specified as \fB\-f\fP. .TP 8 .B function Names of shell functions. .TP 8 .B helptopic Help topics as accepted by the \fBhelp\fP builtin. .TP 8 .B hostname Hostnames, as taken from the file specified by the .SM .B HOSTFILE shell variable. .TP 8 .B job Job names, if job control is active. May also be specified as \fB\-j\fP. .TP 8 .B keyword Shell reserved words. May also be specified as \fB\-k\fP. .TP 8 .B running Names of running jobs, if job control is active. .TP 8 .B setopt Valid arguments for the \fB\-o\fP option to the \fBset\fP builtin. .TP 8 .B shopt Shell option names as accepted by the \fBshopt\fP builtin. .TP 8 .B signal Signal names. .TP 8 .B stopped Names of stopped jobs, if job control is active. .TP 8 .B user User names. May also be specified as \fB\-u\fP. .TP 8 .B variable Names of all shell variables. May also be specified as \fB\-v\fP. .RE .TP 8 \fB\-G\fP \fIglobpat\fP The filename expansion pattern \fIglobpat\fP is expanded to generate the possible completions. .TP 8 \fB\-W\fP \fIwordlist\fP The \fIwordlist\fP is split using the characters in the .SM .B IFS special variable as delimiters, and each resultant word is expanded. The possible completions are the members of the resultant list which match the word being completed. .TP 8 \fB\-C\fP \fIcommand\fP \fIcommand\fP is executed in a subshell environment, and its output is used as the possible completions. .TP 8 \fB\-F\fP \fIfunction\fP The shell function \fIfunction\fP is executed in the current shell environment. When it finishes, the possible completions are retrieved from the value of the .SM .B COMPREPLY array variable. .TP 8 \fB\-X\fP \fIfilterpat\fP \fIfilterpat\fP is a pattern as used for filename expansion. It is applied to the list of possible completions generated by the preceding options and arguments, and each completion matching \fIfilterpat\fP is removed from the list. A leading \fB!\fP in \fIfilterpat\fP negates the pattern; in this case, any completion not matching \fIfilterpat\fP is removed. .TP 8 \fB\-P\fP \fIprefix\fP \fIprefix\fP is added at the beginning of each possible completion after all other options have been applied. .TP 8 \fB\-S\fP \fIsuffix\fP \fIsuffix\fP is appended to each possible completion after all other options have been applied. .PD .PP The return value is true unless an invalid option is supplied, an option other than \fB\-p\fP or \fB\-r\fP is supplied without a \fIname\fP argument, an attempt is made to remove a completion specification for a \fIname\fP for which no specification exists, or an error occurs adding a completion specification. .RE .TP \fBcontinue\fP [\fIn\fP] Resume the next iteration of the enclosing .BR for , .BR while , .BR until , or .B select loop. If .I n is specified, resume at the \fIn\fPth enclosing loop. .I n must be \(>= 1. If .I n is greater than the number of enclosing loops, the last enclosing loop (the ``top-level'' loop) is resumed. The return value is 0 unless the shell is not executing a loop when .B continue is executed. .TP .PD 0 \fBdeclare\fP [\fB\-afFirx\fP] [\fB\-p\fP] [\fIname\fP[=\fIvalue\fP]] .TP \fBtypeset\fP [\fB\-afFirx\fP] [\fB\-p\fP] [\fIname\fP[=\fIvalue\fP]] .PD Declare variables and/or give them attributes. If no \fIname\fPs are given then display the values of variables. The .B \-p option will display the attributes and values of each .IR name . When .B \-p is used, additional options are ignored. The .B \-F option inhibits the display of function definitions; only the function name and attributes are printed. The .B \-F option implies .BR \-f . The following options can be used to restrict output to variables with the specified attribute or to give variables attributes: .RS .PD 0 .TP .B \-a Each \fIname\fP is an array variable (see .B Arrays above). .TP .B \-f Use function names only. .TP .B \-i The variable is treated as an integer; arithmetic evaluation (see .SM .B "ARITHMETIC EVALUATION" ") " is performed when the variable is assigned a value. .TP .B \-r Make \fIname\fPs readonly. These names cannot then be assigned values by subsequent assignment statements or unset. .TP .B \-x Mark \fIname\fPs for export to subsequent commands via the environment. .PD .PP Using `+' instead of `\-' turns off the attribute instead, with the exception that \fB+a\fP may not be used to destroy an array variable. When used in a function, makes each \fIname\fP local, as with the .B local command. The return value is 0 unless an invalid option is encountered, an attempt is made to define a function using .if n ``\-f foo=bar'', .if t \f(CW\-f foo=bar\fP, an attempt is made to assign a value to a readonly variable, an attempt is made to assign a value to an array variable without using the compound assignment syntax (see .B Arrays above), one of the \fInames\fP is not a valid shell variable name, an attempt is made to turn off readonly status for a readonly variable, an attempt is made to turn off array status for an array variable, or an attempt is made to display a non-existent function with \fB\-f\fP. .RE .TP .B dirs [\fB\-clpv\fP] [+\fIn\fP] [\-\fIn\fP] Without options, displays the list of currently remembered directories. The default display is on a single line with directory names separated by spaces. Directories are added to the list with the .B pushd command; the .B popd command removes entries from the list. .RS .PD 0 .TP \fB+\fP\fIn\fP Displays the \fIn\fPth entry counting from the left of the list shown by .B dirs when invoked without options, starting with zero. .TP \fB\-\fP\fIn\fP Displays the \fIn\fPth entry counting from the right of the list shown by .B dirs when invoked without options, starting with zero. .TP .B \-c Clears the directory stack by deleting all of the entries. .TP .B \-l Produces a longer listing; the default listing format uses a tilde to denote the home directory. .TP .B \-p Print the directory stack with one entry per line. .TP .B \-v Print the directory stack with one entry per line, prefixing each entry with its index in the stack. .PD .PP The return value is 0 unless an invalid option is supplied or \fIn\fP indexes beyond the end of the directory stack. .RE .TP \fBdisown\fP [\fB\-ar\fP] [\fB\-h\fP] [\fIjobspec\fP ...] Without options, each .I jobspec is removed from the table of active jobs. If the \fB\-h\fP option is given, each .I jobspec is not removed from the table, but is marked so that .SM .B SIGHUP is not sent to the job if the shell receives a .SM .BR SIGHUP . If no .I jobspec is present, and neither the .B \-a nor the .B \-r option is supplied, the \fIcurrent job\fP is used. If no .I jobspec is supplied, the .B \-a option means to remove or mark all jobs; the .B \-r option without a .I jobspec argument restricts operation to running jobs. The return value is 0 unless a .I jobspec does not specify a valid job. .TP \fBecho\fP [\fB\-neE\fP] [\fIarg\fP ...] Output the \fIarg\fPs, separated by spaces, followed by a newline. The return status is always 0. If \fB\-n\fP is specified, the trailing newline is suppressed. If the \fB\-e\fP option is given, interpretation of the following backslash-escaped characters is enabled. The .B \-E option disables the interpretation of these escape characters, even on systems where they are interpreted by default. The \fBxpg_echo\fP shell option may be used to dynamically determine whether or not \fBecho\fP expands these escape characters by default. .B echo does not interpret .B \-\- to mean the end of options. .B echo interprets the following escape sequences: .RS .PD 0 .TP .B \ea alert (bell) .TP .B \eb backspace .TP .B \ec suppress trailing newline .TP .B \ee an escape character .TP .B \ef form feed .TP .B \en new line .TP .B \er carriage return .TP .B \et horizontal tab .TP .B \ev vertical tab .TP .B \e\e backslash .TP .B \e\fInnn\fP the character whose ASCII code is the octal value \fInnn\fP (one to three digits) .TP .B \ex\fInnn\fP the character whose ASCII code is the hexadecimal value \fInnn\fP (one to three digits) .PD .RE .TP \fBenable\fP [\fB\-adnps\fP] [\fB\-f\fP \fIfilename\fP] [\fIname\fP ...] Enable and disable builtin shell commands. Disabling a builtin allows a disk command which has the same name as a shell builtin to be executed without specifying a full pathname, even though the shell normally searches for builtins before disk commands. If \fB\-n\fP is used, each \fIname\fP is disabled; otherwise, \fInames\fP are enabled. For example, to use the .B test binary found via the .SM .B PATH instead of the shell builtin version, run .if t \f(CWenable -n test\fP. .if n ``enable -n test''. The .B \-f option means to load the new builtin command .I name from shared object .IR filename , on systems that support dynamic loading. The .B \-d option will delete a builtin previously loaded with .BR \-f . If no \fIname\fP arguments are given, or if the .B \-p option is supplied, a list of shell builtins is printed. With no other option arguments, the list consists of all enabled shell builtins. If \fB\-n\fP is supplied, only disabled builtins are printed. If \fB\-a\fP is supplied, the list printed includes all builtins, with an indication of whether or not each is enabled. If \fB\-s\fP is supplied, the output is restricted to the POSIX \fIspecial\fP builtins. The return value is 0 unless a .I name is not a shell builtin or there is an error loading a new builtin from a shared object. .TP \fBeval\fP [\fIarg\fP ...] The \fIarg\fPs are read and concatenated together into a single command. This command is then read and executed by the shell, and its exit status is returned as the value of .BR eval . If there are no .IR args , or only null arguments, .B eval returns 0. .TP \fBexec\fP [\fB\-cl\fP] [\fB\-a\fP \fIname\fP] [\fIcommand\fP [\fIarguments\fP]] If .I command is specified, it replaces the shell. No new process is created. The .I arguments become the arguments to \fIcommand\fP. If the .B \-l option is supplied, the shell places a dash at the beginning of the zeroth arg passed to .IR command . This is what .IR login (1) does. The .B \-c option causes .I command to be executed with an empty environment. If .B \-a is supplied, the shell passes .I name as the zeroth argument to the executed command. If .I command cannot be executed for some reason, a non-interactive shell exits, unless the shell option .B execfail is enabled, in which case it returns failure. An interactive shell returns failure if the file cannot be executed. If .I command is not specified, any redirections take effect in the current shell, and the return status is 0. If there is a redirection error, the return status is 1. .TP \fBexit\fP [\fIn\fP] Cause the shell to exit with a status of \fIn\fP. If .I n is omitted, the exit status is that of the last command executed. A trap on .SM .B EXIT is executed before the shell terminates. .TP .PD 0 \fBexport\fP [\fB\-fn\fP\^] [\fIname\fP[=\fIword\fP]] ... .TP .B export \-p .PD The supplied .I names are marked for automatic export to the environment of subsequently executed commands. If the .B \-f option is given, the .I names refer to functions. If no .I names are given, or if the .B \-p option is supplied, a list of all names that are exported in this shell is printed. The .B \-n option causes the export property to be removed from the named variables. .B export returns an exit status of 0 unless an invalid option is encountered, one of the \fInames\fP is not a valid shell variable name, or .B \-f is supplied with a .I name that is not a function. .TP .PD 0 \fBfc\fP [\fB\-e\fP \fIename\fP] [\fB\-nlr\fP] [\fIfirst\fP] [\fIlast\fP] .TP \fBfc\fP \fB\-s\fP [\fIpat\fP=\fIrep\fP] [\fIcmd\fP] .PD Fix Command. In the first form, a range of commands from .I first to .I last is selected from the history list. .I First and .I last may be specified as a string (to locate the last command beginning with that string) or as a number (an index into the history list, where a negative number is used as an offset from the current command number). If .I last is not specified it is set to the current command for listing (so that .if n ``fc \-l \-10'' .if t \f(CWfc \-l \-10\fP prints the last 10 commands) and to .I first otherwise. If .I first is not specified it is set to the previous command for editing and \-16 for listing. .sp 1 The .B \-n option suppresses the command numbers when listing. The .B \-r option reverses the order of the commands. If the .B \-l option is given, the commands are listed on standard output. Otherwise, the editor given by .I ename is invoked on a file containing those commands. If .I ename is not given, the value of the .SM .B FCEDIT variable is used, and the value of .SM .B EDITOR if .SM .B FCEDIT is not set. If neither variable is set, .FN vi is used. When editing is complete, the edited commands are echoed and executed. .sp 1 In the second form, \fIcommand\fP is re-executed after each instance of \fIpat\fP is replaced by \fIrep\fP. A useful alias to use with this is .if n ``r=fc -s'', .if t \f(CWr='fc \-s'\fP, so that typing .if n ``r cc'' .if t \f(CWr cc\fP runs the last command beginning with .if n ``cc'' .if t \f(CWcc\fP and typing .if n ``r'' .if t \f(CWr\fP re-executes the last command. .sp 1 If the first form is used, the return value is 0 unless an invalid option is encountered or .I first or .I last specify history lines out of range. If the .B \-e option is supplied, the return value is the value of the last command executed or failure if an error occurs with the temporary file of commands. If the second form is used, the return status is that of the command re-executed, unless .I cmd does not specify a valid history line, in which case .B fc returns failure. .TP \fBfg\fP [\fIjobspec\fP] Resume .I jobspec in the foreground, and make it the current job. If .I jobspec is not present, the shell's notion of the \fIcurrent job\fP is used. The return value is that of the command placed into the foreground, or failure if run when job control is disabled or, when run with job control enabled, if .I jobspec does not specify a valid job or .I jobspec specifies a job that was started without job control. .TP \fBgetopts\fP \fIoptstring\fP \fIname\fP [\fIargs\fP] .B getopts is used by shell procedures to parse positional parameters. .I optstring contains the option characters to be recognized; if a character is followed by a colon, the option is expected to have an argument, which should be separated from it by white space. The colon and question mark characters may not be used as option characters. Each time it is invoked, .B getopts places the next option in the shell variable .IR name , initializing .I name if it does not exist, and the index of the next argument to be processed into the variable .SM .BR OPTIND . .SM .B OPTIND is initialized to 1 each time the shell or a shell script is invoked. When an option requires an argument, .B getopts places that argument into the variable .SM .BR OPTARG . The shell does not reset .SM .B OPTIND automatically; it must be manually reset between multiple calls to .B getopts within the same shell invocation if a new set of parameters is to be used. .sp 1 When the end of options is encountered, \fBgetopts\fP exits with a return value greater than zero. \fBOPTIND\fP is set to the index of the first non-option argument, and \fBname\fP is set to ?. .sp 1 .B getopts normally parses the positional parameters, but if more arguments are given in .IR args , .B getopts parses those instead. .sp 1 .B getopts can report errors in two ways. If the first character of .I optstring is a colon, .I silent error reporting is used. In normal operation diagnostic messages are printed when invalid options or missing option arguments are encountered. If the variable .SM .B OPTERR is set to 0, no error messages will be displayed, even if the first character of .I optstring is not a colon. .sp 1 If an invalid option is seen, .B getopts places ? into .I name and, if not silent, prints an error message and unsets .SM .BR OPTARG . If .B getopts is silent, the option character found is placed in .SM .B OPTARG and no diagnostic message is printed. .sp 1 If a required argument is not found, and .B getopts is not silent, a question mark (\^\fB?\fP\^) is placed in .IR name , .B OPTARG is unset, and a diagnostic message is printed. If .B getopts is silent, then a colon (\^\fB:\fP\^) is placed in .I name and .SM .B OPTARG is set to the option character found. .sp 1 .B getopts returns true if an option, specified or unspecified, is found. It returns false if the end of options is encountered or an error occurs. .TP \fBhash\fP [\fB\-r\fP] [\fB\-p\fP \fIfilename\fP] [\fIname\fP] For each .IR name , the full file name of the command is determined by searching the directories in .B $PATH and remembered. If the .B \-p option is supplied, no path search is performed, and .I filename is used as the full file name of the command. The .B \-r option causes the shell to forget all remembered locations. If no arguments are given, information about remembered commands is printed. The return status is true unless a .I name is not found or an invalid option is supplied. .TP \fBhelp\fP [\fB\-s\fP] [\fIpattern\fP] Display helpful information about builtin commands. If .I pattern is specified, .B help gives detailed help on all commands matching .IR pattern ; otherwise help for all the builtins and shell control structures is printed. The \fB\-s\fP option restricts the information displayed to a short usage synopsis. The return status is 0 unless no command matches .IR pattern . .TP .PD 0 \fBhistory [\fIn\fP] .TP \fBhistory\fP \fB\-c\fP .TP \fBhistory \-d\fP \fIoffset\fP .TP \fBhistory\fP \fB\-anrw\fP [\fIfilename\fP] .TP \fBhistory\fP \fB\-p\fP \fIarg\fP [\fIarg ...\fP] .TP \fBhistory\fP \fB\-s\fP \fIarg\fP [\fIarg ...\fP] .PD With no options, display the command history list with line numbers. Lines listed with a .B * have been modified. An argument of .I n lists only the last .I n lines. If \fIfilename\fP is supplied, it is used as the name of the history file; if not, the value of .SM .B HISTFILE is used. Options, if supplied, have the following meanings: .RS .PD 0 .TP .B \-c Clear the history list by deleting all the entries. .TP \fB\-d\fP \fIoffset\fP Delete the history entry at position \fIoffset\fP. .TP .B \-a Append the ``new'' history lines (history lines entered since the beginning of the current \fBbash\fP session) to the history file. .TP .B \-n Read the history lines not already read from the history file into the current history list. These are lines appended to the history file since the beginning of the current \fBbash\fP session. .TP .B \-r Read the contents of the history file and use them as the current history. .TP .B \-w Write the current history to the history file, overwriting the history file's contents. .TP .B \-p Perform history substitution on the following \fIargs\fP and display the result on the standard output. Does not store the results in the history list. Each \fIarg\fP must be quoted to disable normal history expansion. .TP .B \-s Store the .I args in the history list as a single entry. The last command in the history list is removed before the .I args are added. .PD .PP The return value is 0 unless an invalid option is encountered, an error occurs while reading or writing the history file, an invalid \fIoffset\fP is supplied as an argument to \fB\-d\fP, or the history expansion supplied as an argument to \fB\-p\fP fails. .RE .TP .PD 0 \fBjobs\fP [\fB\-lnprs\fP] [ \fIjobspec\fP ... ] .TP \fBjobs\fP \fB\-x\fP \fIcommand\fP [ \fIargs\fP ... ] .PD The first form lists the active jobs. The options have the following meanings: .RS .PD 0 .TP .B \-l List process IDs in addition to the normal information. .TP .B \-p List only the process ID of the job's process group leader. .TP .B \-n Display information only about jobs that have changed status since the user was last notified of their status. .TP .B \-r Restrict output to running jobs. .TP .B \-s Restrict output to stopped jobs. .PD .PP If .I jobspec is given, output is restricted to information about that job. The return status is 0 unless an invalid option is encountered or an invalid .I jobspec is supplied. .PP If the .B \-x option is supplied, .B jobs replaces any .I jobspec found in .I command or .I args with the corresponding process group ID, and executes .I command passing it .IR args , returning its exit status. .RE .TP .PD 0 \fBkill\fP [\fB\-s\fP \fIsigspec\fP | \fB\-n\fP \fIsignum\fP | \fB\-\fP\fIsigspec\fP] [\fIpid\fP | \fIjobspec\fP] ... .TP \fBkill\fP \fB\-l\fP [\fIsigspec\fP | \fIexit_status\fP] .PD Send the signal named by .I sigspec or .I signum to the processes named by .I pid or .IR jobspec . .I sigspec is either a signal name such as .SM .B SIGKILL or a signal number; .I signum is a signal number. If .I sigspec is a signal name, the name may be given with or without the .SM .B SIG prefix. If .I sigspec is not present, then .SM .B SIGTERM is assumed. An argument of .B \-l lists the signal names. If any arguments are supplied when .B \-l is given, the names of the signals corresponding to the arguments are listed, and the return status is 0. The \fIexit_status\fP argument to .B \-l is a number specifying either a signal number or the exit status of a process terminated by a signal. .B kill returns true if at least one signal was successfully sent, or false if an error occurs or an invalid option is encountered. .TP \fBlet\fP \fIarg\fP [\fIarg\fP ...] Each .I arg is an arithmetic expression to be evaluated (see .SM .BR "ARITHMETIC EVALUATION" ). If the last .I arg evaluates to 0, .B let returns 1; 0 is returned otherwise. .TP \fBlocal\fP [\fIoption\fP] [\fIname\fP[=\fIvalue\fP] ...] For each argument, a local variable named .I name is created, and assigned .IR value . The \fIoption\fP can be any of the options accepted by \fBdeclare\fP. When .B local is used within a function, it causes the variable .I name to have a visible scope restricted to that function and its children. With no operands, .B local writes a list of local variables to the standard output. It is an error to use .B local when not within a function. The return status is 0 unless .B local is used outside a function, an invalid .I name is supplied, or \fIname\fP is a readonly variable. .TP .B logout Exit a login shell. .TP \fBpopd\fP [\-\fBn\fP] [+\fIn\fP] [\-\fIn\fP] Removes entries from the directory stack. With no arguments, removes the top directory from the stack, and performs a .B cd to the new top directory. Arguments, if supplied, have the following meanings: .RS .PD 0 .TP \fB+\fP\fIn\fP Removes the \fIn\fPth entry counting from the left of the list shown by .BR dirs , starting with zero. For example: .if n ``popd +0'' .if t \f(CWpopd +0\fP removes the first directory, .if n ``popd +1'' .if t \f(CWpopd +1\fP the second. .TP \fB\-\fP\fIn\fP Removes the \fIn\fPth entry counting from the right of the list shown by .BR dirs , starting with zero. For example: .if n ``popd -0'' .if t \f(CWpopd -0\fP removes the last directory, .if n ``popd -1'' .if t \f(CWpopd -1\fP the next to last. .TP .B \-n Suppresses the normal change of directory when removing directories from the stack, so that only the stack is manipulated. .PD .PP If the .B popd command is successful, a .B dirs is performed as well, and the return status is 0. .B popd returns false if an invalid option is encountered, the directory stack is empty, a non-existent directory stack entry is specified, or the directory change fails. .RE .TP \fBprintf\fP \fIformat\fP [\fIarguments\fP] Write the formatted \fIarguments\fP to the standard output under the control of the \fIformat\fP. The \fIformat\fP is a character string which contains three types of objects: plain characters, which are simply copied to standard output, character escape sequences, which are converted and copied to the standard output, and format specifications, each of which causes printing of the next successive \fIargument\fP. In addition to the standard \fIprintf\fP(1) formats, %b causes \fBprintf\fP to expand backslash escape sequences in the corresponding \fIargument\fP, and %q causes \fBprintf\fP to output the corresponding \fIargument\fP in a format that can be reused as shell input. .sp 1 The \fIformat\fP is reused as necessary to consume all of the \fIarguments\fP. If the \fIformat\fP requires more \fIarguments\fP than are supplied, the extra format specifications behave as if a zero value or null string, as appropriate, had been supplied. The return value is zero on success, non-zero on failure. .TP .PD 0 \fBpushd\fP [\fB\-n\fP] [\fIdir\fP] .TP \fBpushd\fP [\fB\-n\fP] [+\fIn\fP] [\-\fIn\fP] .PD Adds a directory to the top of the directory stack, or rotates the stack, making the new top of the stack the current working directory. With no arguments, exchanges the top two directories and returns 0, unless the directory stack is empty. Arguments, if supplied, have the following meanings: .RS .PD 0 .TP \fB+\fP\fIn\fP Rotates the stack so that the \fIn\fPth directory (counting from the left of the list shown by .BR dirs , starting with zero) is at the top. .TP \fB\-\fP\fIn\fP Rotates the stack so that the \fIn\fPth directory (counting from the right of the list shown by .BR dirs , starting with zero) is at the top. .TP .B \-n Suppresses the normal change of directory when adding directories to the stack, so that only the stack is manipulated. .TP .I dir Adds .I dir to the directory stack at the top, making it the new current working directory. .PD .PP If the .B pushd command is successful, a .B dirs is performed as well. If the first form is used, .B pushd returns 0 unless the cd to .I dir fails. With the second form, .B pushd returns 0 unless the directory stack is empty, a non-existent directory stack element is specified, or the directory change to the specified new current directory fails. .RE .TP \fBpwd\fP [\fB\-LP\fP] Print the absolute pathname of the current working directory. The pathname printed contains no symbolic links if the .B \-P option is supplied or the .B \-o physical option to the .B set builtin command is enabled. If the .B \-L option is used, the pathname printed may contain symbolic links. The return status is 0 unless an error occurs while reading the name of the current directory or an invalid option is supplied. .TP \fBread\fP [\fB\-ers\fP] [\fB\-t\fP \fItimeout\fP] [\fB\-a\fP \fIaname\fP] [\fB\-p\fP \fIprompt\fP] [\fB\-n\fP \fInchars\fP] [\fB\-d\fP \fIdelim\fP] [\fIname\fP ...] One line is read from the standard input, and the first word is assigned to the first .IR name , the second word to the second .IR name , and so on, with leftover words and their intervening separators assigned to the last .IR name . If there are fewer words read from the standard input than names, the remaining names are assigned empty values. The characters in .SM .B IFS are used to split the line into words. The backslash character (\fB\e\fP) may be used to remove any special meaning for the next character read and for line continuation. Options, if supplied, have the following meanings: .RS .PD 0 .TP .B \-a \fIaname\fP The words are assigned to sequential indices of the array variable .IR aname , starting at 0. .I aname is unset before any new values are assigned. Other \fIname\fP arguments are ignored. .TP .B \-d \fIdelim\fP The first character of \fIdelim\fP is used to terminate the input line, rather than newline. .TP .B \-e If the standard input is coming from a terminal, .B readline (see .SM .B READLINE above) is used to obtain the line. .TP .B \-n \fInchars\fP \fBread\fP returns after reading \fInchars\fP characters rather than waiting for a complete line of input. .TP .B \-p \fIprompt\fP Display \fIprompt\fP, without a trailing newline, before attempting to read any input. The prompt is displayed only if input is coming from a terminal. .TP .B \-r Backslash does not act as an escape character. The backslash is considered to be part of the line. In particular, a backslash-newline pair may not be used as a line continuation. .TP .B \-s Silent mode. If input is coming from a terminal, characters are not echoed. .TP .B \-t \fItimeout\fP Cause \fBread\fP to time out and return failure if a complete line of input is not read within \fItimeout\fP seconds. This option has no effect if \fBread\fP is not reading input from the terminal or a pipe. .PD .PP If no .I names are supplied, the line read is assigned to the variable .SM .BR REPLY . The return code is zero, unless end-of-file is encountered or \fBread\fP times out. .RE .TP \fBreadonly\fP [\fB\-apf\fP] [\fIname\fP ...] .PD The given \fInames\fP are marked readonly; the values of these .I names may not be changed by subsequent assignment. If the .B \-f option is supplied, the functions corresponding to the \fInames\fP are so marked. The .B \-a option restricts the variables to arrays. If no .I name arguments are given, or if the .B \-p option is supplied, a list of all readonly names is printed. The .B \-p option causes output to be displayed in a format that may be reused as input. The return status is 0 unless an invalid option is encountered, one of the .I names is not a valid shell variable name, or .B \-f is supplied with a .I name that is not a function. .TP \fBreturn\fP [\fIn\fP] Causes a function to exit with the return value specified by .IR n . If .I n is omitted, the return status is that of the last command executed in the function body. If used outside a function, but during execution of a script by the .B . (\fBsource\fP) command, it causes the shell to stop executing that script and return either .I n or the exit status of the last command executed within the script as the exit status of the script. If used outside a function and not during execution of a script by \fB.\fP\^, the return status is false. .TP \fBset\fP [\fB\-\-abefhkmnptuvxBCHP\fP] [\fB\-o\fP \fIoption\fP] [\fIarg\fP ...] Without options, the name and value of each shell variable are displayed in a format that can be reused as input. The output is sorted according to the current locale. When options are specified, they set or unset shell attributes. Any arguments remaining after the options are processed are treated as values for the positional parameters and are assigned, in order, to .BR $1 , .BR $2 , .B ... .BR $\fIn\fP . Options, if specified, have the following meanings: .RS .PD 0 .TP 8 .B \-a Automatically mark variables and functions which are modified or created for export to the environment of subsequent commands. .TP 8 .B \-b Report the status of terminated background jobs immediately, rather than before the next primary prompt. This is effective only when job control is enabled. .TP 8 .B \-e Exit immediately if a \fIsimple command\fP (see .SM .B SHELL GRAMMAR above) exits with a non-zero status. The shell does not exit if the command that fails is part of an .I until or .I while loop, part of an .I if statement, part of a .B && or .B \(bv\(bv list, or if the command's return value is being inverted via .BR ! . .TP 8 .B \-f Disable pathname expansion. .TP 8 .B \-h Remember the location of commands as they are looked up for execution. This is enabled by default. .TP 8 .B \-k All arguments in the form of assignment statements are placed in the environment for a command, not just those that precede the command name. .TP 8 .B \-m Monitor mode. Job control is enabled. This option is on by default for interactive shells on systems that support it (see .SM .B JOB CONTROL above). Background processes run in a separate process group and a line containing their exit status is printed upon their completion. .TP 8 .B \-n Read commands but do not execute them. This may be used to check a shell script for syntax errors. This is ignored by interactive shells. .TP 8 .B \-o \fIoption\-name\fP The \fIoption\-name\fP can be one of the following: .RS .TP 8 .B allexport Same as .BR \-a . .TP 8 .B braceexpand Same as .BR \-B . .TP 8 .B emacs Use an emacs-style command line editing interface. This is enabled by default when the shell is interactive, unless the shell is started with the .B \-\-noediting option. .TP 8 .B errexit Same as .BR \-e . .TP 8 .B hashall Same as .BR \-h . .TP 8 .B histexpand Same as .BR \-H . .TP 8 .B history Enable command history, as described above under .SM .BR HISTORY . This option is on by default in interactive shells. .TP 8 .B ignoreeof The effect is as if the shell command .if t \f(CWIGNOREEOF=10\fP .if n ``IGNOREEOF=10'' had been executed (see .B Shell Variables above). .TP 8 .B keyword Same as .BR \-k . .TP 8 .B monitor Same as .BR \-m . .TP 8 .B noclobber Same as .BR \-C . .TP 8 .B noexec Same as .BR \-n . .TP 8 .B noglob Same as .BR \-f . .TP 8 .B notify Same as .BR \-b . .TP 8 .B nounset Same as .BR \-u . .TP 8 .B onecmd Same as .BR \-t . .TP 8 .B physical Same as .BR \-P . .TP 8 .B posix Change the behavior of .B bash where the default operation differs from the POSIX 1003.2 standard to match the standard (\fIposix mode\fP). .TP 8 .B privileged Same as .BR \-p . .TP 8 .B verbose Same as .BR \-v . .TP 8 .B vi Use a vi-style command line editing interface. .TP 8 .B xtrace Same as .BR \-x . .sp .5 .PP If .B \-o is supplied with no \fIoption\-name\fP, the values of the current options are printed. If .B +o is supplied with no \fIoption\-name\fP, a series of .B set commands to recreate the current option settings is displayed on the standard output. .RE .TP 8 .B \-p Turn on .I privileged mode. In this mode, the .SM .B $ENV and .SM .B $BASH_ENV files are not processed, shell functions are not inherited from the environment, and the .SM .B SHELLOPTS variable, if it appears in the environment, is ignored. If the shell is started with the effective user (group) id not equal to the real user (group) id, and the \fB\-p\fP option is not supplied, these actions are taken and the effective user id is set to the real user id. If the \fB\-p\fP option is supplied at startup, the effective user id is not reset. Turning this option off causes the effective user and group ids to be set to the real user and group ids. .TP 8 .B \-t Exit after reading and executing one command. .TP 8 .B \-u Treat unset variables as an error when performing parameter expansion. If expansion is attempted on an unset variable, the shell prints an error message, and, if not interactive, exits with a non-zero status. .TP 8 .B \-v Print shell input lines as they are read. .TP 8 .B \-x After expanding each \fIsimple command\fP, display the expanded value of .SM .BR PS4 , followed by the command and its expanded arguments. .TP 8 .B \-B The shell performs brace expansion (see .B Brace Expansion above). This is on by default. .TP 8 .B \-C If set, .B bash does not overwrite an existing file with the .BR > , .BR >& , and .B <> redirection operators. This may be overridden when creating output files by using the redirection operator .B >| instead of .BR > . .TP 8 .B \-H Enable .B ! style history substitution. This option is on by default when the shell is interactive. .TP 8 .B \-P If set, the shell does not follow symbolic links when executing commands such as .B cd that change the current working directory. It uses the physical directory structure instead. By default, .B bash follows the logical chain of directories when performing commands which change the current directory. .TP 8 .B \-\- If no arguments follow this option, then the positional parameters are unset. Otherwise, the positional parameters are set to the \fIarg\fPs, even if some of them begin with a .BR \- . .TP 8 .B \- Signal the end of options, cause all remaining \fIarg\fPs to be assigned to the positional parameters. The .B \-x and .B \-v options are turned off. If there are no \fIarg\fPs, the positional parameters remain unchanged. .PD .PP The options are off by default unless otherwise noted. Using + rather than \- causes these options to be turned off. The options can also be specified as arguments to an invocation of the shell. The current set of options may be found in .BR $\- . The return status is always true unless an invalid option is encountered. .RE .TP \fBshift\fP [\fIn\fP] The positional parameters from \fIn\fP+1 ... are renamed to .B $1 .B .... Parameters represented by the numbers \fB$#\fP down to \fB$#\fP\-\fIn\fP+1 are unset. .I n must be a non-negative number less than or equal to \fB$#\fP. If .I n is 0, no parameters are changed. If .I n is not given, it is assumed to be 1. If .I n is greater than \fB$#\fP, the positional parameters are not changed. The return status is greater than zero if .I n is greater than .B $# or less than zero; otherwise 0. .TP \fBshopt\fP [\fB\-pqsu\fP] [\fB\-o\fP] [\fIoptname\fP ...] Toggle the values of variables controlling optional shell behavior. With no options, or with the .B \-p option, a list of all settable options is displayed, with an indication of whether or not each is set. The \fB\-p\fP option causes output to be displayed in a form that may be reused as input. Other options have the following meanings: .RS .PD 0 .TP .B \-s Enable (set) each \fIoptname\fP. .TP .B \-u Disable (unset) each \fIoptname\fP. .TP .B \-q Suppresses normal output (quiet mode); the return status indicates whether the \fIoptname\fP is set or unset. If multiple \fIoptname\fP arguments are given with .BR \-q , the return status is zero if all \fIoptnames\fP are enabled; non-zero otherwise. .TP .B \-o Restricts the values of \fIoptname\fP to be those defined for the .B \-o option to the .B set builtin. .PD .PP If either .B \-s or .B \-u is used with no \fIoptname\fP arguments, the display is limited to those options which are set or unset, respectively. Unless otherwise noted, the \fBshopt\fP options are disabled (unset) by default. .PP The return status when listing options is zero if all \fIoptnames\fP are enabled, non-zero otherwise. When setting or unsetting options, the return status is zero unless an \fIoptname\fP is not a valid shell option. .PP The list of \fBshopt\fP options is: .if t .sp .5v .if n .sp 1v .PD 0 .TP 8 .B cdable_vars If set, an argument to the .B cd builtin command that is not a directory is assumed to be the name of a variable whose value is the directory to change to. .TP 8 .B cdspell If set, minor errors in the spelling of a directory component in a .B cd command will be corrected. The errors checked for are transposed characters, a missing character, and one character too many. If a correction is found, the corrected file name is printed, and the command proceeds. This option is only used by interactive shells. .TP 8 .B checkhash If set, \fBbash\fP checks that a command found in the hash table exists before trying to execute it. If a hashed command no longer exists, a normal path search is performed. .TP 8 .B checkwinsize If set, \fBbash\fP checks the window size after each command and, if necessary, updates the values of .SM .B LINES and .SM .BR COLUMNS . .TP 8 .B cmdhist If set, .B bash attempts to save all lines of a multiple-line command in the same history entry. This allows easy re-editing of multi-line commands. .TP 8 .B dotglob If set, .B bash includes filenames beginning with a `.' in the results of pathname expansion. .TP 8 .B execfail If set, a non-interactive shell will not exit if it cannot execute the file specified as an argument to the .B exec builtin command. An interactive shell does not exit if .B exec fails. .TP 8 .B expand_aliases If set, aliases are expanded as described above under .SM .BR ALIASES . This option is enabled by default for interactive shells. .TP 8 .B extglob If set, the extended pattern matching features described above under \fBPathname Expansion\fP are enabled. .TP 8 .B histappend If set, the history list is appended to the file named by the value of the .B HISTFILE variable when the shell exits, rather than overwriting the file. .TP 8 .B histreedit If set, and .B readline is being used, a user is given the opportunity to re-edit a failed history substitution. .TP 8 .B histverify If set, and .B readline is being used, the results of history substitution are not immediately passed to the shell parser. Instead, the resulting line is loaded into the \fBreadline\fP editing buffer, allowing further modification. .TP 8 .B hostcomplete If set, and .B readline is being used, \fBbash\fP will attempt to perform hostname completion when a word containing a \fB@\fP is being completed (see .B Completing under .SM .B READLINE above). This is enabled by default. .TP 8 .B huponexit If set, \fBbash\fP will send .SM .B SIGHUP to all jobs when an interactive login shell exits. .TP 8 .B interactive_comments If set, allow a word beginning with .B # to cause that word and all remaining characters on that line to be ignored in an interactive shell (see .SM .B COMMENTS above). This option is enabled by default. .TP 8 .B lithist If set, and the .B cmdhist option is enabled, multi-line commands are saved to the history with embedded newlines rather than using semicolon separators where possible. .TP 8 .B mailwarn If set, and a file that \fBbash\fP is checking for mail has been accessed since the last time it was checked, the message ``The mail in \fImailfile\fP has been read'' is displayed. .TP 8 .B no_empty_cmd_completion If set, and .B readline is being used, .B bash will not attempt to search the \fBPATH\fP for possible completions when completion is attempted on an empty line. .TP 8 .B nocaseglob If set, .B bash matches filenames in a case\-insensitive fashion when performing pathname expansion (see .B Pathname Expansion above). .TP 8 .B nullglob If set, .B bash allows patterns which match no files (see .B Pathname Expansion above) to expand to a null string, rather than themselves. .TP 8 .B progcomp If set, the programmable completion facilities (see \fBProgrammable Completion\fP above) are enabled. This option is enabled by default. .TP 8 .B promptvars If set, prompt strings undergo variable and parameter expansion after being expanded as described in .SM .B PROMPTING above. This option is enabled by default. .TP 8 .B restricted_shell The shell sets this option if it is started in restricted mode (see .SM .B "RESTRICTED SHELL" below). The value may not be changed. This is not reset when the startup files are executed, allowing the startup files to discover whether or not a shell is restricted. .TP 8 .B shift_verbose If set, the .B shift builtin prints an error message when the shift count exceeds the number of positional parameters. .TP 8 .B sourcepath If set, the \fBsource\fP (\fB.\fP) builtin uses the value of .SM .B PATH to find the directory containing the file supplied as an argument. This option is enabled by default. .TP 8 .B xpg_echo If set, the \fBecho\fP builtin expands backslash-escape sequences by default. .RE .TP \fBsuspend\fP [\fB\-f\fP] Suspend the execution of this shell until it receives a .SM .B SIGCONT signal. The .B \-f option says not to complain if this is a login shell; just suspend anyway. The return status is 0 unless the shell is a login shell and .B \-f is not supplied, or if job control is not enabled. .TP .PD 0 \fBtest\fP \fIexpr\fP .TP \fB[\fP \fIexpr\fP \fB]\fP Return a status of 0 or 1 depending on the evaluation of the conditional expression .IR expr . Each operator and operand must be a separate argument. Expressions are composed of the primaries described above under .SM .BR "CONDITIONAL EXPRESSIONS" . .if t .sp 0.5 .if n .sp 1 Expressions may be combined using the following operators, listed in decreasing order of precedence. .RS .PD 0 .TP .B ! \fIexpr\fP True if .I expr is false. .TP .B ( \fIexpr\fP ) Returns the value of \fIexpr\fP. This may be used to override the normal precedence of operators. .TP \fIexpr1\fP \-\fBa\fP \fIexpr2\fP True if both .I expr1 and .I expr2 are true. .TP \fIexpr1\fP \-\fBo\fP \fIexpr2\fP True if either .I expr1 or .I expr2 is true. .PD .PP \fBtest\fP and \fB[\fP evaluate conditional expressions using a set of rules based on the number of arguments. .if t .sp 0.5 .if n .sp 1 .PD 0 .TP 0 arguments The expression is false. .TP 1 argument The expression is true if and only if the argument is not null. .TP 2 arguments If the first argument is \fB!\fP, the expression is true if and only if the second argument is null. If the first argument is one of the unary conditional operators listed above under .SM .BR "CONDITIONAL EXPRESSIONS" , the expression is true if the unary test is true. If the first argument is not a valid unary conditional operator, the expression is false. .TP 3 arguments If the second argument is one of the binary conditional operators listed above under .SM .BR "CONDITIONAL EXPRESSIONS" , the result of the expression is the result of the binary test using the first and third arguments as operands. If the first argument is \fB!\fP, the value is the negation of the two-argument test using the second and third arguments. If the first argument is exactly \fB(\fP and the third argument is exactly \fB)\fP, the result is the one-argument test of the second argument. Otherwise, the expression is false. The \fB\-a\fP and \fB\-o\fP operators are considered binary operators in this case. .TP 4 arguments If the first argument is \fB!\fP, the result is the negation of the three-argument expression composed of the remaining arguments. Otherwise, the expression is parsed and evaluated according to precedence using the rules listed above. .TP 5 or more arguments The expression is parsed and evaluated according to precedence using the rules listed above. .RE .PD .TP .B times Print the accumulated user and system times for the shell and for processes run from the shell. The return status is 0. .TP \fBtrap\fP [\fB\-lp\fP] [\fIarg\fP] [\fIsigspec\fP ...] The command .I arg is to be read and executed when the shell receives signal(s) .IR sigspec . If .I arg is absent or .BR \- , all specified signals are reset to their original values (the values they had upon entrance to the shell). If .I arg is the null string the signal specified by each .I sigspec is ignored by the shell and by the commands it invokes. If .I arg is not present and .B \-p has been supplied, then the trap commands associated with each .I sigspec are displayed. If no arguments are supplied or if only .B \-p is given, .B trap prints the list of commands associated with each signal number. Each .I sigspec is either a signal name defined in <\fIsignal.h\fP>, or a signal number. If a .I sigspec is .SM .B EXIT (0) the command .I arg is executed on exit from the shell. If a .I sigspec is .SM .BR DEBUG , the command .I arg is executed after every \fIsimple command\fP (see .SM .B SHELL GRAMMAR above). The .B \-l option causes the shell to print a list of signal names and their corresponding numbers. Signals ignored upon entry to the shell cannot be trapped or reset. Trapped signals are reset to their original values in a child process when it is created. The return status is false if any .I sigspec is invalid; otherwise .B trap returns true. .TP \fBtype\fP [\fB\-atp\fP] \fIname\fP [\fIname\fP ...] With no options, indicate how each .I name would be interpreted if used as a command name. If the .B \-t option is used, .B type prints a string which is one of .IR alias , .IR keyword , .IR function , .IR builtin , or .I file if .I name is an alias, shell reserved word, function, builtin, or disk file, respectively. If the .I name is not found, then nothing is printed, and an exit status of false is returned. If the .B \-p option is used, .B type either returns the name of the disk file that would be executed if .I name were specified as a command name, or nothing if .if t \f(CWtype -t name\fP .if n ``type -t name'' would not return .IR file . If a command is hashed, .B \-p prints the hashed value, not necessarily the file that appears first in .SM .BR PATH . If the .B \-a option is used, .B type prints all of the places that contain an executable named .IR name . This includes aliases and functions, if and only if the .B \-p option is not also used. The table of hashed commands is not consulted when using .BR \-a . .B type returns true if any of the arguments are found, false if none are found. .TP \fBulimit\fP [\fB\-SHacdflmnpstuv\fP [\fIlimit\fP]] Provides control over the resources available to the shell and to processes started by it, on systems that allow such control. The value of .I limit can be a number in the unit specified for the resource, or the value .BR unlimited . The \fB\-H\fP and \fB\-S\fP options specify that the hard or soft limit is set for the given resource. A hard limit cannot be increased once it is set; a soft limit may be increased up to the value of the hard limit. If neither \fB\-H\fP nor \fB\-S\fP is specified, both the soft and hard limits are set. If .I limit is omitted, the current value of the soft limit of the resource is printed, unless the \fB\-H\fP option is given. When more than one resource is specified, the limit name and unit are printed before the value. Other options are interpreted as follows: .RS .PD 0 .TP .B \-a All current limits are reported .TP .B \-c The maximum size of core files created .TP .B \-d The maximum size of a process's data segment .TP .B \-f The maximum size of files created by the shell .TP .B \-l The maximum size that may be locked into memory .TP .B \-m The maximum resident set size .TP .B \-n The maximum number of open file descriptors (most systems do not allow this value to be set) .TP .B \-p The pipe size in 512-byte blocks (this may not be set) .TP .B \-s The maximum stack size .TP .B \-t The maximum amount of cpu time in seconds .TP .B \-u The maximum number of processes available to a single user .TP .B \-v The maximum amount of virtual memory available to the shell .PD .PP If .I limit is given, it is the new value of the specified resource (the .B \-a option is display only). If no option is given, then .B \-f is assumed. Values are in 1024-byte increments, except for .BR \-t , which is in seconds, .BR \-p , which is in units of 512-byte blocks, and .B \-n and .BR \-u , which are unscaled values. The return status is 0 unless an invalid option is encountered, a non-numeric argument other than \fBunlimited\fP is supplied as \fIlimit\fP, or an error occurs while setting a new limit. .RE .TP \fBumask\fP [\fB\-p\fP] [\fB\-S\fP] [\fImode\fP] The user file-creation mask is set to .IR mode . If .I mode begins with a digit, it is interpreted as an octal number; otherwise it is interpreted as a symbolic mode mask similar to that accepted by .IR chmod (1). If .I mode is omitted, the current value of the mask is printed. The .B \-S option causes the mask to be printed in symbolic form; the default output is an octal number. If the .B \-p option is supplied, and .I mode is omitted, the output is in a form that may be reused as input. The return status is 0 if the mode was successfully changed or if no \fImode\fP argument was supplied, and false otherwise. .TP \fBunalias\fP [\-\fBa\fP] [\fIname\fP ...] Remove each \fIname\fP from the list of defined aliases. If .B \-a is supplied, all alias definitions are removed. The return value is true unless a supplied .I name is not a defined alias. .TP \fBunset\fP [\-\fBfv\fP] [\fIname\fP ...] For each .IR name , remove the corresponding variable or function. If no options are supplied, or the .B \-v option is given, each .I name refers to a shell variable. Read-only variables may not be unset. If .B \-f is specifed, each .I name refers to a shell function, and the function definition is removed. Each unset variable or function is removed from the environment passed to subsequent commands. If any of .SM .BR RANDOM , .SM .BR SECONDS , .SM .BR LINENO , .SM .BR HISTCMD , .SM .BR FUNCNAME , .SM .BR GROUPS , or .SM .B DIRSTACK are unset, they lose their special properties, even if they are subsequently reset. The exit status is true unless a .I name does not exist or is readonly. .TP \fBwait\fP [\fIn\fP] Wait for the specified process and return its termination status. .I n may be a process ID or a job specification; if a job spec is given, all processes in that job's pipeline are waited for. If .I n is not given, all currently active child processes are waited for, and the return status is zero. If .I n specifies a non-existent process or job, the return status is 127. Otherwise, the return status is the exit status of the last process or job waited for. .\" bash_builtins .if \n(zZ=1 .ig zZ .SH "RESTRICTED SHELL" .\" rbash.1 .zY .PP If .B bash is started with the name .BR rbash , or the .B \-r option is supplied at invocation, the shell becomes restricted. A restricted shell is used to set up an environment more controlled than the standard shell. It behaves identically to .B bash with the exception that the following are disallowed or not performed: .IP \(bu changing directories with \fBcd\fP .IP \(bu setting or unsetting the values of .BR SHELL , .BR PATH , .BR ENV , or .B BASH_ENV .IP \(bu specifying command names containing .B / .IP \(bu specifying a file name containing a .B / as an argument to the .B . builtin command .IP \(bu Specifying a filename containing a slash as an argument to the .B \-p option to the .B hash builtin command .IP \(bu importing function definitions from the shell environment at startup .IP \(bu parsing the value of \fBSHELLOPTS\fP from the shell environment at startup .IP \(bu redirecting output using the >, >|, <>, >&, &>, and >> redirection operators .IP \(bu using the .B exec builtin command to replace the shell with another command .IP \(bu adding or deleting builtin commands with the .B \-f and .B \-d options to the .B enable builtin command .IP \(bu specifying the .B \-p option to the .B command builtin command .IP \(bu turning off restricted mode with \fBset +r\fP or \fBset +o restricted\fP. .PP These restrictions are enforced after any startup files are read. .PP When a command that is found to be a shell script is executed (see .SM .B "COMMAND EXECUTION" above), .B rbash turns off any restrictions in the shell spawned to execute the script. .\" end of rbash.1 .if \n(zY=1 .ig zY .SH "SEE ALSO" .PD 0 .TP \fIBash Reference Manual\fP, Brian Fox and Chet Ramey .TP \fIThe Gnu Readline Library\fP, Brian Fox and Chet Ramey .TP \fIThe Gnu History Library\fP, Brian Fox and Chet Ramey .TP \fIPortable Operating System Interface (POSIX) Part 2: Shell and Utilities\fP, IEEE .TP \fIsh\fP(1), \fIksh\fP(1), \fIcsh\fP(1) .TP \fIemacs\fP(1), \fIvi\fP(1) .TP \fIreadline\fP(3) .PD .SH FILES .PD 0 .TP .FN /bin/bash The \fBbash\fP executable .TP .FN /etc/profile The systemwide initialization file, executed for login shells .TP .FN ~/.bash_profile The personal initialization file, executed for login shells .TP .FN ~/.bashrc The individual per-interactive-shell startup file .TP .FN ~/.bash_logout The individual login shell cleanup file, executed when a login shell exits .TP .FN ~/.inputrc Individual \fIreadline\fP initialization file .PD .SH AUTHORS Brian Fox, Free Software Foundation .br bfox@gnu.org .PP Chet Ramey, Case Western Reserve University .br chet@ins.CWRU.Edu .SH BUG REPORTS If you find a bug in .B bash, you should report it. But first, you should make sure that it really is a bug, and that it appears in the latest version of .B bash that you have. .PP Once you have determined that a bug actually exists, use the .I bashbug command to submit a bug report. If you have a fix, you are encouraged to mail that as well! Suggestions and `philosophical' bug reports may be mailed to \fIbug-bash@gnu.org\fP or posted to the Usenet newsgroup .BR gnu.bash.bug . .PP ALL bug reports should include: .PP .PD 0 .TP 20 The version number of \fBbash\fR .TP The hardware and operating system .TP The compiler used to compile .TP A description of the bug behaviour .TP A short script or `recipe' which exercises the bug .PD .PP .I bashbug inserts the first three items automatically into the template it provides for filing a bug report. .PP Comments and bug reports concerning this manual page should be directed to .IR chet@ins.CWRU.Edu . .SH BUGS .PP It's too big and too slow. .PP There are some subtle differences between .B bash and traditional versions of .BR sh , mostly because of the .SM .B POSIX specification. .PP Aliases are confusing in some uses. .PP Shell builtin commands and functions are not stoppable/restartable. .PP Compound commands and command sequences of the form `a ; b ; c' are not handled gracefully when process suspension is attempted. When a process is stopped, the shell immediately executes the next command in the sequence. It suffices to place the sequence of commands between parentheses to force it into a subshell, which may be stopped as a unit. .PP Commands inside of \fB$(\fP...\fB)\fP command substitution are not parsed until substitution is attempted. This will delay error reporting until some time after the command is entered. .PP Array variables may not (yet) be exported. .zZ .zY bash/bash-RUN/opt/bash/man/man1/bashbug.1010064400000000000003000000024770727450616100165540ustar000300000000000000.TH BASHBUG 1 "1998 July 30" GNU .SH NAME bashbug \- report a bug in bash .SH SYNOPSIS \fBbashbug\fP [\fIaddress\fP] .SH DESCRIPTION .B bashbug is a shell script to help the user compose and mail bug reports concerning bash in a standard format. .B bashbug invokes the editor specified by the environment variable .SM .B EDITOR on a temporary copy of the bug report format outline. The user must fill in the appropriate fields and exit the editor. .B bashbug then mails the completed report to \fIbug-bash@gnu.org\fP, or \fIaddress\fP. If the report cannot be mailed, it is saved in the file \fIdead.bashbug\fP in the invoking user's home directory. .PP The bug report format outline consists of several sections. The first section provides information about the machine, operating system, the bash version, and the compilation environment. The second section should be filled in with a description of the bug. The third section should be a description of how to reproduce the bug. The optional fourth section is for a proposed fix. Fixes are encouraged. .SH ENVIRONMENT .B bashbug will utilize the following environment variables if they exist: .TP .B EDITOR Specifies the preferred editor. If .SM .B EDITOR is not set, .B bashbug defaults to .BR emacs . .TP .B HOME Directory in which the failed bug report is saved if the mail fails.